Integrated use of organic and inorganic inputs in wheat-fodder maize cropping sequence to improve crop yields and soil properties

A 2-year field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two organics, farmyard manure and vermicompost, each at three rates (0, 5, 10 t ha^?1 and 0, 1, 2 t ha^?1, respectively), along with two levels of mineral fertilizer (75% and 100% of recommended dose), on crops yields and soil properties under a wheat–fodder maize cropping sequence. Individual addition of organics at a higher level increased yields of wheat and subsequent maize. Soil microbial biomass carbon was enhanced as both a direct and residual effect with the addition of farmyard manure followed by vermicompost and fertilizer treatments, and also by combined addition of manure with either vermicompost or mineral fertilizer. Farmyard manure increased the availability of soil macro- and micronutrients, whereas vermicompost influenced only the availability of micronutrients at wheat harvest. A residual effect of farmyard manure and mineral fertilizers was found for available N. Meanwhile, the residual status of micronutrients in the soil was either maintained or significantly improved due to organic amendments (Mn and Zn with farmyard manure; Fe and Zn with vermicompost). Interaction of farmyard manure and vermicompost at a higher level benefited the next crop by increasing the yield of fodder maize and improving the availability of P and metals in soil.     

Fate of residual 15N-labeled fertilizer in dryland farming systems on soils of contrasting fertility

Abstract

Up to 50% of nitrogen (N) fertilizer can remain in soil after crop harvest in dryland farming. Understanding the fate of this residual fertilizer N in soil is important for evaluating its overall use efficiency and environmental effect. Nitrogen-15 (¹⁵N)-labeled urea (165 kg N ha^?1) was applied to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growing in three different fertilized soils (no fertilizer, No-F; inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization, NPK; and manure plus inorganic NPK fertilization, MNPK) from a long-term trial (19 years) on the south of the Loess Plateau, China. The fate of residual fertilizer N in soils over summer fallow and the second winter wheat growing season was examined. The amount of the residual fertilizer N was highest in the No-F soil (116 kg ha^?1), and next was NPK soil (60 kg ha^?1), then the MNPK soil (43 kg ha^?1) after the first winter wheat harvest. The residual fertilizer N in the No-F soil was mainly in mineral form (43% of the residual ¹⁵N), and for the NPK and MNPK soils, it was mainly in organic form. The loss rate of residual ¹⁵N in No-F soil over summer fallow was as high as 48%, and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in the NPK soil (22%) and MNPK soil (19%). The residual ¹⁵N use efficiency (RNUE) by the second winter wheat was 13% in the No-F soil, 6% in the NPK soil and 8% in the MNPK soil. These were equivalent to 9.0, 2.0 and 2.2% of applied ¹⁵N. The total ¹⁵N recovery (¹⁵N uptake by crops and residual in 0–100 cm soil layer) in the MNPK and NPK soils (84.5% and 86.6%, respectively) were both significantly higher than that in the No-F soil (59%) after two growing seasons. The ¹⁵N uptake by wheat in two growing seasons was higher in the MNPK soil than in NPK soil. Therefore, we conclude that a high proportion of the residual ¹⁵N was lost during the summer fallow under different land management in dryland farming, and that long-term combined application of manure with inorganic fertilizer could increase the fertilizer N uptake and decrease N loss.     

Nutrient status of soil and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in response to long-term farmyard manure application under different climatic and soil physicochemical conditions in the Czech Republic

Long-term field experiments with annual crop rotation were established in 1955 and 1956 at three locations (Lukavec, ?áslav, Ivanovice) in the Czech Republic, which differ in their climate and soil physicochemical properties. The effect of cattle farmyard manure (FM) and a combination of FM and mineral (NPK) fertilizer application (FMNPK) on nutrient status of soil and the response of winter wheat, and nutrient content of wheat grain and straw were evaluated after ~60 years since the establishment. The results showed higher pseudototal (aqua regia soluble) contents of phosphorus and sulfur from FM and FMNPK application compared with control, whereas the labile and moderatory labile content of individual nutrients (except calcium) varied between treatments. The nutrient content of wheat grain and straw was more significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the location and growing season than by the fertilizers. The substantial changes in wheat nutrient uptake occurred for the weakly acidic loamy Gleyic Phaeozem, whereas the lowest response due to fertilizer application was observed for the acidic Cambisol (sandy loam texture). Even after six decades of FM and FMNPK application, the effectiveness of these treatments was predominantly influenced by the soil and climatic conditions at the individual locations.     

Compost,Manure and Synthetic Fertilizer Influences Crop Yields,Soil Properties,Nitrate Leaching and Crop Nutrient Content

From 1993 to 2001, a maize-vegetable-wheat rotation was compared using either 1) composts, 2) manure, or 3) synthetic fertilizer for nitrogen nutrient input. From 1993 to 1998, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were used as an annual winter legume cover crop prior to maize production. From 1999 to 2001, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) served as the legume green manure nitrogen (N) source for maize. In this rotation, wheat depended entirely on residual N that remained in the soil after maize and vegetable (pepper and potato) production. Vegetables received either compost, manure, or fertilizer N inputs. Raw dairy manure stimulated the highest overall maize yields of 7,395 kg/ha (approximately 140 bushels per acre). This exceeded the Berks County mean yield of about 107 bushels per acre from 1994 to 2001. When hairy vetch replaced clover as the winter green manure cover crop, maize yields rose in three of the four treatments (approximately 500-1,300 kg/ha, or 10-24 bu/a). Hairy vetch cover cropping also resulted in a 9-25 % increase in wheat yields in the compost treatments compared to clover cover cropping. Hairy vetch cover crops increased both maize and wheat grain protein contents about 16 to 20% compared to the clover cover crop. Compost was superior to conventional synthetic fertilizer and raw dairy manure in 1) building soil nutrient levels, 2) providing residual nutrient support to wheat production, and 3) reducing nutrient losses to ground and surface waters. After 9 years, soil carbon (C) and soil N remained unchanged or declined slightly in the synthetic fertilizer treatment, but increased with use of compost amendments by 16-27% for C and by 13-16% for N. However, with hairy vetch cover crops, N leaching increased 4 times when compared to clover cover crops. September was the highest month for nitrate leaching, combining high rainfall with a lack of active cash crop or cover crop growth to use residual N. Broiler litter leaf compost (BLLC) showed the lowest nitrate leaching of all the nutrient amendments tested (P= 0.05).     

有机无机肥配施提高旱地麦田土壤养分有效性及酶活性

【目的】有机无机肥配施可显著提高土壤微生物活性,改善土壤养分供应状况。深入理解不同氮肥用量配施有机肥下土壤的生物化学性状,为充分发挥肥料效益,实现冬小麦高产稳产提供科学施肥依据。【方法】以冬小麦为供试作物,在黄土高原南部半湿润易旱区连续三年进行了田间定位试验。采用裂区试验,设置5个氮肥用量 (N 0、75、150、225、300 kg/hm2),配施或不施有机肥 (30 t/hm2)。在冬小麦拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期,取0—20 cm土层样品,采用常规方法测定土壤养分和酶活性。在收获期,调查了冬小麦籽粒产量。【结果】1) 冬小麦产量以施氮量N 150 kg/hm2配施有机肥处理最高,且有机无机肥配施与单施化肥处理相比能够在减少19.1%的氮肥用量条件下,保证冬小麦产量稳产高产,此外在天气不理想的状况下,冬小麦的净收益也能保持在较高水平。2)在冬小麦的整个生育期,有机无机肥配施处理可显著提高0—20 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、硝态氮含量以及土壤蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性,与单施化肥处理相比分别增加18.2%、27.4%、149.3%、31.4%、27.6%、4.0%、4.7%、1.5%,但对过氧化氢酶活性无明显促进作用,且除了脲酶以施氮量N 300 kg/hm2配施有机肥的活性最高,其余指标均以施氮量N 150 kg/hm2配施有机肥处理效果最佳。3) 施氮量、有机肥、冬小麦生育期显著影响土壤蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,施氮量和有机肥的交互效应显著影响碱性磷酸酶活性,施氮量和冬小麦生育期的交互效应显著影响土壤蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,有机肥和冬小麦生育期的交互效应显著影响土壤碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,施氮量、有机肥和冬小麦生育期三者的交互效应显著影响土壤蔗糖酶活性。4) 相关分析表明,土壤碱性磷酸酶与有机质间、脲酶与速效钾之间均未达显著相关水平,土壤蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶与有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾均呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】土壤养分、酶活性和冬小麦产量之间密切相关,在施用有机肥30 t/hm2的基础上配施氮肥N 150 kg/hm2,有利于增强黄土高原南部半湿润易旱区冬小麦土壤生态系统的可持续性。     

Influence of Applied Cattle Manure on Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grain Yield,Soil pH and Soil Organic Carbon

ABSTRACT

Animal manure is used in crop production to improve crop yield and soil properties. The impact of cattle manure applied in one year on yield and soil properties in the subsequent years has not been extensively studied. This work evaluated the effect of manure application on winter wheat grain yield (Triticum aestivum L.), soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil pH. Cattle manure was applied once every four years at a rate of 267 kg N ha^?1. Grain yield and soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected annually from the Magruder Plots, Oklahoma. Soil samples were analyzed using a glass electrode (pH) and LECO dry combustion analyzer (SOC). The highest yield (2.8 Mg ha^?1) occurred in the second year after manure application. Yield in the second year exceeded yield in the first year by 66%. Yields in the third and fourth year were similar to yields in the other years. No changes in soil pH and SOC were observed in each of the four years that constituted the manure application cycle. Cattle manure (267 kg N ha^?1) could be applied once to serve a four-year period without major yield differences while also improving soil pH and SOC when compared to the check.     

Organic manure supplementation effects on rice–pulse cropping system productivity

The effects of organic manure supplementation on rice–pulse cropping system productivity were studied. Three pulses, viz., blackgram, greengram and pea were grown after rice on the same plots to explore the feasibility of growing second crops with carry-over residual soil moisture and residual soil fertility. The study revealed that during the rainy season, 30%–35% higher rice grain yield was obtained when both inorganic and organic sources of nutrients were applied compared with the full dose of inorganic fertilizer, and the rice grain yield was 65%–78% higher than obtained following farmers’ practices. In the post-rainy season, pea crop recorded the highest grain yield of 490 kg ha^-1 under the treatment combination of Sesbania and inorganic fertilizer. Organic carbon, and available N, P, K also enhanced yield by 20%–29%, 5.0%–29.4% to 7.9%–39.9% and 22.4%–60.3%, respectively when 25% N was applied through different organic sources of nutrients (green manure/press mud/farmyard manure).     

半干旱区长期施肥对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

本文通过１５年的定位试验,研究了等氮等磷条件下不同肥料种类对作物产量及土壤养分供应能力的影响。结果表明:１、施用化肥与施用各种有机肥处理间产量差异不显著,但以施用化肥处理产量最高,全年产量为６５０８.５ｋｇ／ｈｍ2;２、各施肥处理均不同程度地促进了土壤全量养分和速效养分的增加;３、高碳类有机肥对土壤有机无机复合状况及腐殖质结合形态有较好的效果;４、对土壤酶活性影响较大,尤其是提高了土壤中蔗糖酶和脲酶的活性,绿肥表现最佳;５、对土壤水分类型及孔隙组成也有一定的影响,提高了土壤水分含量,改善了土壤物理性状;６、增加了土壤团聚体的含量,促进了微团聚体的形成,提高了团聚度和团聚水平     

Effect of long-term beef manure application on soil test phosphorus,organic carbon,and winter wheat yield

In this study, 24 years (1990–2013) of data from a long-term experiment, in Stillwater, Oklahoma (OK), were used to determine the effect of beef manure on soil test phosphorus (STP), soil organic carbon (SOC), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield. Beef manure was applied every 4 years at a rate of 269 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1, while inorganic fertilizers were applied annually at 67 kg N ha^?1, 14.6 kg phosphorus (P) ha^?1, and 27.8 kg potassium (K) ha^?1 for N, P, and K, respectively. Averaged across years, application of beef manure, and inorganic P maintained STP above 38 mg kg^?1 of Mehlich-3 extractable P, a level that is far beyond crop requirements. A more rapid decline in SOC was observed in the check plot compared to the manure-treated plot. This study shows that the application of animal manure is a viable option to maintaining SOC levels, while also optimizing grain yield.     

Winter Wheat Yield,Quality, and Nitrogen Removal Following Compost- or Manure-Fertilized Sugarbeet

To efficiently use nitrogen (N) while protecting water quality, one must know how a second-year crop, without further N fertilization, responds in years following a manure application. In an Idaho field study of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) following organically fertilized sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), we determined the residual (second-year) effects of fall-applied solid dairy manure, either stockpiled or composted, on wheat yield, biomass N, protein, and grain N removal. Along with a no-N control and urea (202 kg N ha^?1), first-year treatments included compost (218 and 435 kg estimated available N ha^?1) and manure (140 and 280 kg available N ha^?1). All materials were incorporated into a Greenleaf silt loam (Xeric Calciargid) at Parma in fall 2002 and 2003 prior to planting first-year sugarbeet. Second-year wheat grain yield was similar among urea and organic N sources that applied optimal amounts of plant-available N to the preceding year’s sugarbeet, thus revealing no measurable second-year advantage for organic over conventional N sources. Both organic amendments applied at high rates to the preceding year’s sugarbeet produced greater wheat yields (compost in 2004 and manure in 2005) than urea applied at optimal N rates. On average, second-year wheat biomass took up 49% of the inorganic N remaining in organically fertilized soil after sugarbeet harvest. Applying compost or manure at greater than optimum rates for sugarbeet may increase second-year wheat yield but increase N losses as well.

Abbreviations CNS, carbon–nitrogen–sulfur     

Increased Dryland Winter Wheat Yields by Nitrogen Fertilizer Topdressing and its Relationship to Soil Moisture,Available N,P and K in Northwestern China

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in northwestern China as a monoculture is hampered by unfertile soil and drought. With the fast-developing Chinese chemical fertilizer industry, many farmers now use more nitrogen (N) fertilizer as topdressing for winter wheat in early spring, in addition to a basal dose of N fertilizer applied in the previous autumn at seeding time. The objective of this study was to evaluate the increase in grain yield of dryland winter wheat by early spring N fertilizer topdressing, and its relationship to soil moisture, available N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Field experiments with no N fertilizer topdressing (F_b) and N fertilizer topdressing (F_b+t) treatments were carried out over two growing seasons at 54 site-years to assess the relationship between increase in winter wheat grain yield by early spring N fertilizer topdressing and soil moisture, available N, P and K in Changwu county, Shaanxi province, China. Compared to F_b treatment, the F_b+t treatment produced grain yields lower at 10 site-years, and increased by <10% at 21 site-years and by >10% at 23 site-years. The results indicated that topdressing N fertilizer could increase wheat grain yield when soil nitrate-N accumulation in the 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm depths was less than 121.7, 36.4 and 24.1 kg N ha^?1, and soil moisture content in the 40–60, 60–80 and 80–100 cm depths was more than 15.7%, 16.7% and 16.9%, respectively. The findings also suggested that it is not necessary to analyze soil for ammonium-N, available P and K before topdressing N fertilizer. It is necessary to analyze 0–60 cm soil profile for nitrate-N and 40–100 cm depth for soil moisture before topdressing N fertilizer for winter wheat in dryland areas of northwestern China.     

Poultry litter and tillage influences on corn production and soil nutrients in a Kentucky silt loam soil

Broiler chicken (Gallus gallus) manure, a rich source of plant nutrients, is generated in large quantities in southeastern USA where many row crops, such as corn (Zea mays L.), are also extensively grown. However, the use of broiler manure as an economical alternative source of nutrients for corn production has not been extensively explored in this region. This study was conducted to examine the use of broiler litter as a source of nutrients for corn production, as influenced by tillage and litter rate, and any residual effects following application. In addition, the consequence of litter application to soil test nutrient levels, particularly P, Zn and Cu, was explored. The treatments consisted of two rates of broiler litter application, 11 and 22 Mg ha⁻¹ on a wet weight basis, and one rate of chemical fertilizer applied under no-till and conventional tillage systems. Treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Corn was grown with broiler litter and inorganic fertilizer applied to the same plots each year from 1998 to 2001. In 2002 and 2003, corn was planted no-till, but only N fertilizer was applied in order to make use of other residual litter nutrients. Soil samples were taken yearly in the spring prior to litter application and 4 years after the cessation of litter application to evaluate the status of the residual nutrients in soil. Two years out of the 4-year experiment, broiler litter application produced significantly greater corn grain yield than equivalent chemical fertilizer application and produced similar grain yield in the other 2 years. Corn grain yield was significantly greater under no-till in 1999, but significantly greater under conventional-till in 2000, and no difference between the two tillage systems were observed in 1998 and 2001. With 4 years of litter application, Mehlich-3 P increased from an initial 18 mg kg⁻¹ to 156 mg kg⁻¹ with 11 Mg ha⁻¹ litter and to 257 mg kg⁻¹ with 22 Mg ha⁻¹ litter. For every 6 kg ha⁻¹ of P applied in poultry litter Mehlich-3 P was increased by 1 mg kg⁻¹. Modest increases in Mehlich-3 Cu and Zn did not result in phytotoxic levels. This study indicated that an optimum rate of broiler litter as a primary fertilizer at 11 Mg ha⁻¹ applied in 4 consecutive years on a silt loam soil produced corn grain yields similar to chemical fertilizer under both no-till and conventional tillage systems and kept soil test P, Cu and Zn levels below values considered to be harmful to surface water quality or the crop.     

Effects of Farmyard Manure and Inorganic Fertilizers on Sorghum Growth,Yield, and Nitrogen Use in a Semi-Arid Area of Ethiopia

A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of the combined use of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of sorghum and on soil chemical properties in a semi-arid area in northeastern Ethiopia. Twelve treatments comprising factorial combinations of four levels of farmyard manure (0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha^?1) and three levels of inorganic fertilizers (0%, 50%, and 100% of the recommended rate) were compared in a randomized complete block design with three replications over a period of six years. The results revealed significant improvements in the growth and yield of sorghum due to the main and interaction effects of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer application. The combined application of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers increased post-anthesis dry-matter production by 147%–390% and grain yield by 14%–36%. The main effects of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers increased stover yield by 8%–21% and 14%–21%, respectively. Farmyard manure application increased total nitrogen (N) uptake by 21%–36%, grain protein yield by 8%–11%, and grain protein concentration by 20%–29%. Application of farmyard manure along with 50% of the recommended inorganic fertilizer rate resulted in a grain yield equivalent to, or greater than that for 100% of the recommended inorganic fertilizer rate, thus effecting a 50% savings of inorganic N and phosphorus (P) fertilizer. Application of 5, 10, and 15 t farmyard manure ha^?1along with 100% of the recommended fertilizer rate and 5, 10, and 15 t farmyard manure ha^?1 along with 50% of the recommended fertilizer rate can be recommended for farmers who can and cannot afford to buy inorganic fertilizers, respectively.     

Poultry Manure and Nitrogen–Phosphorus–Potassium Fertilizer Application and Their Residual Effects on Soil Physical Properties in Two Distinct Ecological Zones of Central Southern Nigeria

Poultry manure and nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (N–P–K) fertilizer application and their residual effects on soil physical properties were investigated with soils drawn from two distinct ecological zones, Agbede (derived savanna) and Obadan (forest), of Edo State of southern Nigeria in 2005 and 2006 rainy seasons. The treatments consisted of three levels of poultry manure (0, 4, and 6 tons/PM/ha) and four levels of NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg NPK ha^?1), which were combined factorially, arranged in a randomized complete block design, and replicated three times. Poultry manure, combined application of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer in 2005, and their residual effects in 2006 gave greater degree of saturation and soil moisture content and lower soil bulk density in both locations but were significantly better in the Obadan location in 2006. The lowest bulk densities of 1.16 and 1.15g cm² were obtained with the application of 6 tons PM ha^?1 + 50 kg NPK ha^?1 in Obadan soils in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Water-stable aggregate, porosity, void ratio, and air-filled porosity were greater in 2006 due to the residual effects of poultry manure and its combined application with NPK fertilizer than in 2005. In contrast, fertilizer application alone reduced void ratio, porosity, and air-filled porosity of the soils.     

Long‐term pig manure application reduces the requirement of chemical phosphorus and potassium in two rice–wheat sites in subtropical China

Producing optimal grain yields while reducing adverse environmental impacts of over‐fertilization is essential in intensive, but sustainable, farming systems. We investigated the effects of long‐term (1982–2005) application of chemical nitrogen (N), N + chemical phosphorus (P) and N + P + chemical potassium (K) on grain yield, nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) and N losses in two rice–wheat sites in subtropical China where pig manure was applied (Suining and Wuchang). Four (Suining) or five (Wuchang) treatments were examined: no‐fertilizer, chemical N plus manure (NM), chemical NP plus manure (NPM), chemical NPK plus manure (NPKM) or chemical NPK plus 1.6 times manure (NPKhM, Wuchang only). Fertilizers resulted in 1.5–2.5 times higher grain yields than no‐fertilizer, which led to a NRE in the range from 21.0 to 58.3%. Grain yields of rice and wheat were significantly increased by 22.6–25.9 and 34.4–37.5%, respectively, under NPM and NPKM (similar to each other) compared to NM at Suining. Yields were similar for NM, NPK, NPKM and NPKhM at Wuchang. The N accumulation and NRE among fertilizers were in the order NM < NPM = NPKM at the low amount of manure‐applied site (Suining), but NM = NPM = NPKM at the high amount of manure‐applied site (Wuchang). The ratio of N losses to total N input was 21.4–49.1% at the studied sites. Soil total N accumulated at a rate of 0.01–0.04 g/kg/yr during 1982–2005 with fertilizers and decreased or was constant in soil without fertilizer. Application of chemical P and K fertilizers could be reduced or eliminated after long‐term manure application at these two sites, while maintaining optimal grain yields and enhancing soil N accumulation.     

Effect of long-term fertilization on 15N uptake and retention in soil

We did a pot experiment with three different fertilized soils (no fertilizer (No-F), inorganic fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), manure plus inorganic fertilizer (MNPK)) from a 19-year fertilizer trial. Three N treatments, (1) no N, (2) 100 mg/kg urea-¹⁵N (N), (3) 50 mg/kg urea-¹⁵N + 50 mg/kg corn straw-N (1/2N + 1/2S), were applied to each soil. The residual soil from the same treatments was used to grow second wheat crop. The MNPK soil had significantly higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in the first growing season, and lower N loss than the NPK, and No-F soils. The 1/2N + 1/2S treatment decreased NUE on each soil, even though the MNPK soil still had highest NUE and lowest N loss. The residual ¹⁵N use efficiency (RNUE) in 1/2N + 1/2S treatment of MNPK soil was higher than NPK and No-F soils. We concluded that long-term application of manure plus inorganic fertilizer increased NUE and decreased N loss.     

Residual Effects of Novel versus Traditional Organic Amendments for Rain-fed No-till Barley: Yield,Nutrient Uptake,and N2O Emissions

Organic amendments recycle nutrients, but N₂O emissions are both environmental and agronomic concerns. We conducted a 4-year field experiment to determine no-till barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yield and nutrient uptake and soil N₂O emissions following a single application of six amendment treatments: (1) no amendment (Check); (2) synthetic N fertilizer (Fert); (3) fresh beef cattle feedlot manure (ManureF); (4) beef cattle feedlot manure compost (CompostR); (5) beef cattle feedlot manure composted with cattle mortalities (CompostM); and (6) separated solids from anaerobically digested cattle feedlot manure (ADM). Barley grown in Year 1 (2006), Year 2 (2007), and Year 4 (2009) (with Year 3 (2008) under fallow) had higher grain yields from ManureF (4.73 Mg ha^?1) in Year 2 and ADM (6.30 Mg ha^?1) in Year 4 (p < 0.05) than other treatments. The grain N and P contents were not affected (p > 0.05), but N uptake over 3 years (112.8 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1), and P uptake in Year 1 (19.1 kg ha^?1 yr^?1) and Year 2 (14.3 kg ha^?1 yr^?1) from ManureF, were higher (p < 0.05×) than other treatments. The cumulative N₂O emissions from ManureF in Year 1 (1.488 kg N ha^?1) and from ADM in Year 2 (1.072 kg N ha^?1) were higher (p < 0.05) than other treatments while the fraction of applied N emitted as N₂O was small (0.00 to 0.79%) and not affected by treatment. However, the percentages of applied N emitted as N₂O from compost and ADM were similar to synthetic fertilizer and livestock manure.     

氮肥施用对冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素表观损失的影响

Excessive nitrogen （N） fertilizer application to winter wheat is a common problem on the North China Plain. To determine the optimum fertilizer N rate for winter wheat production while minimizing N losses, field experiments were conducted for two growing seasons at eight sites, in Huimin County, Shandong Province, from 2001 to 2003. The optimum N rate for maximum grain yield was inversely related to the initial soil mineral N content （Nmin） in the top 90 cm of the soil profile before sowing. There was no yield response to the applied N at the three sites with high initial soil mineral N levels （average 212 kg N ha^-1）. The average optimum N rate was 96 kg N ha^-1 for the five sites with low initial soil Nmin （average 155 kg N ha^-1） before sowing. Residual nitrate N in the top 90 cm of the soil profile after harvest increased with increasing fertilizer N application rate. The apparent N losses during the wheat-growing season also increased with increasing N application rate. The average apparent N losses with the optimum N rates were less than 15 kg N ha^-1, whereas the farmers＇ conventional N application rate resulted in losses of more than 100 kg N ha^-1. Therefore, optimizing N use for winter wheat considerably reduced N losses to the environment without compromising crop yields.     

不同类型有机肥与化肥配施对小麦品质的影响

【目的】 综合分析不同类型有机肥与化肥配施对小麦籽粒、面粉、面团品质指标的影响,为提升小麦品质提供有机肥科学施用基础。 【方法】 以鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪为供试有机肥料,冬小麦品种济麦22为供试作物进行了田间试验。在施N 225 kg/hm2前提下,设单施化肥（尿素）、鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪处理,及三种有机肥各自分别以25%、50%和75%配合75%、50%、25%的化肥处理,以及化肥、鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪施肥料量加倍处理,共18个处理。小麦收获后,分析了3个籽粒品质指标、5个面粉品质指标、7个面团品质指标,运用多元统计分析方法评价了三种有机肥的不同利用方式和用量对小麦品质的影响。 【结果】 施N 225 kg/hm2条件下,单施鸡粪、猪粪对小麦各品质指标的提升作用与单施化肥处理相当,明显优于牛粪;与单施牛粪处理相比,单施鸡粪、猪粪、化肥处理的平均面团形成时间延长了50.85%,平均粉质指数提高了25.75%,平均湿面筋含量提升了19.71%,平均沉淀值提升了18.17%,平均粗蛋白含量提升了14.37%,面团拉伸比降低了36.84%。增加肥料用量一倍对小麦品质指标的提升作用不显著。常量处理中,25%有机肥+75%化肥最有利于籽粒蛋白含量的提高。将15个品质指标分为3个主成分组,以湿面筋为代表的第一主成分方差贡献率占到60.2%,代表了大部分的数据信息。根据各施肥处理对品质指标影响的相似性,将18种施肥方式聚为四类:1)不施肥;2)单施常量、加倍牛粪处理;3)常量鸡粪、猪粪、化肥单施及常量配施处理;4)加倍化肥、加倍鸡粪和加倍猪粪处理,从1）至4）小麦多数品质指标呈现依次升高的趋势。 【结论】 以常规施氮量(225 kg/hm2)为前提,鸡粪、猪粪配施少量或者不配施化肥,牛粪配施75%化肥都可以显著提升小麦品质,单施牛粪提升小麦品质作用不显著。因此,在有机肥源充足的条件下,在总施氮量不增加的前提下,鸡粪、猪粪氮的施用比例可提高至75%,牛粪的实用比例控制在25%,以获得优质的小麦籽粒品质。     

Long-term amendment of four different compost types on a loamy silt Cambisol: impact on soil organic matter,nutrients and yields

This study investigated the long-term effects of different composts (urban organic waste compost (OWC), green waste compost (GWC), cattle manure compost (MC) and sewage sludge compost (SSC)) compared to mineral fertilisation on a loamy silt Cambisol, after a 7-year start-up period. The compost application rate was 175 kg N ha^?1, with 80 kg mineral N ha^?1 and without. Soil characteristics (soil organic carbon (SOC), carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and soil pH), nutrients (nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K)) and crop yields were investigated between 1998 and 2012. SOC concentrations were increased by compost applications, being highest in the SSC treatments, as for soil pH. N contents were significantly higher with compost amendments compared to mineral fertilisation. The highest calcium-acetate-lactate (CAL)-extractable P concentrations were measured in the SSC treatments, and the highest CAL-extractable K concentrations in the MC treatments. Yields after compost amendment for winter barley and spring wheat were similar to 40 kg mineral N ha^?1 alone, whereas maize had comparable yields to 80 kg mineral N ha^?1 alone. We conclude that compost amendment improves soil quality, but that the overall carbon (C) and N cycling merits more detailed investigation.