减量施肥下小麦产量、肥料利用率和土壤养分平衡

【目的】我国化肥过量施用现象普遍,不利于生态环境保护和农业可持续生产。研究化肥减量施用对小麦产量、籽粒灌浆和肥料利用率的影响,可以为我国化肥高效施用和零增长目标提供理论依据。【方法】在四川盆地进行了两个大田试验,以习惯施肥 (N、P₂O₅、K₂O 分别为 180、120、45 kg/hm2) 为对照,设置减量施肥 (N、P₂O₅、K₂O 分别为 96、60、45 kg/hm2) 处理,测定了小麦产量及构成、籽粒灌浆、花后干物质转运、旗叶叶绿素含量、养分平衡和肥料利用率。【结果】与习惯施肥相比,减量施肥下小麦产量、穗数、穗粒数没有显著变化,小麦–玉米轮作田块小麦千粒重显著提高 5.8%。根据 Logistics 方程拟合结果,减量施肥显著提高了小麦–玉米轮作田块小麦理论最大千粒重,渐增期、缓增期籽粒净增重,对其他灌浆参数影响不显著。减量施肥下小麦干物质转运量、转运率及其对籽粒灌浆的贡献率增加 28.5%、17.5% 和 20.7%,但花后旗叶叶绿素含量下降速度加快。习惯施肥和减量施肥土壤氮素盈余分别为 22.6 和 –30.2 kg/hm2,土壤磷盈余分别为 80.4 和 22.8 kg/hm2。减量施肥后氮肥偏生产力、农学效率和表观回收率比习惯施肥提高 79.2%、69.1% 和 27.9%,磷肥偏生产力、农学效率和表观回收率提高 91.1%、72.7% 和 68.5%。【结论】本试验的两年时间内,减量施肥可以维持小麦产量,促进小麦干物质转运及其对籽粒灌浆的贡献,但花后功能叶衰退加速。减量施肥下肥料利用率提高,土壤磷素盈余降低,土壤氮素亏缺,需要在确保维持小麦产量、土壤肥力和养分平衡的基础上,继续优化减氮量。     

小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥对河北省冬小麦产量、养分效率和环境效应的影响

为评价小麦养分专家系统(Nutrient Expert,NE)推荐施肥对冬小麦产量效应、养分利用率和农田环境效应的影响,对2010~2014年期间在河北省开展的83个小麦试验进行了分析。结果发现:小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥量较农民习惯施肥量氮、磷肥分别降低了47.0%和10.4%,钾肥增加了102.0%;小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥较农户施肥增产在2.6%~13.0%之间,氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为31.7%、10.9%和31.0%,氮肥偏生产力为47.9kg/kg,显著高于农民习惯施肥处理24.7 kg/kg;小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥的农田温室气体排放总量和排放强度分别为2 211 kg CO_2 eq/hm~2和332 kg CO_2 eq/t,显著低于农民习惯处理的3 720 kg CO_2 eq/hm~2和589 kg CO_2 eq/t。小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥提高了养分利用率、降低了农田温室气体排放,可以在河北省小麦主产区推广应用。     

矮秆基因Rht8和Rht13对冬小麦水分利用效率的效应比较

以含有矮秆基因Rht8的冬小麦品种晋麦47与Rht13的供体Magnif M1杂交获得的含有不同矮秆基因的重组自交系ZX_(44)(Rht8)、ZX_(34)(Rht13)、ZX_(33)(Rht8+Rht13)和ZX_(16)(rht)为材料,在田间和盆栽试验条件下主要研究了矮秆基因Rht8和Rht13对不同水分状况下冬小麦水分利用效率(WUE)和产量的影响。结果表明:含有矮秆基因的三个品系ZX_(34),ZX_(44)和ZX_(33)与高秆对照系(ZX16)在田间和盆栽同一水分条件下的耗水量差异不显著。田间与盆栽的干旱条件下四种小麦品系的产量趋势均为ZX_(44)ZX_(34)ZX_(16)ZX_(33),灌水条件下均为ZX_(34)ZX_(44)ZX_(33)ZX16。田间干旱条件下四种小麦品系的产量WUE为ZX_(44)ZX_(34)ZX_(16)ZX_(33),灌水条件下为ZX_(44)ZX_(34)ZX_(33)ZX16。盆栽两种水分条件下的产量WUE趋势均为ZX_(34)ZX_(44)ZX_(16)ZX_(33)。ZX_(34)品系与ZX_(44)品系的产量WUE在田间相同水分条件下、盆栽干旱条件下差异不显著,而在盆栽灌水条件下差异显著;两者的收获指数在田间和盆栽试验的干旱和灌水条件下均较高。田间相同水分处理下四种小麦品系的生物量WUE差异不显著,而盆栽相同水分条件下为ZX_(34)ZX_(44)ZX_(33)ZX_(16)。综上,引入Rht8基因和Rht13基因均能明显提高产量和WUE。在配合不断选育的基础上,含有Rht13基因的冬小麦是半干旱地区小麦高WUE育种中的另一材料。     

有机无机配施比例对华北褐土冬小麦产量与氮肥利用率的影响

以保麦9号为试材,在氮磷钾用量一致的基础上,研究了有机无机氮配施比例对土壤有机质和养分含量、冬小麦产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:施用无机氮和有机氮均能提高土壤有机质和养分含量,与对照相比,单施无机氮耕层土壤有机质增加1.7%,有机无机氮配施增加7.8%~11.2%,单施有机氮增加23.6%;土壤有效磷和速效钾变化趋势与有机质基本一致。施用无机氮和有机氮均可提高冬小麦的产量、蛋白质含量和氮肥利用率,以35%M和50%M处理最佳,小麦产量比对照增加2 292和2 419 kg/hm2,比单施无机氮增加656和783kg/hm2。相对于单施无机氮处理较高的小麦氮肥利用率(38.6%),35%M和50%M处理的氮素损失少,氮肥利用率高达47.9%和53.0%,高于单施化肥处理。说明在等氮量水平下,以35%和50%有机氮替代无机氮不但提高土壤有机质、养分含量、作物产量和氮肥利用率,还可减少氮素损失,可获得较高的经济和环境效益。     

不同施钾量对设施栽培番茄生长及钙、镁养分吸收的影响

在日光温室条件下以番茄为供试作物,以不施钾肥为对照(CK),设置5个钾肥施用量T1(150kg/hm2)、T2(300 kg/hm2)、T3(450 kg/hm2)、T4(600 kg/hm2)、T5(750 kg/hm2),研究钾肥用量对番茄生长及钙、镁养分吸收特性的影响,此研究将为设施条件下蔬菜平衡施肥提供理论依据...     

我国马铃薯产量和化肥利用率区域特征研究

【目的】本研究汇总马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)田间试验数据,分析中国马铃薯产区施用氮、磷和钾肥的马铃薯产量(可获得产量、产量反应和相对产量)及肥料利用率特征,以期为优化马铃薯养分管理奠定理论基础。【方法】本试验数据来源于:1)国际植物营养研究所(International Plant Nutrition Institute, IPNI)1992—2012年间在我国马铃薯主产区开展的117个田间试验;2)采用字段或字段组合(马铃薯,马铃薯+产量,马铃薯+利用率,等)在中国知网数据库(China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI)检索的2000—2016年间407篇马铃薯田间试验中文文献。将我国马铃薯种植区分为东北(NE)、西北(NW)、华北(NC)、长江中下游(MLYR)、东南(SE)和西南(SW)产区。试验处理包括氮磷钾肥优化处理(OPT)、不施氮(OPT-N)处理、不施磷(OPT-P)处理和不施钾(OPT-K)处理,研究我国马铃薯不同种植区优化施肥下马铃薯可获得产量,氮、磷和钾肥产量反应,相对产量,农学效率,偏生产力和养分回收率特征。【结果】我国马铃薯施用氮、磷和钾产量反应平均分别为8.6、5.9和6.6 t/hm^2,氮素是马铃薯产量的首要限制因子,东北地区产量及施氮产量反应平均值显著高于其他地区(P <0.05)。马铃薯施氮、磷、钾相对产量平均值分别为71.0%、79.4%、77.2%,其中,华北地区施氮相对产量平均值最高,东南地区施磷相对产量平均值最高,西北地区施钾相对产量平均值最高。马铃薯氮、磷和钾肥用量平均分别为N 164.2 kg/hm^2、P_2O_5 100.3 kg/hm^2和K_2O 188.0 kg/hm2,东南地区氮和钾肥用量平均值显著高于其他地区(P <0.05),东北地区施氮量和施钾量较低,东北、西南和西北施磷量高于其他地区,长江中下游施磷量最低。马铃薯氮、磷和钾素农学效率平均值分别为52.2 kg/kg N、58.5 kg/kg P_2O_5和42.3 kg/kgK_2O,东北地区氮和钾素农学效率平均值显著高于其他地区(P <0.05)。马铃薯氮、磷和钾素偏生产力平均值分别为205.7 kg/kg N、339.0 kg/kg P_2O_5和209.2 kg/kg K_2O,东北地区氮和钾素偏生产力平均值分别显著(P <0.05)高于其他地区。马铃薯氮、磷和钾素养分回收率平均值分别为36.4%、18.5%和27.6%,东南地区磷素回收率平均值显著高于其它地区(P <0.05)。【结论】我国马铃薯不同产区产量、施肥量和肥料利用率差异较大,氮素是马铃薯产量的第一限制因子,华北地区氮素、东南地区磷素和西北地区钾素土壤基础养分供应能力相对较高,不同地区马铃薯需要因地制宜,制定有针对性的马铃薯优化施肥方案。     

Nitrogen application method for improving yield and protein content of “Kitanokaori”, a new variety of winter wheat for bread use in Hokkaido

(Jpn. J. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr., 77, 273–281, 2006)

“Kitanokaori” is a new variety of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for bread use bred at the National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region. The grain protein content of wheat for bread use should be higher than 120 g kg?1. Much nitrogen application is necessary to obtain high grain protein content. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the optimum amount of nitrogen to obtain the required protein content and to prevent nitrogen from remaining in the soil. Field experiments were conducted for four years from sowing in 2000 to study the effect of the amount of nitrogen and the time of top-dressing. In the experiment in which sowing was carried out in 2003, nitrogen treatments were 40, 40–60, 40–60–0–60, 40–60–0–60–30, 40–60–0–60–60, 40–60–60–60, 40–60–60–60–30, 40–60–60–60–60, 40–60–30–30, 40–60–30–30–30 and 40–60–30–30–60 (each value showing the amount of applied nitrogen at sowing · re-growing stage · panicle formation stage · flag leaf stage · full heading stage, kg ha?1). The experiments were conducted in Andosol, which has moderate nitrogen fertility, and in Histosol, which is fertile soil.

Kitanokaori did not lodge with high-applied nitrogen, and both yield and protein content increased with an increase in applied nitrogen. In a moderate climate, Kitanokaori reached a protein content of 120 g kg?1 when the amount of absorbed nitrogen was about 190 kg ha?1, and the yield was about 7·8 Mg ha?1 at that time.

The top-dressing at the panicle formation stage was effective to raise the yield and the top-dressing at the full heading stage was effective to raise the grain protein content. It is recommended that the amount of applied nitrogen should be 160 kg ha?1 until the flag leaf stage, and additional nitrogen should be applied at the full heading stage to obtain a grain protein content of more than 120 g kg?1. Nutritional diagnosis at the full heading stage will be necessary to determine whether more nitrogen is needed to achieve the required protein content.

When the amount of total applied nitrogen did not exceed 220 kg ha?1, the amount of absorbed nitrogen was over 90% of applied nitrogen, and there was little inorganic nitrogen in the soil after harvest. Therefore, it was considered that the residue of nitrogen in the soil was small within 220 kg ha?1 of nitrogen application, while favorable growth and high yield were obtained.     

灌溉频率对冬小麦产量及叶片水分利用效率的影响

为了探讨中国北方冬小麦高效节水灌溉模式,采用了3种灌溉处理:在拔节期一次灌溉120mm,在拔节期和抽穗期各灌溉60mm及在拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期各灌溉40mm,研究了在总灌溉量为120mm的情况下,灌溉频率对冬小麦产量及叶片水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,在冬小麦的拔节期和抽穗期各灌溉60mm,显著提高乳熟期和蜡熟期旗叶...     

冬小麦膜沟栽培的增产效应

干旱、冻害是限制陇东旱作冬小麦生产的主要因素。研究表明,采用膜沟方式栽培,可克服自然降水利用率低、冬小麦越冬死亡率高、土壤保墒保温效果差等弊端,使土壤含水率较露地平播提高2 44～3 17个百分点,土壤温度提高2 3～3 2℃,越冬死亡率降低11 59个百分点,冬小麦单产较常规覆膜栽培和传统露地平播栽培分别增产899 1kg/hm2和1331 25kg/hm2,增产率分别达25 9%和43 7%。     

河南省小麦、玉米氮肥需求及节氮潜力

为更准确地优化小麦肥料用量,提高肥料利用效率,我们基于产量反应和农学效率,分别建立了适用于长江流域和北方地区的小麦养分专家系统(NE),并采用大量田间试验验证了其可行性。

收集汇总来自于国际植物营养研究所中国项目部、团队研究以及公开发表的多年多点小麦田间试验结果,建立产量和养分吸收数据库,采用QUEFTS模型分析不同种植区域小麦养分吸收特征,分析小麦产量反应、农学效率和相对产量参数及其内在联系,构建施肥模型,开发小麦养分专家系统。于2011—2020年,在小麦主产区11省份开展了467个田间试验对系统进行校正和改进。每个试验包括6个处理：小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥(NE)、农民习惯施肥(FP)、土壤测试施肥(ST)以及基于NE的不施氮、不施磷和不施钾处理。调查了小麦产量、经济效益、养分回收率和肥料农学效率。

1)将数据分为北方地区和长江流域两部分,经QUEFTS模型模拟小麦养分吸收结果显示,每生产1 t小麦籽粒地上部所需氮、磷和钾养分北方地区为25.6、4.6和20.1 kg,长江流域为20.6、3.9和16.1 kg;小麦对氮、磷和钾肥的平均产量反应北方地区为1.69、0.85和0.69 t/hm²,长江流域为2.60、0.99和0.72 t/hm²;小麦氮、磷和钾肥的平均农学效率北方地区为8.7、8.9和7.0 kg/kg,长江流域为12.6、12.2和8.4 kg/kg;小麦氮、磷和钾养分的平均相对产量北方地区为0.76、0.88和0.90,长江流域为0.59、0.83和0.87。2)田间试验结果显示,与FP处理相比,我国北方地区和长江流域NE处理氮和磷肥用量平均分别减少了37.4%和26.1%,钾肥用量增加了39.2%;与ST处理相比,氮、磷肥用量分别减少了18.2%、14.1%,而钾肥用量相当。NE处理的产量和经济效益较FP处理分别增加了0.22 t/hm²和998元/hm²,与ST处理产量相同,但经济效益增加了260元/hm²。NE处理氮肥回收率较FP和ST处理分别增加了12.9和4.6个百分点,农学效率分别增加了4.0和1.5 kg/kg;磷肥回收率分别增加了5.7和1.1个百分点,农学效率分别增加了2.9和0.6 kg/kg;钾肥回收率较FP处理提高了2.0个百分点,与ST处理相当。

我国北方生产1 t小麦所需的氮、钾养分量高于长江流域,两个区域磷养分需求量差异较小。长江流域小麦产量对氮肥的反应以及氮肥农学效率均高于北方,两个区域磷肥和钾肥的产量反应和农学效率差异较小。经多年多点田间试验证实,分区域建立的小麦养分专家系统进行施肥推荐,可保证小麦产量,增加农民经济效益,提高肥料利用率,是解决我国小麦种植区小农户推荐施肥难题的科学方法。

     

Late seeding of soybean after rice transplanting period using variety "Yukihomare" in central area of Hokkaido

(Jpn. J. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr., 77, 293–298, 2006)
"Kitanokaori" is a new variety of wheat for bread use bred at the National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region. The grain protein content of wheat for bread use should be higher than 120 g kg−1. Much nitrogen application is necessary to obtain high grain protein content. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the optimum amount of nitrogen to obtain the required protein content and to prevent nitrogen from remaining in the soil. The nutrition diagnosis using leaf color was investigated to predict the need and the amount of top-dressing. Field experiments were conducted for four years with nitrogen treatments in Andosol, which has moderate nitrogen fertility, and in Histosol, which is a fertile soil. The leaf color was measured using a chlorophyll meter SPAD502 (CM value) at the middle part of the leaf, avoiding the center rib. The colors of the 10·15 uppermost second leaves were measured in one plot and averaged.
A close relation was found between leaf color at the full heading stage and grain protein content at harvest. Leaf color at the full heading stage is therefore a good index to control the protein content. Considering the effect of top-dressing at the full heading stage in each CM value, the diagnosis criterion was decided. When the CM value is over 52 at the full heading stage, more nitrogen application is not needed. When the CM value is 50·52, 30 kg N ha−1 of top-dressing at the full heading stage is needed, and when the CM value is 45·50, 60 kg N ha−1 of top-dressing is needed to obtain a grain protein content of more than 120 g kg−1.     

Leaf color diagnosis and nitrogen management for winter wheat “Kitanokaori” in Hokkaido

(Jpn. J. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr., 77, 293–298, 2006)

“Kitanokaori” is a new variety of wheat for bread use bred at the National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region. The grain protein content of wheat for bread use should be higher than 120 g kg?1. Much nitrogen application is necessary to obtain high grain protein content. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the optimum amount of nitrogen to obtain the required protein content and to prevent nitrogen from remaining in the soil. The nutrition diagnosis using leaf color was investigated to predict the need and the amount of top-dressing. Field experiments were conducted for four years with nitrogen treatments in Andosol, which has moderate nitrogen fertility, and in Histosol, which is a fertile soil. The leaf color was measured using a chlorophyll meter SPAD502 (CM value) at the middle part of the leaf, avoiding the center rib. The colors of the 10·15 uppermost second leaves were measured in one plot and averaged.

A close relation was found between leaf color at the full heading stage and grain protein content at harvest. Leaf color at the full heading stage is therefore a good index to control the protein content. Considering the effect of top-dressing at the full heading stage in each CM value, the diagnosis criterion was decided. When the CM value is over 52 at the full heading stage, more nitrogen application is not needed. When the CM value is 50·52, 30 kg N ha?1 of top-dressing at the full heading stage is needed, and when the CM value is 45·50, 60 kg N ha?1 of top-dressing is needed to obtain a grain protein content of more than 120 g kg?1.     

水稻秸秆还田配施肥料对小麦产量和氮素利用的影响

为了解高C/N比秸秆还田与肥料施用对金坛地区小麦产量和氮素利用的影响,通过设置大田试验,研究了稻秸还田与肥料施用对麦季土壤养分、微生物生物量、作物产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明：稻秸还田配施肥料能够提高土壤速效养分含量。单施肥仅显著影响拔节期微生物生物量碳,单施稻秸显著影响拔节期和抽穗期微生物生物量氮,稻秸还田和肥料施用的交互作用在拔节期显著影响土壤微生物生物量和微生物熵。单施肥、稻秸配施肥料处理的氮肥表观利用率分别为31%和37%,稻秸配施肥料后的氮肥农学利用率和偏生产力表明每kg纯氮增产幅度约为6.86 kg籽粒。单施肥和稻秸配施肥料显著增加了小麦每穗粒数及千粒重,并且理论产量分别增加211%和319%,实际产量则分别增加119%和231%,而单施稻秸处理的实产却减产21%。综合分析认为,稻秸还田搭配肥料施用,能够保证当季土壤有效氮供应,促进土壤有机质转化为更易被微生物利用的形态,提高养分有效性,促进小麦对氮素的吸收利用,有利于每穗粒数和千粒重的增加,从而最终提高小麦的产量。     

化学活性炭和生物活性炭减缓尿素水解提高氮利用效率

Biochar is considered a potential technology to enhance chemical fertilizer use efficiency through intensification of the interactions between nutrients and the functional groups on biochar surfaces. However, little is known about how the application of activated biochars mixed with urea influences nitrogen(N) mineralization and crop performance in paddy fields. Here, a sawdust-derived fresh biochar (FBC)(ca. 400?C) was activated chemically with 15%hydrogen peroxide and biologically with a nutri...     

施氮对不同抗旱性小麦叶片光合及生长特性的影响

在大田试验条件下,对2个不同抗旱特性的小麦品种在5个N素营养水平下各生育时期叶片光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、气孔限制值(Ls)等气体交换参数以及地上生物量进行了测定。结果表明,两个小麦品种的叶片Pn随生育进程呈逐渐递减趋势,对照在拔节期出现Pn峰值,N素各处理Pn的峰值均出现在分蘖期。不同N素处理的两个小麦品种的Gs、Ls峰值均出现在拔节期~抽穗期,依生育进程呈先升后降的变化趋势。适量N素提高了叶片Pn和Gs,降低了Ls。不同抗旱性小麦光合参数的差异因生育期不同而有差别,N180处理旱地品种较水地品种有高的Pn和Gs,在拔节期~抽穗期旱地品种的Pn、Gs均高于水地品种。小麦地上单株干重随生育进程持续增加。N素对地上单株生物量的影响因抗旱性差异而不同,旱地品种的地上单株生物量随施N量的增加而表现先降低后升高的变化趋势,水地品种则表现出持续下降的趋势;两个品种的籽粒产量随N素水平提高呈先升高后下降趋势,在N180处理达到最高。因此,N180处理是旱地小麦最为适宜的施N水平。结合光合、生长及叶片水势变化特性,认为适量N素可提高干旱环境下叶片光合机构的适应能力,说明N素对提高小麦抗旱能力有积极意义。