Immunohistochemical Study of Steroidogenic Enzymes in the Ovary and Placenta During Pregnancy in the Dog

Using the immunohistochemical technique, we attempted to identify the source of secretion of steroid hormones between the mid- and late-terms of gestation in dogs by investigating steroid converting enzymes such as cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (SCC), 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3 beta-HSD), 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17, 20lyase (c17), and aromatase in the ovaries and placenta. Aromatase positive cells were slightly confirmed in luteal cells in the mid-term of gestation (day 40), whereas, in the late-stage (day 50 and 60), the number of aromatase positive cells had increased. However, the oestrogen precursor (c-17 positive cells), could barely be identified in the marginal regions of the corpora lutea (CL) and completely disappeared in the late-stage of gestation. The androgen precursors, convertase SCC and 3 beta-HSD, were confirmed in all regions of the CL during the mid-stage of gestation (day 40), showing particularly strong cell reactions in the marginal region of the CL. Yet, these positive reactions of SCC and 3 beta-HSD in the marginal region of the CL disappeared in the late-stage of gestation. Moreover, it was discovered that the number of SCC and 3 beta-HSD positive cells had decreased in all regions of the CL. None of the enzymes were detected in the placenta. The above results indicated that the source of oestrogen secretion in pregnant dogs is considered to be the CL, and that, compared with the mid-stage of gestation, there was an increased number of oestrogen synthesizing cells within the CL in the late-stage. However, the biosynthetic site of oestrogen precursors from the luteal cells during the late-stage of gestation is still unknown.     

猪妊娠过程中胎盘发育及其调控基因研究进展

胎盘是母体与胎儿进行营养物质、气体及废弃物交换的重要器官。妊娠过程中,猪胎盘功能是影响母猪产仔数、死胎数及断奶前死亡率的最重要因素之一。作者介绍了猪妊娠早期胎盘的建立过程及形态变化、妊娠中期胎盘褶皱的形成、妊娠后期胎盘的进一步发育,阐述了这3个妊娠阶段猪胎盘的形态变化与其对应的胎盘功能之间的关系,并介绍了目前所发现的调控猪胎盘建立和发育的相关基因,包括透明质酸酶（HYAL）、组织蛋白酶（CTSB和CTSL1）及乙酰肝素酶（HPSE）基因,为提高母猪胎盘效率、增加母猪繁殖力提供科学依据。     

Intermediate Filament Proteins Expression and Carbohydrate Moieties in Trophoblast and Decidual Cells of Mature Cat Placenta

The aim of this study was to characterize cytoskeletal intermediate filament proteins and glycoconjugates of syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast and decidual cells of feline endotheliochorial placenta. Samples from 12 normal pregnant female cats, after 45 ± 5 days of gestation, were obtained removing the uterine horns by hysterectomy. Sections were processed for routine observation and for immunohistochemistry using anticytokeratin, antivimentin and antidesmin antibodies. In addition, lectin histochemistry was performed using a panel of several biotinylated lectins to characterize glycosides expression profile. Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast showed immunoreactivity only with acidic and basic cytokeratins. Decidual cells were only positive to vimentin, consistent with their origin from endometrial fibroblasts. Trophoblast expressed a broad population of glycans, highly exposing terminal N‐acetyl glucosamine residues and non‐sialylated galactose and N‐acetyl galactosamine oligomers. Oligosaccharides bound by Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin were the only highly branched N‐linked residues evidenced in cats, and they were restricted to the syncytium. Unlike results reported on humans, mice and rats on lectin affinity of decidual cells, sialid acids and complex N‐linked oligosaccharides were not demonstrated in cats. Glycosylation of proteins determines many of their final properties, thus becoming essential for the embryo‐maternal dialogue during implantation and placentation. Changes in glycosylation pattern have been related to pathological pregnancies in other species. Hence, the knowledge about glycosylation profile of the normal cat placenta may lead to a better understanding of both normal and pathological reproductive events.     

猪呼吸道淋巴组织发育的亚显微结构变化

应用组织学和电镜技术研究猪呼吸道发育过程中淋巴组织的变化。结果表明：扁桃体和咽部是呼吸道进入机体的第一个淋巴组织集中的部位，弥散淋巴组织在出生时就存在，淋巴小结不明显；20日龄时扁桃体中淋巴组织增生，淋巴小结清晰可见；120日龄淋巴小结数量增加，紧靠鳞状上皮密集排列，淋巴小结发育很好，并出现生发中心。扁桃体复层鳞状上皮中含有大量的上皮内淋巴细胞。气管叉是呼吸道进入机体的第二个淋巴组织集中的部位，出生时气管叉外膜中淋巴组织直接与气管支气管淋巴结相连，淋巴组织明显可见。20日龄时气管叉外膜中淋巴组织已分开，形成气管叉外膜密集的淋巴组织和气管支气管淋巴结两个部分。120日龄时气管叉处淋巴组织特别发达，黏膜上皮中上皮内淋巴细胞数量也显著增加。肺内气管和细支气管固有膜中均有较多的淋巴细胞，其中浆细胞数量增加，上皮中仍存在少量的上皮内淋巴细胞。本试验结果提示猪呼吸道是黏膜免疫较理想的诱导位点和效应位点，新生仔猪通过鼻腔免疫可提高呼吸道局部黏膜免疫力。     

Hematologic Values of the Yucatan Miniature Pig*

Mean values and ranges for 16 hematological parameters for healthy, young, sexually-mature Yucatan miniature swine are presented. No significant differences were observed between sexes with regard to hemograms. Comparison of observed values with those published in the literature for standard domestic and other breeds of miniature swine reveals no major differences.     

Cardiovascular Responses to Glibenclamide During Endotoxaemia in the Pig

Vanelli, G., Hussain, S.N.A., Dimori, M. and Aguggini, G., 1996. Cardiovascular responses to glibenclamide during endotoxaemia in the pig. Veterinary Research Communications, 21(3), 187-200The effects of blockading the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K+ATP channels) on endotoxin-induced vascular derangements was studied. Escherichia coli endotoxin was infused (20 µg/kg per h) intravenously for 180 min into anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated, indomethacin-treated pigs. After 150 min of endotoxaemia, glibenclamide (a K+ATP channel blocker) was infused intravenously at 2 mg/kg per min for 5 min. The cardiovascular parameters were recorded before (control), every 30 min up to 150 min during endotoxaemia, and then at 5, 15 and 30 min after administration of glibenclamide. Infusion of endotoxin reduced the systemic arterial pressure to 60.6% ± 3.7% (p < 0.01) and increased the pulmonary arterial pressure by 75.9% ± 11.0% (p < 0.01) of the control values. Within 5 min, infusion of glibenclamide transiently but significantly reversed the systemic hypotension by raising the systemic vascular resistance, whereas the increased pulmonary arterial pressure was further augmented. Glibenclamide infusion did not influence the cardiac output. Within 30 min, the cardiovascular parameters had returned to the values induced by endotoxin, except for the systemic vascular resistance. Infusion of glibenclamide into normal pigs did not change the systemic pressure or resistance, but the pulmonary pressure and resistance were augmented transiently. These data suggest that, in pigs, the ATP-sensitive K+ channels may be one factor playing a role in the vascular changes due to endotoxaemia, especially in the systemic circulation.     

Analysis on Polymorphisms of Three CNV Regions in Five Pig Breeds

The paper was aimed to investigate the polymorphism of copy number variation (CNV) in different pig breeds.Three CNV regions of CNVR91,CNVR92 and CNVR143 were chosen from the porcine SNP60 chip genotyping results.The polymorphisms of three CNVs were determined by Real-time quantitative PCR method,taking five pig breeds as samples,including Yorkshire pig,Xiang pig,Kele pig,Nuogu pig and Rongchang pig breeds.The results showed that the dominant status of CNVR91 was loss in Xiang pig,while it was normal in other four pig breeds.The major type of CNVR92 was deletion in Xiang pig,Yorkshire pig,Kele pig and Rongchang pig breeds,with a high normal percent in Nuogu pig.For CNVR143,the dominant event was gain in Xiang pig and Nuogu pig breeds,but it was not diverse in other three pig breeds.These results indicated that three CNV regions emerged with polymorphism in five pig breeds,which might have effects on gene expression in CNV regions and physiological function by dosage effect especially in Xiang pig,Nuogu pig and Kele pig breeds.     

高原牦牛孕期胎盘营养成分的测定与分析

[目的]为了解牦牛孕期胎盘的营养成份和药用价值.[方法]对生活在青藏高原的(海拔4 500 m以上)牦牛孕期胎盘的营养成分进行了测定.[结果]表明,牦牛胎盘中的17种氨基酸和11种微量元素的含量与人胎盘(紫河车)、鹿胎盘相当.[结论]说明牦牛胎盘有一定的药用价值.     

5个猪品种3个拷贝数变异区的多态性分析

为了探究拷贝数变异(copy number variation,CNV)在不同猪品种间的多态性,本试验根据猪SNP60芯片检测结果,以大白猪、香猪、柯乐猪、糯谷猪、荣昌猪为主要研究对象,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,对5个猪品种基因组中3个CNV区域(CNVR91、CNVR92和CNVR143)的拷贝数进行测定。结果显示,香猪的CNVR91以拷贝数缺失为主,其他4个猪品种的拷贝数以正常为主;香猪、大白猪、柯乐猪、荣昌猪的CNVR92以拷贝数缺失为主,糯谷猪以拷贝数正常为主;香猪和糯谷猪的CNVR143以拷贝数增加为主,其他3个猪品种以拷贝数正常为主。表明3个拷贝数变异区在5个猪品种之间具有多态性,可能通过剂量效应影响香猪、糯谷猪和柯乐猪等相关基因的表达和生理功能。     

膜联蛋白A8在小鼠早期妊娠子宫中表达研究

膜联蛋白A8(Annexin A8,ANXA8)是一种磷脂结合蛋白,与炎症反应、癌症的发生以及血管生成有密切联系。本实验旨在利用实时荧光定量PCR、原位杂交与免疫组织化学的方法研究ANXA8 mRNA与蛋白在小鼠早期妊娠和人工蜕膜子宫中的表达。原位杂交结果表明:ANXA8 mRNA在小鼠早期妊娠第1～4天子宫腔上皮和腺上皮有微弱表达,ANXA8 mRNA在妊娠第5、6天的初级蜕膜区与第7、8天的次级蜕膜区表达,并随妊娠进行逐渐增强;人工蜕膜化模型中ANXA8 mRNA表达在蜕膜区。实时荧光定量PCR证明:ANXA8 mRNA的表达量在早期妊娠模型中的第7、8天显著提高,人工蜕膜侧子宫与对照侧相比也显著提高。免疫组织化学结果表明:ANXA8蛋白与ANXA8 mRNA表达规律相似。体外分离培养小鼠子宫基质细胞,并诱导蜕膜化,实时荧光定量PCR结果表明ANXA8随着基质细胞的蜕膜化表达升高。以上体内和体外实验表明,ANXA8在小鼠子宫中的表达具有着床相关特异性,ANXA8参与小鼠子宫蜕膜化过程。     

2011年-2013年滨州及其周边地区4种猪病毒性疾病的流行情况分析

通过对滨州及其周边地区2011年-2013年316个场次采集病料进行猪瘟病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒与猪圆环病毒2型的检测,并对检测结果进行了统计分析,了解滨州及其周边地区上述4种疫病的流行状况。     

Ultrastructure of the Neuro-and Adenohypophysis of the Teleost,Chasmichthys dolichognathus*

Ultrastructure of the Neuro-and Adenohypophysis of the Teleost, Chasmichithys dolichognathus The hypophysis of the gobiid teleost investigated is embedded in the hypothalamus except for its ventral surface. The neurohypophysis constitutes a thin sheet covering the adenohypophysis. The anterior part of the neurohypophysis, which wraps the rostral pars distalis and the most rostral part of the caudal pars distalis, contains neurosecretory axons the most predominant type of which is characterized by granulated vesicles between 70 and 120 nm. in diameter. In the posterior part of the neurohypophysis which covers the main part of the caudal pars distalis and the pars intermedia the most abundant neurosecretory axons contain granulated vesicles between 110 and 170 nm. in diameter. Following discussion of the regional structural differences, the goby neurohypophysis is compared with the median eminence and the posterior lobe of tetrapods.     

Alteration in the Expression of Proteins in Unexplained Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Compared with in the Normal Placenta

The placenta is a unique pregnancy-related tissue and plays a key role in occurrence of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (URPL). Abnormal placentation might play a key role in occurrence of URPL. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the human placental proteome between URPL placentas and normal placental matched for gestational week. Total placental proteins were extracted, and the two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) technique was used for separation of the placental proteomes. Protein spots differentially expressed between URPL and normal placentas were selected and identified by the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF/TOF) technique after being digested in the gel. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot techniques were used to confirm the differential expression mass results for some differentially expressed proteins. The results indicated that at least 19 protein spots were differentially expressed between URPL and normal placentas (P < 0.05), and twelve of them were successfully identified. While only two proteins were downregulated (calumenin and enolase 1), the remaining ten spots (actin gamma 1 propeptide, cathepsin D prepropeptide, heat shock protein gp96, tubulin beta, tubulin alpha 1, glutathione S-transferase, vitamin D binding protein, prohibitin, actin beta, apolipoprotein A-I) showed increased expression in URPL cases in comparison with normal placentas. Real-time PCR also confirmed the downregulation of calumenin and upregulation of prohibitin and apolipoprotein A-I at the mRNA levels. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that alteration in the expression of proteins involved in proliferation and migration of endothelial cells as well as control of coagulation by these cells might play an important role in the pathogenesis of URPL.     

规模化猪场环境污染的治理对策

伴随着养猪业集约化、规模化,猪场的环保问题日益突出,环境污染问题成为制约规模化猪场发展的瓶颈。猪场污染的类型主要有水体污染、土壤污染和大气污染等。本文旨在分析规模化猪场环境污染的种类和来源,针对猪场存在的污染问题提出合理的对策,在保证养猪业发展的同时有效保护环境,使猪场与人和大自然和谐共存,为养猪业的蓬勃发展助力。     

规模化猪场对环境的污染及治理对策

本文在分析规模化猪场对大气，水体，土壤污染程度大小的基础上，相应地指出防止和治理规模化猪场造成环境污染的7条措施。