227个花生品种主要油脂性状的遗传多样性分析

为深入了解花生油脂含量及脂肪酸组分的遗传特性,给花生品质育种和油脂改良提供理论依据,本研究选用227份花生资源(育成品种和地方品种)组成自然群体为试材,采用变异分析、相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法,对花生9个主要油脂性状(油脂含量及油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、山嵛酸、木质素酸含量、油亚比)进行多元统计分析,以揭示油脂性状之间的关联,明确提升油脂品质的关键因素。结果表明,油亚比变异系数最大,为73.66%,硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸的变异系数较大,指标值分别为22.06%、20.86%和20.77%,品种间存在丰富的变异类型;其他性状的变异系数为3.96%～14.83%,遗传特性相对稳定。亚油酸与棕榈酸、花生酸与硬脂酸、油酸与油亚比、山嵛酸与木质素酸呈极显著正相关,油酸与棕榈酸、油酸与亚油酸、棕榈酸与油亚比、亚油酸与油亚比呈极显著负相关。9个油脂性状可综合成3个主成分因子,即高油酸因子、饱和脂肪酸因子和粗脂肪因子,这三个因子包含了种质86.25%的信息。227份种质可聚类为3大类群：第一类的油酸、木质素酸含量和油亚比在三个类群中最高,第二类的山嵛酸和棕榈酸含量较高,第三类的花...     

酶法合成富含花生四烯酸的1,3-甘油二酯工艺研究

以富含花生四烯酸(ARA)的微生物油脂为原料,建立了富含ARA的1,3-甘油二酯的酶法合成工艺。系统考察了酶促反应时间、反应温度、底物摩尔比及酶添加量对1,3-甘油二酯产率的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,通过响应面设计实验,确定最佳的合成工艺参数为:反应时间2.7h,反应温度57℃,ARA与甘油的底物摩尔比为2.5∶1,酶添加量7.9%。在此最优条件下,1,3-甘油二酯的相对百分含量可达到73.5%,其中1,3-ARA-甘油二酯含量为38.1%。     

不同花生品种脂肪酸组成及其积累规律的研究

以15个花生品种(系)为研究材料,对其油脂含量和脂肪酸组成进行了比较分析。结果显示,所有花生品种(系)种子总油脂含量差异不大,平均为51.34%。主要检测到油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、山萮酸、花生酸、花生烯酸、二十四烷酸8种脂肪酸,其中油酸含量最高,品系E1高达85.61%,品系E11的油酸含量最低,仅为37.12%。含量仅次于油酸的是亚油酸,含量在1.44%~37.11%之间,其中品系E11的亚油酸含量最高,品系E1含量最低。同时,选取其中4个品种(系)进行种子发育过程中油脂和脂肪酸含量变化规律的研究。结果显示,在种子发育过程中油脂含量持续积累,呈先快后慢趋势,部分品系在后期油脂含量略有下降。硬脂酸含量逐渐升高,棕榈酸含量逐渐降低。油酸含量的变化规律与亚油酸相反,说明油酸含量的增加可能由于生成亚油酸脂肪酸的减少。     

茶籽油氢化工艺实验

油脂是一种由甘油与高级脂肪酸所构成的酯类化合物,由于其自身熔点的不同,在室温、常压下,不同的油脂表现出不同的状态,一般,不饱和脂肪酸含量较高的油脂由于其熔点较低而在室温下呈液体状,相反,饱和脂肪酸含量较高的油脂在室温下呈固态状。借助氢化技术,可改变油脂中脂肪酸的饱和度,从而生产出一系列不同熔点及物理状态的油脂产品。茶籽油不饱和脂肪酸的含量高达80％以上,因此,在常温、常压下,茶籽油呈液体状,这就使得它在许多工业领域中应用有着局限性。本研究意在找出一条合理的茶籽油氢化工艺路线,以拓宽茶籽油的应用范围。     

响应面法优化生产高不饱和脂肪酸大豆油脂

根据Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面分析法,建立了生产高不饱和脂肪酸大豆油脂的二次多项数学模型,并以产出大豆油脂的碘值为响应值做响应面和等高线,考察了结晶时间、结晶温度、回调时间和回调温度对不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响。通过自制的油脂结晶器,制得富含高不饱和脂肪酸的大豆油脂。得出最佳工艺参数为:降温速度5℃/h,结晶温度-15℃,结晶时间24h,搅拌速度20rpm。利用温度回调至-5℃的方法,使所得油脂产品高不饱和脂肪酸含量达到86.41%。     

高油酸花生油低温分层现象分析

高油酸花生油以其营养价值高、储藏期长等优点越来越受到广大消费者的青睐。在低温条件(4~6℃)下,普通花生油会发生凝固现象,而高油酸花生油则不会完全凝固,而是产生分层现象。为了探究高油酸花生油低温下分层的原因,对分层后的高油酸花生油上、下层的脂肪酸及甘油三酯组成进行了分析,发现下层油中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量显著增加,特别是超长链饱和脂肪酸(VLCSFA)的含量是上层油的3.8倍。甘油三酯分析表明,下层油中携带2个SFA的甘油三酯(S2U)显著富集,特别是携带VLCSFA的S2U型甘油三酯,其在下层油中的含量是上层油中含量的7.1倍。由此推断,大量携带VLCSFA的S2U型甘油三酯在低温下结晶析出是导致高油酸花生油分层的主要原因。     

橡胶叶水浸提液对花生幼苗早期根系形态及其生理特性的影响

为深入理解橡胶树的化感抑制作用,采用适当浓度的橡胶叶水浸提液处理刚萌动的花生种子10 d,测定花生幼苗早期根系形态及其生理指标。结果表明:橡胶叶水浸提液能显著降低花生幼苗胚根长度、苗高、根鲜重、地上部鲜重以及根冠比,对根生长的抑制作用比地上部强烈;能显著降低根系总长、根表面积、根体积和根尖数,但对根平均直径有轻微的促进作用,与对照相比,差异不显著;能显著降低根系SOD、POD、CAT活性、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量以及根系活力,却明显增加根系MDA含量和相对电导率。说明橡胶叶水浸提液可通过破坏花生幼苗的抗氧化防御机制,降低其渗透调节能力,减少根系的吸收面积,抑制根系的吸收活性来抑制花生幼苗的生长。     

花生油脂品质及含油量,油酸和亚油酸含量间的相关分析

分析了不同植物学类型花生油脂的品质及含油量、油酸和亚油酸含量间的相关。多粒型花生的油脂耐贮藏性差,但营养价值好,油酸与亚油酸含量间呈极显著的负相关,但负相关程度相对来说要弱些。龙生型花生的油脂耐贮藏性好,但营养价值相对来说要差些,油酸与亚油酸含量间的负相关程度极强。本分析结果还表明,花生种子的含油量与油酸和亚油酸含量间的相关不显著。     

玉米根系分泌物缓解连作花生土壤酚酸类物质的 化感抑制作用

为探讨玉米//花生间作系统中玉米根系分泌物对连作花生土壤中酚酸类物质化感作用的影响机制，采用二氯甲烷提取了玉米抽雄期根系分泌物，添加到含有不同浓度的连作花生根系分泌物中主要的三种酚酸类物质（肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸和对羟基苯甲酸）混合物的土壤中，研究了土壤微生态环境变化情况。结果表明，酚酸类物质对土壤微生物量、微生物活性、酶活性及养分含量均存在化感抑制作用，且浓度越高，抑制作用越强（P＜0.05）。整个培养时期，添加玉米根系分泌物均增加了酚酸类物质处理土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、微生物量及养分含量，以低浓度处理增幅较大，分别平均增加7.58%、6.73%、7.72%和4.90%；降低了酚酸类物质对土壤各指标的化感指数，其中低浓度酚酸类物质处理土壤微生物量碳氮、微生物活性、酶活性和养分含量的化感指数分别降低21.57%、21.19%、 26.32%和20.95%。3次取样，酚酸类物质的化感作用呈先增强后降低的趋势，各处理在第10d达到最强；而玉米根系分泌物对酚酸类物质化感作用的影响以处理第5d最强，随后呈减弱趋势。玉米根系分泌物可在一定程度上缓解酚酸类物质对土壤微生态环境的化感作用，为玉米//花生间作缓解花生连作障碍技术提供了理论依据。     

贮藏期对花生种质籽粒成分影响研究

常温干燥贮藏是植物种质资源保存的重要方式之一。研究表明,在常温干燥条件下,经过11年的保存,花生不同类型籽粒成分发生程度不同的变化,其中总糖含量随贮藏时间而增加,蛋白质和粗脂肪含量整体呈降低趋势,脂肪酸中除油酸含量随贮藏时间延长而升高外,棕榈酸与亚油酸含量均降低。VE除多粒型与中间型外,其余类型花生种质均随贮藏时间延长而降低。同时,花生种质的外观品质性状不随贮藏时间延长而发生显著变化。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.