Nitrogen and vermicompost interaction on soil and leaf nutrient status of kinnow mandarin in vertisols of Jhalawar district

A field experiment entitled “nitrogen and vermicompost interaction on soil and leaf nutrient status of kinnow mandarin in vertisols of Jhalawar district” was conducted at the Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar (Rajasthan) during 2012–13 to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen and vermicompost on physico-chemical properties of soil and leaf micro and macro nutrient contents of Kinnow mandarin. The result indicated that application of T₁₅ treatment i.e. nitrogen at 350 g/plant + vermicompost 20 kg/plant was found best with regard to improvement in soil physico-chemical properties like organic carbon content (0.44%), available nitrogen (N) (379.36 kgha^?1), available phosphorus (P) (25.56 kgha^?1), available potassium (393.29 kgha^?1) and reduces electrical conductivity (0.34 dSm^?1), soil pH (7.42) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) content percentage (15.20) of soil.     

Integrated nutrient management (INM) on yield trends and sustainability,nutrient balance and soil fertility in a long-term (30 years) rice-wheat system in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India

We analyzed data from a long-term rice–wheat cropping sequence to evaluate the effects of integrated nutrient management (INM) on yield trends and sustainability, nutrient balance and soil fertility of the system. After 30th cycle, grain yield of both the crops significantly declined under control and highest rice and wheat grain yields were obtained when 50% N supplied through green manure and farm yard manure, respectively. The magnitude of yield slope under INM was found considerably higher than 100% recommended fertilizer (RDF). Sustainable yield index (SYI) for both the crops were found lower in control but considerably higher with the 100% RDF and under INM. The soils under all the treatments suffered an apparent loss of K and N (except where organics replacing 50% N). Correlation study also reveals K is the sole factor for the yield sustainability as apparent K balance was negatively correlated with SYI and yield slope.     

Studies on conjoint application of nutrient sources and PGPR on growth,yield, quality,and economics of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.)

The present experiment was carried out with cauliflower cv. Pusa Snowball K1 in a randomized block design with three replications. The experiment comprised of seven different treatments with different sources of nutrients including organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, and biofertilizers, which were applied following the proper procedures as per treatment. Conjoint use of fertilizers, manures, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) significantly influenced plant growth and yield attributes of crop. Gross weight (1,267.22 g), curd weight (981.05 g), curd yield (392.45 q/ha), number of days taken to curd initiation (86.17) and curd maturity (94.00) and ascorbic acid content (74.87 mg/100 g) were found best under T₅. Also, treatment T₅ recorded 42.77% increase in yield over recommended practice (T₁) along with highest benefit cost ratio (3.36) and quality (ascorbic acid). From present investigation, it can be concluded that treatment T₅ (75% NPK + 50% FYM and 50% VC on N equivalence basis + PGPR) can be suggested as a cost-effective nutrient module for getting higher yield and quality with 25% net saving of fertilizers, besides enhanced soil health as evident by soil fertility status of soil after crop harvest.     

The effect of winery solid waste compost application on maize growth,biomass yield,and nutrient content under greenhouse conditions

A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the fertilizer value and determine the optimum application rate of five winery solid waste (WSW) composts containing varied filter material (FM) mixed proportions with grape marc and pruning canes using maize. The composts comprised of 4, 10, 20, 30, and 40% FM (w/w) designated C4FM, C10FM, C20FM, C30FM, and C40FM, respectively. Application rates of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 t ha^?1 were used; while unamended control and inorganic NPK fertilizer treatments were included as references. The results showed that application of composts with 20% FM or more at 80 t ha^?1 significantly increased the dry matter yield more than NPK fertilizer but full potential was not reached due to inadequate nitrogen supply. Maize shoot K content from compost treatments exceeded the critical nutrient level while the shoot Zn content from compost treatments with 20% FM or less also exceeded the critical level. The results revealed that these composts could serve as potential good sources of K and Zn for maize production, particularly, in sandy soils where these nutrients are often reported to be deficient. Quantitative estimate of the optimum rate of the composts for dry matter production ranged from 75 to 307 t ha^?1.     

化肥优化减施对芹菜产量和品质以及硝酸盐淋溶的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了化肥优化减施对芹菜产量、品质及硝酸盐淋溶的影响。结果表明,与习惯施肥处理相比,有机无机肥料配施的减量施肥模式能保证芹菜产量稳定,显著提高氮肥利用效率,显著降低了可食部分硝酸盐含量,同时提高了芹菜Vc含量,并能显著降低0～100 cm土层硝态氮积累。在本试验条件下,基于产量、经济效益和环境效益的统一考虑,最优施肥模式为氮肥减量20%配施菌渣处理模式。     

Nutrients management strategies to improve yield and quality of sugar beet in semi-arid regions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the yield and quality of sugar beet genotypes (Beta vulgaris L.). Therefore, a field trial was carried out in Peshawar, Pakistan, during the winters in 2012–2013. The field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with split plots, having three replications. Fertilizer treatments (control, composted manure Higo Organic Plus at 5 t ha^?1, Maxicrop Sea Gold seaweed extract at 5 L ha^?1, farm yard manure at 10 t ha^?1, inorganic nitrogen–phosphorus (NP) at 90:60 kg ha^?1, NP at 120:90 kg ha^?1 and NP at 150:120 kg ha^?1) were allotted to main plots, while genotypes (Sandrina, Serenada and Kawe Terma) were allotted to the sub-plots. Plots treated with the application of NP at 120:90 kg ha^?1 produced the highest beet yield (76.4 t ha^?1) and sugar yield (11.1 t ha^?1), and had the second highest polarizable sugar content (14.52%) and more economic return (Rs. 553,000 per hectare) as compared to control plots. Sugar beet genotype Serenada had significantly higher beet yield (55.5 t ha^?1) and sugar yield (7.9 t ha^?1) and a higher economic return (Rs. 380,000 per hectare) than the other genotypes. Sugar beet genotype Serenada supplied with NP at 120:90 kg ha^?1is recommended for the general cultivation in the agro-climatic conditions of Peshawar valley.     

Agriculturally relevant microbial community structure in long-term fertilized paddy soils as revealed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and pyrosequencing analyses

Evidence linking the direct impact of fertilization on diversity, function and phylogeny of N-fixing and P-solubilizing bacteria in rice ecosystem is lacking. This study using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and 454 pyrosequencing analyses was conducted in long-term fertilized (NP, NK, PK, NPK, compost, NPK + compost) paddy field soil, the objective being to examine the community structure of the functionally important beneficial soil microbial communities. Maximum total PLFAs were observed in organic fertilizer treatments, viz. compost (881.5 ± 11.1 nmol g^?1) and NPK + compost (866.5 ± 10.8 nmol g^?1). Pyrosequencing revealed that the overall bacterial and eukaryal compositions at phyla level were not significant for all treatments, while the distribution of each phyla differed. Specifically, the major classified bacterial phyla for all treatments were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes. Supported by the high throughput sequencing approach we hereby propose that the mechanism of N and P cycling under long-term balanced fertilization in a rice ecosystem is largely governed by microbes, notably by the free living N-fixing and/or P solubilizing heterocystous and/or non-heterocystous cyanobacteria, autotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria. The current study thus proposes that balanced fertilizers may be used without detrimental effects on rice soils in the long-term.     

添加生物黑炭对玉米产量、品质、肥料利用率及氮磷径流损失的影响

为了寻找一种既能使作物高产、优质又环境友好的施肥模式,在天然降雨条件下,通过田间小区试验,研究了5种不同施肥模式(不施肥、纯施化肥、生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭)对玉米产量、品质、肥料利用率及氮磷径流损失的影响。结果表明:与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施和有机无机肥配施对玉米产量无明显影响,有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭可使玉米产量显著提高21.14%;与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭均可提高粗蛋白含量和氮、磷肥利用率,其中对粗蛋白含量提高幅度为12.14%~19.64%,并以有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭对其提高幅度最大;与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭均可显著减少氮、磷径流损失量,降幅分别为30.47%~59.69%和12.08%~31.22%,其中,有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭的氮素径流损失降幅最大,生物黑炭与化肥共施的磷素径流损失降幅最大。因此,从提高玉米产量、品质,氮、磷肥利用率以及减少土壤氮、磷径流损失的角度综合考虑,在旱地作物种植施肥模式中推荐有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭施肥模式。     

长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量与养分平衡特征

为了明确长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量及养分平衡特征,利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验,以小麦-大豆-玉米轮作(3a)为一个周期,选取对照(不施肥,记作CK)、常量氮磷钾化肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为75、150 kg/hm2,玉米施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,K2O共施75 kg/hm2,记作NPK)、常量有机肥(施肥18 600 kg/hm2,记作M)、常量化肥有机肥配施(化肥施量同NPK,有机肥施量同M,记作MNPK)和二倍量氮磷化肥有机肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为150、300 kg/hm2,、玉米施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,有机肥共37 200 kg/hm2,记作M2N2P2)5个处理,研究了不同作物的平均产量、产量年际变化和土壤养分表观平衡。结果表明:1)较CK,长期平衡施用化肥或化肥配施有机肥提高了作物产量,多年平均增产率分别在82.5%~91.6%(小麦)和35.6%~40.9%(玉米)之间。长期不同施肥措施增产效果表现为M2N2P2MNPKNPKM,有机无机肥配施与单施化肥处理间作物产量差异不显著。2)长期不施肥处理小麦和玉米产量随试验年限推移呈下降趋势,降幅分别为13.93和42.61 kg/(hm2·a),大豆则以7.409 kg/(hm2·a)的速率增加。施肥处理小麦、大豆和玉米产量随试验年限的增加呈总体上升的趋势。3)在该试验条件下,长期施用常量化肥处理(NPK)和常量化肥有机肥配施处理(MNPK)土壤氮亏缺量分别为29.7和17.5 kg/hm2,磷盈余量分别为33.4和61.2 kg/hm2。各处理土壤中钾素均表现为亏缺,亏缺量在30.4~73.0 kg/hm2之间。MNPK处理氮、钾供应状况有所改善,较NPK处理分别增加12.2和27.6 kg/hm2。4)作物产量与土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、降雨量、生育期日平均气温呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。5)在黑土小麦-大豆-玉米典型轮作制度下,基于土壤养分平衡特征提出"稳氮、减磷和增钾"的施肥策略。该研究为评价和建立长期施肥模式、促进粮食持续生产提供依据。     

长期施氮、磷、钾化肥对玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响

以1990年建立的国家褐潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测基地(北京昌平站)的长期肥料定位试验为研究平台,研究了不同施肥制度对玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,长期均衡地施NPK肥或NPK与有机肥配施,可以显著提高玉米产量和土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾等肥力指标,并能提高土壤微量元素的含量;而不均衡施肥(N、NK、NP、PK)导致相应的营养元素的耗竭。相关分析表明,在褐潮土上增施磷肥和有机肥对提高玉米产量具有重要的作用。     

Improvement of mineral nutrient content of tomato through selection of cultivars and soil fertility

Depleted soil fertility and high-yielding cultivars have been associated with low nutrient contents in vegetables. This study explored if elemental nutrient concentrations in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) can be increased through selection of cultivars and nutritional regimes. Cultivars with different phenotypes of heirloom and modern origins were studied in field experiments in two years. Chemical fertilizer (10-10-10), compost, and an organic fertility regime of soybean meal, bone meal, and potassium sulfate were assessed for their effects on growth and composition of fruits of the cultivars. Differences in nutrient concentrations between modern or heirloom cultivars or among fertility treatments were small or non-significant. Differences among individual cultivars for each element were large with some cultivars having nearly twice the concentrations of nutrients of others and with considerable uniformity in cultivar rankings among the elements. This work suggests that cultivars can be selected for production of nutrient-dense tomatoes.     

氮磷钾和微肥对高肥区夏玉米养分积累、分配及产量的影响

采用田间试验方法研究了N、P、K、Zn及Mn肥对高肥区夏玉米产量、植株性状及干物质积累的影响.结果表明,在该试验条件下,土壤N、P、K、Zn、Mn的贡献率分别为91.2%、100.3%、96.3%、99.4%、99.9%.玉米吸收的N、P、Zn主要积累在籽粒中,Mn主要积累在叶片和籽粒中,而K在植株各部位的积累相对均匀.在NPK处理的基础上增施Zn、Mn肥,显著降低了植株对P的吸收,而对产量、植株性状和干物质积累的影响不大.土壤中P、Zn、Mn养分含量较高,完全能够满足夏玉米生长发育的要求.NK处理最为合理经济,有效地改善了玉米穗部和植株性状,平均产量达到9 821 kg/hm~2.     

Intercropping and balanced nutrient management for sustainable cotton production

The productivity of cotton is lowest in India and far below that of the world average productivity. Suitable management practices like intercropping and judicious combination of organic and inorganic manures are considered as yield improvement technologies and can avoid environmental pollution. However, which intercrop is suitable for the study area and what combination of nutrients will perform better needs to be investiaged. With this background and to test-verify the same, field experiments were conducted on cotton with split plot design to evaluate cotton based intercropping system along with nutrient management practices for enhancing the cotton productivity. Five intercropping systems viz., sole cotton, cotton + onion, cotton + blackgram, cotton + greengram and cotton + lucerne were included in the main plot. The subplot consisted of combinations of inorganic and organic manures namely, 100% recommended inorganic nitrogen (N), 75% inorganic N + 25% N through poultry manure, 75% inorganic N + 25% N through sunnhemp, 75% inorganic N + 25% N through farm wastes, 75% inorganic N + 25% N through weed compost. The results revealed that sole cotton followed by cotton + blackgram intercropping and 75% inorganic N + 25% N through poultry manure recorded better growth and yield attributes, higher cotton yield during both the years. Cotton + onion resulted in the maximum cotton equivalent yield of 2396 kg ha^?1 followed by cotton + blackgram (2240 kg ha^?1). Better N use efficiency and post-harvest soil available N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) was also associated with cotton + blackgram intercropping and 75% inorganic N + 25% N through poultry manure. Benefit: cost (BC) ratios were also higher in the same treatment. It could be concluded from these results that the cotton productivity is higher under the sole crop of cotton, however, the cotton equivalent yield is significantly higher with intercropping and these treatments proved that soil fertility status can be sustained with integrated plant nutrient management practices and intercropping systems.     

Ryegrass yield and nutrient status after biochar application in two Mediterranean soils

This study was conducted to evaluate whether biochar, produced by pyrolysis at 300°C from rice husk and grape pomace (GP), affects plant growth, P uptake and nutrient status. A 3-month period of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivation was studied on two Mediterranean agricultural soils. Treatments comprised control soils amended only with compost or biochar, and combinations of biochar plus compost, with the addition of all nutrients but P (FNoP) or without any fertilization at all (NoF). Application of both types of biochar or/with compost, in the presence of inorganic fertilization except P, significantly increased (P < 0.05) dry matter yield of ryegrass (58.9–77.6%), compared with control, in sandy loam soil, although no statistically significant increase was observed in loam soil. GP biochar and GP biochar plus compost amended loam soil harvests gave higher P uptake than control, in the presence of inorganic fertilization except P, whereas in sandy loam soil, a statistical increase was recorded only in the last harvest. In addition, Mn and Fe uptake increased with the addition of the amendments in both soils, while Ca increased only in the alkaline loam soil. Biochar addition could enhance ryegrass yield and P uptake, although inorganic fertilization along with soil condition should receive special attention.     

Combined application of biochar with compost and fertilizer improves soil properties and grain yield of maize

A pot study was conducted to assess the combined effect of biochar (B) with compost (Com) and inorganic fertilizers (F) for improving nutrient acquisition and productivity of maize. Seven different treatments, including B (1% w/w), F (Recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK): 60, 30 and 25 mg kg^─1), Com (1.5% w/w), Com+F (1.5% + NPK), B+F (1% + NPK), B+Com (0.5% + 0.75%), B+Com+F (0.5% + 0.75% + NPK) along with a control (C) without B, Com and F were applied in pots with four replications. The results showed that growth and grain yield of maize increased by the application of B, Com and F compared with C, but B+Com+F was more effective than their sole application (i.e. B, Com and F). Highest leaf chlorophyll content, gas exchange attributes and nutrient concentrations: N, P and K in shoot and grains were observed, where B+Com+F was applied followed by Com+F > B+F > B+Com > F > Com > B > C. Soil properties such as soil organic carbon (SOC), N, P, and K were significantly increased, whereas soil pH was decreased by the combination of B with Com and F. Hence, application of B in combination with Com and F (B+Com+F) could be a good management strategy to enhance crop productivity and improve soil properties.     

Productivity of capsicum influenced by conjoint application of isolated indigenous PGPR and chemical fertilizers

Inorganic fertilizers alone cannot sustain high levels of productivity. This study was conducted to determine whether higher productivity of capsicum could be achieved by conjoint application of chemical fertilizers and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Four PGPR isolates (RS₂, RS₃, RS₄, and RS₇) from capsicum roots and rhizosphere were evaluated at Solan, Himachal Pradesh (India), during 2009–2012. Two best performers: RS₂ and RS₇ were tried singly or in consortium with different levels of chemical fertilizers under field conditions, Randomized Block Design, replicated thrice. The conjoint use of 100% recommended nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) doses through chemical fertilizers (RDF) plus PGPR significantly increased fruit yield, plant height, and biomass by 37%, 20%, and 30%, respectively, over sole application of 100% RDF (control). Further, response of capsicum to 80% RDF plus PGPR was statistically comparable with control. The results, therefore, indicate the potential of isolated PGPR strains to substitute about 20% NP fertilizers besides enhanced productivity of capsicum.     

秸秆扩蓄肥对土壤水分和马铃薯产量品质及水分利用的影响

为了增强土壤保水力,改善土壤结构,提高土壤水肥利用效率,该文将玉米、小麦和大豆3种作物秸秆经理化处理并与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)结合造粒形成的秸秆扩蓄肥应用于马铃薯大田栽培,并与单施钾肥及不施肥处理为对比,研究了3种秸秆扩蓄肥对马铃薯生长发育期间的土壤物理性状、生理特征、产量品质及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,3种秸秆扩蓄肥具有较强的保水性能,能显著增加0～20cm表层土壤含水率,提高马铃薯苗期、块茎增长期、淀粉累积期的土壤耕层及20～70cm水分;有效降低土壤体积质量,提高非毛管孔隙比例,增加土壤孔隙度;显著提高马铃薯盛花期叶片光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,增加马铃薯株高、冠幅面积和叶面积。与不施肥处理比较,秸秆扩蓄肥处理的淀粉含量提高12.3%～13.6%,大中薯率提高37.9%～42.8%,产量提高39.3%～50.4%,水分利用效率提高35.6%～45.4%。该研究为秸秆扩蓄肥的推广提供了依据。     

有机土配方与生姜产量品质的关系

采用二次饱和D-最优设计,研究了有机土配方对生姜生长的影响,建立了以基质玉米秸秆和速效氮磷钾含量为变量因子,生姜产量和品质分别为目标函数的二元二次数学模型。模型解析表明,玉米秸秆对生姜产量和品质的影响大于速效氮磷钾。在低水平条件下,生姜产量和品质均随着栽培基质中玉米秸秆及速效氮磷钾含量的增加而增加,当氮磷钾含量分别为2588和1468 mg/kg时,生姜产量和品质达到最高值,分别为75.98 t/hm2和88.17;当玉米秸秆含量为41.5%时,生姜产量最高,为82.50 t/hm2,之后,继续增加玉米秸杆和速效氮磷钾含量,则产量逐渐降低;但生姜品质则以玉米秸秆含量为50.0%时最优,为98.02。通过计算机模拟得出,本试验条件下,生姜优质高产有机土配方为:玉米秸秆含量35.6%~46.0%、速效氮磷钾的含量2238～3180 mg/kg。     

不同氮肥用量对石榴果实产量和品质的影响

以‘秋艳’石榴为试验材料,研究了不同氮肥用量对其果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥可显著提高石榴果实产量,适量施用氮肥可增加石榴果实可溶性固形物、Vc、糖含量,降低石榴果实酸含量,提高石榴果实糖酸比,改善石榴果实的风味;施用氮肥对石榴百粒重、籽粒硬度无显著影响;石榴籽氮元素含量高于石榴皮,石榴汁中氮含量很低,中高氮处理的石榴汁中氮元素含量显著降低,石榴皮和石榴籽中氮元素含量变化不显著;本试验5年生石榴树纯氮施肥用量宜以0.4 kg·株~(-1)为宜。     

浒苔堆肥化处理及对大白菜产量和品质的影响

以浒苔和玉米秸秆为主要堆肥原料,采用高温堆肥技术进行堆肥处理,并在大白菜生产中进行了试验研究.结果表明,浒苔+秸秆+EM菌剂堆肥处理50℃以上高温持续时间最长,达到19 d,优于鸡粪堆肥处理的高温时间,堆肥效果最好.有机物料腐熟剂可使堆体温度快速上升,主要保持在中温阶段发酵.浒苔堆肥对大白菜具有明显的增产作用,对其品质影响较小,肥效与鸡粪堆肥相当.施用浒苔堆肥可以减少化肥的施用量,避免养分淋失和对环境的污染.但浒苔堆肥施用量过大时可导致土壤pH值降低和土壤盐分含量提高.因此,浒苔堆肥在蔬菜生产中应用时要根据土壤理化性状确定施肥量,浒苔与秸秆或鸡粪混合堆肥作基肥施用时一般以不超过11.25 t/hm~2、单独施用浒苔(干),其用量以不超过5.6 t/hm~2为宜.