Dissipation behaviour of spinosad insecticide in soil, cabbage and cauliflower under subtropical conditions

BACKGROUND: Pesticides used on cauliflower and cabbage, which are important vegetable crops for India, must be investigated for the persistence and magnitude of their residues in the crops and soil to ensure human and environmental safety. The behaviour of spinosad, an effective insecticide with a favourable environmental profile, was investigated in field trials under subhumid and subtropical conditions. RESULTS: The persistence of spinosad in soil, cabbage and cauliflower was evaluated at two application rates (17.5 and 35.0 g ha(-1)) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). At 17.5 g ha(-1), spinosad persisted up to 7 days in soil, cabbage and cauliflower. However, at 35.0 g ha(-1), spinosad residues persisted up to 7 days in soil and 10 days in cabbage and cauliflower. CONCLUSION: The dissipation of the insecticide from soil, cabbage and cauliflower appeared to occur in a single phase and conformed to first-order kinetics. The half-lives of spinosad residues in cabbage, cauliflower and soil were calculated as 1.5, 2.8 and 2.8 days respectively for the 17.5 g ha(-1) treatment, and as 2.6, 2.0 and 2.0 days for the 35 g ha(-1) treatment.     

Temperature-mediated responses of flumetsulam and metosulam on Raphanus raphanistrum

The effect of temperature and light after spraying on the activity of flumetsulam and metosulam when applied to seedlings of Raphanus raphanistrum was evaluated under controlled environments. Flumetsulam and metosulam were applied at 0.01–3 times the recommended doses and the plants were subjected to a range of temperatures after spraying. Herbicide activity was estimated from dose–response curves of fresh weight. Varying the temperature after spraying from 1 to 20 °C increased the activity of flumetsulam and metosulam, as determined by comparison of ED₅₀, by a factor of 97 and 7 respectively. Large increases in herbicide activity occurred in the 1–5 °C range and smaller but significant increases at temperatures greater than 5 °C. No significant differences in the activity of the herbicides were found when the plants were subjected to light or dark conditions at 5 °C after spraying. The influence of temperature on activity may lead to opportunities for rate adjustment of flumetsulam and metosulam based on the temperature prevailing around the time of spraying.     

二氯喹啉草酮在水稻植株上的消解动态及其在稻秆、稻谷和土壤中的最终残留

二氯喹啉草酮是经中国农业农村部批准登记的茎叶处理除草剂,迄今为止对其潜在的环境污染尚未见报道。本研究建立了一种采用QuEChERS前处理方法结合高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱 (HPLC-MS/MS) 联用技术检测二氯喹啉草酮在水稻植株、稻谷和土壤中残留的方法,并采用该方法测定了二氯喹啉草酮在水稻植株中的消解动态和最终残留。结果表明:二氯喹啉草酮的进样质量浓度与其峰面积间呈良好的线性相关,R2>0.99;其在植株、土壤、田水、稻壳和糙米中的平均回收率在78%~99%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 在3.9%~11%之间,在植株、土壤、田水、稻壳和糙米中的最低检测浓度 (LOQ) 均为0.002 mg/kg。二氯喹啉草酮在水稻植株中的消解半衰期为6.7~12.8 d。以有效成分900~1 350 g/hm2的剂量于水稻苗期施用1次,在施药96 d后采集的土壤、稻壳和糙米中均未检测出二氯喹啉草酮。本研究结果可为水稻中二氯喹啉草酮最大残留限量值和田间使用规范的制定提供参考。     

Root absorption and translocation of 5-substituted analogs of the imidazolinone herbicide,imazapyr

In preparation for assessing quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) for root absorption and translocation of imidazolinones herbicides, 13 radiolabeled analogs of imazapyr (2-(4-isopropyl–4-methy1–5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl) nicotinic acid) substituted in the 5-position of the pyridine ring were evaluated in corn (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The compounds (10 μm) were supplied to the roots through a hydroponic solution for 8 h and, following harvest, plant tissues were either combusted to measure total uptake of radiolabeled material or were extracted for determination of the extent of degradation of the parent compound. Root absorption in both species varied by two orders of magnitude among analogs while translocation, expressed as a percentage of absorption, varied by only three- or four-fold. Few differences were observed for translocation of radioactivity from sunflower stems to leaves. Although six of the analogs were partially metabolized in corn, little metabolism of the imidazolinone analogs occurred in sunflower. These data indicate that meaningful models of root absorption and subsequent translocation to shoots may be developed for 5-substituted analogs of imazapyr, particularly when applied to sunflower.     

Dissipation and movement of flumioxazin in soil at four field sites in Chile

BACKGROUND: Flumioxazin is a soil-applied herbicide recommended for broadleaf weed control in soybeans and peanuts, and was recently introduced for vineyard weed management. Considering the limited information available in relation to flumioxazin field soil behaviour, the main objectives of this study were to determine the persistence, adsorption and movement of flumioxazin in soil in four Chilean vineyard production areas. RESULTS: DT(50) values ranged from 10.6 +/- 1.0 to 32.1 +/- 3.1 days between localities, being correlated with rain events, time between herbicide application and first heavy rain event, and soil pH. Flumioxazin soil residue found at 90 days after application (DAA) varied from 9.6 to 24.9% of the initial amount applied, and depended on the total rainfall amount that occurred during the first 90 DAA. Herbicide leaching below 15 cm was approximately 45% of the flumioxazin detected at 90 DAA in the whole soil profile. Flumioxazin maximum leaching soil depth was 45 cm at all locations. K(d) values varied from 2.54 to 6.51 mg L(-1), depending on localities and soil profile depth, and correlated positively with organic carbon and clay content. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that flumioxazin is a herbicide with low environmental risk owing to its short DT(50), reduced soil residues 3 months after application and low effective dose.     

Dissipation rates in soil of 1,2-dichloropropane and 1,3- and 2,3-dichloropropenes

The rates of dissipation in soil and chloride-ion release, of the main components of dichloropropane-dichloropropene mixtures used as nematicides, were studied in sealed glass containers at different temperatures and moisture conditions. Half-lives of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-dichloropropenes at 20°C in soils were found to vary from 3 to 25 days; those of 1,2-dichloropropane and 2,3-dichloropropene were about four times and twice as long, respectively. The dissipation rates changed by a factor of about 2 per 10°C change in temperature. Judging from the release rates of waterextractable inorganic chloride in the soil (0-4% per week), the total degradation of all components applied at normal field rates was extremely slow. This indicated the formation of residues containing covalently bound chlorine. Only in ‘enrichment cultures’ was complete degradation indicated.     

Soil degradation of flumetsulam at different temperatures in the laboratory and field

The degradation rate of the herbicide flumetsulam was examined in Hoytville clay soil at five temperatures and optimal moisture. Half-lives were 246 days at 7.5°C, 115 days at 15.0°C, 49 days at 26.1°C, 34 days at 35.9°C, and 27 days at 44.0°C. Construction of an Arrhenius diagram (In k = -E_a/RT+In A) allowed the rate constant k to be calculated for any temperature T. When k was inserted into the first order rate equation (c = c_0-kt), the concentration of flumetsulam could be calculated on a monthly basis for any soil. Predictions from this theoretical model were compared with data from three US field locations and found to accurately predict soil residues of flumetsulam under favourable moisture conditions, but not during periods of drought. Degradation dans le sol du flumetsulam à differentes temperatures au laboratoire et en plein champ Le taux de dégradation de l'herbicide flumetsulam a étéétudié dans un sol argileux de Hoytville à 5 temperatures et à l'humidité optimale. Les demi-vies ont été de 246 jours à 7,5°C, 115 jours à 15°C, 49 jours à 26,1°C, 34 jours à 35,9°C et 27 jours à 44°C. L'établissement d'un diagramme d'Arrhenius (In k= E_a/RT+ln A) a permis de calculer le taux constant k à chaque température. Quand k est inserré dans la première partie de l'équation (c = c₀e_{_kt}), la concentration de flumetsulam peut être calculée sur une base mensuelle dans n'importe quel sol. Les prévisions de ce modèle théorique ont été comparérs avec des données de plein champ américaines, et on a noté que ces prévisions étaient correctes sous humidité favorable mais non pendant les périodes de sécheresse. Abbau von Flumetsulam im Boden bei ver-schiedenen Temperaturen unter Labor-und Freilandbedingungen Die Abbaurate des Herbizids Flumetsulam wurde bei 5 Temperaturstufen und optimalem Feuchtigkeitsgehalt in einem Hoytville-Ton-boden untersucht. Die Halbwertszeiten waren 246 Tage bei 7,5 °C, 115 Tage bei 15,0 °C, 49 Tage bei 26,1 °C, 34 Tage bei 35,9 °C und 27 Tage bei 44,0 °C. Die Anwendung der Ar-rhenius-Gleichung ermöglicht die Bestimmung der Abbau-Konstante k bei jeder Temperatur T. Wenn k in die Abbaugleichung nach Kinetik 1. Ordnung eingefügt wird, können Flumet-sulam-Konzentrationen auf einer monatlichen Basis für jeden Boden abgeleitet werden. Vorhersagen nach diesem Modell wurden mil Rückstandswerten von 3 Standorten in den USA verglichen, wobei sich eine gute Übereinstimmung der beobachteten und simulierten Werte unter günstigen Feuchte-bedingungen ergab, nicht jedoch fur Trocken-perioden.     

唑嘧磺草胺、丙炔氟草胺与乙草胺混用的联合作用类型及对大豆田杂草的活性

为明确唑嘧磺草胺、丙炔氟草胺与乙草胺混用的联合作用特性及其对大豆田杂草的防除效果,采用温室盆栽法和田间药效试验,分别评价了混配组方的联合作用类型及对大豆田杂草的防除效果.温室盆栽试验结果表明:唑嘧磺草胺、丙炔氟草胺与乙草胺混用对稗草、马唐和苘麻的联合作用类型为相加作用,对反枝苋为相加或增效作用;当唑嘧磺草胺、丙炔氟草胺...     

The fate of imazapyr in a Swedish railway embankment

The long-term fate of the herbicide imazapyr [2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)nicotinic acid] applied to a Swedish railway embankment was studied. Imazapyr was applied at 750 and 1500 g ha(-1) by a spraying train used for full-scale herbicide treatment operations. Soil and groundwater were sampled twice a year for 8 years after application of the herbicide, and the dissipation of imazapyr was studied by HPLC analysis of the residues in soil and groundwater. A clean-up procedure including solid-phase extraction was performed prior to detection by HPLC. Recoveries of imazapyr from soil and water samples were 76-98% and 61-90%, respectively, and detection levels were 0.003 mg kg(-1) and 0.05 microg litre(-1), respectively. Sorption, desorption and microbial amount and activity were also measured at the two locations. The organic matter content correlated positively and the pH negatively to the adsorption of imazapyr on soil, and increasing organic matter contents decreased desorption. Apart from the 0-10-cm top layers of both sites, the microbial amount and activity were small. The main proportion of imazapyr was found in the upper 30 cm of the soil, and degraded with a half-life in the range 67-144 days. Small amounts were transported to lower soil layers and to the groundwater in proportion to the amounts applied. Traces of imazapyr were detected in the groundwater even 8years after application. It was concluded that environmental risks from the use of herbicides on railway embankments could be reduced by including adsorption layers in the embankment during their construction and by reducing the dose of the herbicide used.     

Modelling the leaching of imazapyr in a railway embankment

The use of herbicides on railway tracks is known to present a risk to groundwater, but little is known of the mechanisms influencing leaching through the coarse material used to construct railway embankments. Therefore, in the present study, four different models based on the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) were compared with previously reported field data on the leaching of imazapyr. In particular, the significance of non-equilibrium processes was investigated by comparing different CDE formulations accounting for preferential finger flow, particle-facilitated transport and kinetic sorption. The traditional CDE assuming 'local equilibrium' based on 24 h batch sorption data gave poor results (model efficiency - 1.1). It strongly underestimated leaching of imazapyr in the first 4 months following application, thus confirming the importance of non-equilibrium transport processes. Accounting for short-term sorption kinetics made little difference, giving similar results to the 'local equilibrium' CDE simulation. A simulation accounting for particle-facilitated transport could accurately match this accelerated transport, and also gave the best overall fit to the data (model efficiency 0.76). However, not even this model could match the long-term retention of imazapyr residues observed close to the soil surface more than 1 year after application, and it also underestimated the time of breakthrough to groundwater. This strongly suggests that a long-term retention/sorption process not included in any of the models tested (i.e. sorption hysteresis or bound residues) acted to retard leaching. The formation of 'protected' residues was also indicated by a much slower degradation of imazapyr more than 1 year after application. Industry.     

Dissipation of tralkoxydim herbicide from wheat crop and soil under sub-tropical conditions

The persistence of tralkoxydim herbicide in wheat crop and in soil was evaluated under Indian sub-tropical field conditions at two application rates (400 g a.i ha ^?1 and 800 g a.i ha ^?1). At 400 g a.i ha ^?1, tralkoxydim persisted up to 28 days in soil but became non-detectable only after 45 days in the crop. However, at 800 g a.i ha ^?1, tralkoxydim residues persisted for 45 days in both soil and crop. The dissipation of the herbicide from both soil and crop appeared to occur in two phases at both rates of application. Each phase followed first-order kinetics. The values of DT₅₀ and DT₉₀ for both soil and crop are reported.     

Dissipation of acetochlor and its distribution in surface and sub-surface soil fractions during laboratory incubations

Pesticides in soil are subject to a number of processes that result in transformation and biodegradation, sorption to and desorption from soil components, and diffusion and leaching. Pesticides leaching through a soil profile will be exposed to changing environmental conditions as different horizons with distinct physical, chemical and biological properties are encountered. The many ways in which soil properties influence pesticide retention and degradation need to be addressed to allow accurate predictions of environmental fate and the potential for groundwater pollution. Degradation and sorption processes were investigated in a long-term (100 days) study of the chloroacetanilide herbicide, acetochlor. Soil cores were collected from a clay soil profile and samples taken from 0-30 cm (surface), 1.0-1.3 m (mid) and 2.7-3.0 m (deep) and treated with acetochlor (2.5, 1.25, 0.67 microg acetochlor g(-1) dry wt soil, respectively). In sterile and non-sterile conditions, acetochlor concentration in the aqueous phase declined rapidly from the surface and subsoil layers, predominantly through nonextractable residue (NER) formation on soil surfaces, but also through biodegradation and biotic transformation. Abiotic transformation was also evident in the sterile soils. Several metabolites were produced, including acetochlor-ethane sulphonic acid and acetochlor-oxanilic acid. Transformation was principally microbial in origin, as shown by the differences between non-sterile and sterile soils. NER formation increased rapidly over the first 21 days in all soils and was mainly associated with the macroaggregate (>2000 microm diameter) size fractions. It is likely that acetochlor is incorporated into the macroaggregates through oxidative coupling, as humification of particulate organic matter progresses. The dissipation (ie total loss of acetochlor) half-life values were 9.3 (surface), 12.3 (mid) and 12.6 days (deep) in the non-sterile soils, compared with 20.9 [surface], 23.5 [mid], and 24 days [deep] in the sterile soils, demonstrating the importance of microbially driven processes in the rapid dissipation of acetochlor in soil.     

Influence of metal salts on the photodegradation of imazapyr, an imidazolinone pesticide

The behaviour of imazapyr (2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)nicotinic acid), a broad spectrum herbicide of the imidazolinone family, has been studied under UV radiation in the presence of metal salts. Complexation interactions between imazapyr and metal ions decreased imazapyr photolysis. A chemometric study compared the photodegradation of imazapyr in aqueous solutions in the presence of Na+, Ca2+ or Cu2+ and their concomitant anionic species (Cl-, NO3-) at various pesticide/metal ion molar ratios. The study showed the major role of metal ions in the degradation of imazapyr and its main photoproducts. The molecules were strongly stabilised on complexation with metal ions, leading to an increase in persistence of the pesticide.     

Modeling root absorption and translocation of 5-substituted analogs of the imidazolinone herbicide,imazapyr

Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) were developed between the physicochemical parameters of the 5-substituent of a series of analogs of the imidazolinone herbicide, imazapyr, and root absorption, translocation, inhibition of acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), and herbicidal activity of the analogs. An optimum substituent lipophilicity (π = 1.85–2–3) for root absorption was identified for corn (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Translocation from roots to shoots was greatest for those analogs having either highly nonpolar or highly polar 5-substituents, indicating that both symplastic and apopiastic mechanisms may be functioning. In addition, translocation from roots was positively correlated with electron-withdrawing parameters of the 5-substituent, and a possible mechanism governing this relationship is discussed. Modeling in vitro AHAS inhibition was not successful, but models were developed for herbicidal activity as measured in an Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Hevnh. bioassay. The whole-plant models described an optimum substituent lipophilicity (π = 0 71) which probably reflected the influence of this parameter on the component processes of absorption and translocation. Whole-plant activity was also greater for analogs having electron-donating 5-substituents; this result suggests that electron donation may be important for metabolism, or more likely, for AHAS inhibition.     

Study on the behaviour of imazapyr in two Moroccan soils

Imazapyr owes its importance in Morocco to its success in controlling the perennial weed Solanumelaeagnifolium Cav., which infests the Tadla area. Persistence and mobility of imazapyr has been studied in two Moroccan soils from the Rabat area, with differing organic matter content (red and organic soils), under laboratory conditions at 75% of their field capacities and 25–28 °C. Residue analysis was performed on the basis of a bioassay test using lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) as indicator species. The residual activity of imazapyr accounted for 69%, 25%, 50% and 62%, 46%, 66% of the initial activity for the red and organic soils at 1, 5 and 10 mg L^?1 respectively. The half-lives varied between 25 and 58 days for the red soil and 55 and 58 days for the organic soil. In the organic soil, imazapyr was highly mobile under the irrigation regime applied. Most of the activity was found in the first 3 × 75 mL of the effluents. A following biotest with the leached soil showed low remaining residual activity.     

阔草清与乙草胺混用防除大豆、玉米田杂草药效试验

为了明确阔草清与乙草胺混用的剂量、配伍量、防除效果、安全性及残留对后茬作物的影响，特安排本试验，现将试验结果报告如下：     

Absorption and fate of imazapyr in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula)

Imazapyr absorption, translocation, root release and metabolism were examined in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Leafy spurge plants were propagated from root cuttings and [¹⁴C]imazapyr was applied to growth-chambergrown plants in a water + 28% urea ammonium nitrate + nonionic surfactant solution (98.75 + 1 + 0.25 by volume). Plants were harvested two and eight days after herbicide treatment (DAT) and divided into: treated leaf, stem and leaves above treated leaf, stem and leaves below the treated leaf, crown, root, dormant and elongated adventitious shoot buds. Imazapyr absorption increased from 62.5% 2 DAT to 80.0% 8 DAT. Herbicide translocation out of the treated leaf and accumulation in roots and adventitious shoot buds was apparent 2 DAT. By the end of the eight-day translocation period only 14% of applied ¹⁴C remained in the treated leaf, while 17% had translocated into the root system. Elongated and dormant adventitious shoot buds accumulated 3.2- and 1.8-fold more ¹⁴C, respectively, 8 DAT than did root tissue based on Bq g^?1 dry weight. Root release of ¹⁴C was evident 2 DAT, and by 8 DAT 19.4% of the ¹⁴C reaching the root system was released into the rooting medium. There was no metabolism of imazapyr in crown, root or adventitious shoot buds 2 DAT; however, imazapyr metabolism was evident in the treated leaf 2 and 8 DAT. Imazapyr phytotoxicity to leafy spurge appears to result from high imazapyr absorption, translocation to underground meristematic areas (roots and adventitious shoot buds), and a slow rate of metabolism.     

不同苜蓿品种对阔草清与丁草胺混用剂的敏感性测定

用盆栽法、滤纸片法和琼脂法三种生测方法比较不同品种苜蓿对阔草清（flumetsulam）与丁草胺（buta-chlor）混用剂的敏感性差异。CW400、WL324和Farmer‘s treasure等苜蓿品种对所用除草剂表现出较高的耐药力；滤纸片法作生物测定，简便快速，指示精确度高，适合在实践中应用。