大豆百粒重QTL的上位效应和基因型×环境互作效应分析

本研究中基于Charleston×东农594重组自交系群体,采用完备区间作图和混合线性模型对2006-2010年连续5年的百粒重QTL进行定位,并进行基因×环境互作及上位性分析。本研究定位了16个与大豆百粒重性状相关的QTL,其中有5个QTL分别与环境发生互作,互作贡献率在0.11%~0.52%之间;定位了8对上位互作位点,贡献率在1.15%~2.59%之间。     

小麦粒形QTL定位及其与水分环境互作遗传分析

为了解析小麦粒形性状的分子数量遗传特征及其与水分环境的互作关系,以两个冬小麦品种（陇鉴19和Q9086）为亲本创建的重组近交系（recombinant inbred lines,RIL）群体120个株系为供试材料,利用复合区间作图法对两种环境条件下该群体的粒形进行QTL定位和遗传解析。结果表明,小麦RIL群体中各株系呈现广泛的表型变异和超亲分离,对水分环境反应敏感,属于多基因控制的数量性状,遗传模式复杂。在两种环境条件下共检测到控制粒形的26个加性QTL(A-QTL)和22对上位性QTL(AA-QTL),分布在除4D、6D、7A和7D以外的其他17条染色体上,对表型变异的贡献率分别为3.60%～13.90%和0.52%～2.76%,对粒形的表型有正向或负向遗传效应。这些A-QTL和AA-QTL均与水分环境存在显著互作,但对表型变异的贡献率较低（＜3.05%）。在A-QTL中发现了3个对表型变异贡献率大于10%的主效位点( Qkl.acs-1B.1, Qkw.acs-6A.1和 Qkp.acs-1B.1),未检测到两种环境中稳定表达的A-QTL位点。在1B、3B、4B、5A、5B、5D和6A染色体上发现了7个A-QTL热点区域（Xgwm153~Xmag981、Xwmc231~Xbarc173、Xgwm149~Xgwm495、Xgwm186~Xcfa2185、Xbarc59~Xbarc232、Xgwm292~Xwmc161、Xksum255~Xbarc171）,这些标记区间可能是控制小麦粒形基因的重要区域。     

接种根瘤菌环境下大豆叶形遗传及QTL定位分析

为探究接种根瘤菌环境下影响大豆叶形的遗传基础，本研究利用两个叶形具有显著差异的大豆品种及RIL群体，在接种和不接种根瘤菌环境下对大豆叶形性状进行遗传和QTL定位等分析。结果显示，叶形相关性状的遗传率在0.60~0.95之间，环境与基因型间存在互作效应，并且接种根瘤菌可以显著影响叶形指数（LS）与单株粒数（GN）、单株荚数（PD）和单株粒重（GW）的相关系数。此外，两种处理下共检测到8个QTL位点，LOD值范围在2.50~7.03，可解释6.4%~16.9%的遗传变异。其中，qLS-15可解释由根瘤菌×基因型互作引起叶形性状6.4%~9.3%的遗传变异，LOD值在2.50~3.69之间，表明qLS-15是与环境互作的主要遗传位点之一。综上所述，根瘤菌可以通过qLS-15影响大豆叶形，研究结果为解析根瘤菌提升大豆产量的内在机制提供了理论依据。     

多环境条件下大豆蛋白质含量稳定性QTL分析

为定位大豆蛋白质含量稳定性QTL,从而为培育高蛋白大豆品种提供依据,本研究利用源自美国大豆Charleston和中国品种东农594杂交获得的147个株系组成的重组自交系群体,利用三种生态环境下三年数据估算的Shukla稳定性方差对大豆蛋白含量进行了遗传和QTL分析。结果表明,利用复合区间作图法（CIM）检测大豆蛋白稳定性QTL得到2个QTL,分别为qPRO1-1和qPRO17-1,位于连锁群A1和L上,贡献率分别为4.70%和5.73%,共解释10.43%的表型变异。利用混合区间作图法MIM检测到2对上位性QTL,互作染色体为A1×G和A1×A2,上位效应分别为0.19**和-0.22,贡献率为12.82%和17.42%,共解释30.24%表型变异。本实验分析多个环境下的数据,考虑到了QTL 与环境的互作效应,在三种环境条件下分析QTL,检测到了在不同环境下可以稳定出现的QTL位点。控制大豆蛋白含量的QTL位点,都表现出明显的上位性效应和GE互作效应。其中稳定性较好的QTL和公共图谱上定位的调控大豆蛋白质含量的QTL prot 1-7、cq oil003、oil8-1, prot 17-5、prot 2-1、prot 12-1等在区间上一致。     

水稻灌浆期耐热害的数量性状基因位点分析

 利用由98个家系组成的Nipponbare / Kasalath // Nipponbare回交重组自交系群体及其分子连锁图谱，以粒重感热指数\[（适温粒重-高温粒重）/适温粒重×100\]为评价指标，采用混合线性模型的QTL定位方法，对水稻灌浆期耐热性的主效、上位性数量性状基因位点及其与环境的互作进行分析。共检测到3个灌浆期耐热性主效QTL，分别位于第1、4和7染色体上，LOD值为8.16、11.08和12.86，贡献率8.94%、17.25%和13.50%。其中位于第4染色体标记C1100-R1783之间的QTL，没有显著的上位性和环境互作效应，表明在不同环境和遗传背景中的表达较为稳定，在水稻耐热性育种中可能具有较大的利用价值，其耐热性等位基因来自亲本Kasalath，高温热害时可减少粒重损失3.31%。位于第1染色体标记R1613-C970之间的QTL和第7染色体标记C1226-R1440之间的QTL，耐热性等位基因来自亲本Nipponbare，分别可减少粒重损失2.38%和2.92%。这两个QTL均具有与环境的互作效应，其中第7染色体上的QTL还和其他基因位点有互作。检测到8对加性×加性上位性互作QTL，分布于第1、2、3、5、7、8、10和12染色体上。没有检测到上位性QTL与环境的互作效应。     

菜用大豆百粒鲜重QTL定位

百粒鲜重是衡量菜用大豆品质的重要指标之一,以NJ(SP)BN(BOGAO×NG94-156)的RIL群体158个家系为研究材料,于2005年和2006年测定该RIL群体的百粒鲜重并构建遗传图谱进行QTL定位.采用Win QTL Cart V2.5中的复合区间作图法进行QTL分析,结果表明,两年资料对百粒鲜重QTL的定位结果基本一致,其中位于G连锁群上的一个QTL在两年中均被检测到,可解释7.64%-12.74%的表型变异.此外利用QTL Mapper 1.6对以上定位结果进行验证并估计与环境的互作效应,结果表明,定位到一个加性QTL(qss-5)与环境存在显著的互作效应,效应值为1.18%.本研究筛选到的与百粒鲜重紧密连锁的SSR标记,为菜用大豆分子标记辅助选择育种提供了理论基础.     

水稻籽粒灌浆速率的发育遗传机制研究

以小穗小粒型水稻Milyang 46和大穗大粒型FJCD建立的包含130个家系的F10重组自交系为研究材料，分析福建省武夷山和莆田环境下灌浆期5个阶段灌浆速率的性状表现，并结合已构建的遗传图谱进行QTL动态定位及环境互作研究。QTL分析共检测到10个加性QTL，位于1、2、4、5、8、10号染色体上，对表型变异贡献率为4.52％~17.39％。其中，qGR-5-5、qGR-4-2、qGR-10-1分别在灌浆第2、4、5阶段存在显著的环境互作效应，体现了一因多效。qGR-2-1加性效应可解释表型变异的15     

菜用大豆出仁率的QTL定位

以BOGAO×NG94-156的RIL群体158个家系为材料,于2005年和2006年测定该RIL群体的鲜荚出仁率并构建遗传图谱进行QTL定位.采用WinQTL Cart V2.5中的复合区间作图法进行QTL分析,结果表明,两年资料对出仁率QTL的定位结果基本一致,其中位于E和N连锁群上的两个QTLs在两年中均被检测到,可解释7.59%～10.04%的表型变异.此外利用QTLMapper 1.6对以上定位结果进行验证并估计与环境的互作效应,结果表明,两种方法定位结果基本一致,其中一个加性QTL(qsp-11)与环境存在显著的互作效应.本研究首次对鲜荚出仁率进行QTL分析,旨在为分子标记辅助选择育种提供理论基础.     

基于昌7-2导入系发掘干旱胁迫下玉米产量相关QTL位点

以昌7-2为轮回亲本,自交系郑独青为供体亲本,采用回交和定向选择的方法构建高代导入系群体。通过玉米56K芯片对极端株系进行基因分型,以IciMapping逐步回归分析法进行穗重、穗粒重以及百粒重等QTL定位。结果表明,共获得分布于玉米第1、3、5、9、10共5条染色体上的10个QTL位点。其中,与穗重、穗粒重相关的各4个,与百粒重相关的2个。第1、5、10染色体上存在同时控制穗重和穗粒重的相同位点,加性效应均来源于郑独青,贡献率均在22%以上。此外,第10染色体相同位点还同时控制1个微效加性的百粒重QTL。在QTL定位的基础上,获得了多位点聚合的导入系,同时携带第1、5、10染色体上3个QTL位点的导入系,其产量性状表现优于轮回亲本昌7-2。     

小麦抽穗期QTL及其与环境的互作

为筛选稳定表达的小麦抽穗期QTL用于辅助选择,以旱选10号×鲁麦14的DH群体为试材,在四种环境下对抽穗期进行QTL。结果表明,该DH群体抽穗期呈连续性分布,表现为多基因控制的数量性状。四种环境下共检测到6个抽穗期加性QTLs,分别位于1B、1D、4D、6B、7B、7D染色体上,LOD值为3.13~10.88,贡献率在1.57%~6.72%之间,其中QHd-1D-1和QHd-7B与环境具有互作效应。共检测到10对上位性QTL位点,互作效应值为-0.39~0.423,表型贡献率在1.39%~4.86%之间,其中4对上位性位点与环境具有互作效应。     

Neuroprotective effects of marine algae

The marine environment is known as a rich source of chemical structures with numerous beneficial health effects. Among marine organisms, marine algae have been identified as an under-exploited plant resource, although they have long been recognized as valuable sources of structurally diverse bioactive compounds. Presently, several lines of studies have provided insight into biological activities and neuroprotective effects of marine algae including antioxidant, anti-neuroinflammatory, cholinesterase inhibitory activity and the inhibition of neuronal death. Hence, marine algae have great potential to be used for neuroprotection as part of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and functional foods. This contribution presents an overview of marine algal neuroprotective effects and their potential application in neuroprotection.     

Nitrogen fertilization effects on lesquerella production

Progress has been made towards the commercialization of Lesquerella fendleri (Gray) Wats. as a fall-planted oilseed crop for the southwestern United States. Research to develop suitable cultural practices for commercial production of lesquerella has been underway since the late 1980s; however, information is limited on the plant’s nitrogen (N) requirement. Field experiments were conducted during two growing seasons to determine the optimum amount and timing of N applications for lesquerella production. Yield results indicate that lesquerella grown on desert soils is strongly influenced by N fertilization. Nitrogen rates as high as 180 kg N ha⁻¹ increased seed yield. Seed oil content decreased as the N rate was increased. The increase in seed yield at the higher N rates generally offsets the decrease in oil content, but oil yields appeared to be near maximum at 180 kg N ha⁻¹. Split-applications of N in the Spring increased seed and oil yields in one of two seasons. Nitrogen had no influence on 1000-seed weight or lesquerolic acid content of the oil. No Spring leaf blade total N level was identified as being related to maximum seed yield. A suggested N management program for lesquerella production is to apply a small portion of N at planting time and the major portion of N in several applications during the period from onset of bloom through full bloom (February–April).     

Toxic effects of methoxychlor on the episodic prolactin secretory pattern: Possible mediated effects of nitric oxide production

Background  

This work addresses the issue of whether methoxychlor (MTX) exposure may modify the ultradian secretion of prolactin through changes in the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) induced by N^ω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Associated changes in dopamine (DA) content in the anterior (AH), mediobasal (MBH) and posterior hypothalamus (PH) and median eminence (ME) were evaluated.     

从气候影响分析谈大豆生产对策

分析了今年前期异常的气候对大豆生育的影响,提出了以抢积温促早熟为中心的生产对策,包括树立抢积温促早熟的思想,抓紧进行垅沟深松,勤铲勤趟的田间管理,追肥和叶面喷肥等促进生长、调节生育的措施和及时防治病虫害等技术对策。     

Zone-subsoiling effects on potato yield and grade

Soil compaction and erosion are problems in many Pacific Northwestern potato fields. We wanted to determine if zone-subsoiling would reduce these problems and improve potato yields and or grade without adversely impacting other production practices. Studies were conducted in Southern Idaho at six locations over two years on different soils and with different irrigation methods to assess the effects of zone-subsoiling immediately after planting on tuber yield and grade. Reservoir-tillage comparisons were made at three locations where sprinkler water application rates were higher than soil infiltration rates. Russet Burbank was represented by eight location-years and Russet Norkotah by two. Zone-subsoiling consistently improved tuber grade or increased tuber size. The biggest improvement was under furrow irrigation. Zone-subsoiling also tended to increase total yield in eight of ten location-years. Reservoir-tillage improved yield and grade, but zone-subsoiling did not without reservoir-tillage when water application rates were high. At no location did zone-subsoiling significantly decrease tuber grade or yield. Zone-subsoiling had no appreciable effects on hill configuration or seed-piece dislocation. Surface cracking and “water piping” occurred under furrow irrigation but were not significant problems. Results were similar for both cultivars. Additional studies will be needed to successfully incorporate zone-subsoiling into commercial production practices     

Hypolipidaemic effects of Ballota undulata in rabbits

The aim of to study the effect of Ballota undulata (70% EtOH) extract on lipid profile on Rabbits. The plant extract was orally administered to the atherogenic rabbits (atherogenic diet + cholesterol powder supplement 400 mg/kg/body weight/day dissolved in 5 mL coconut oil) at dose of 1.2 g kg(-1) body weight/day. During the overall period of the experiment blood was collected and serum was analyzed for lipid profile. Animals were sacrificed; the heart and the liver were collected and kept at -20 degrees C until assayed. Biochemical analysis of blood serum and tissue (liver and heart muscle) level were made for cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides. In addition blood serum was analyzed further for HDL-Cholesterol. All the results were statistically analyzed using students t-test. Hypolipidaemic nature of Ballota undulata (70% EtOH) extract was studied in hyperlipidaemic Rabbits. The increased cholesterol levels were brought to normal by administration of Ballota undulata. Serum cholesterol levels dropped from 940.7 to 230.41 (75.55%) and further to 119.2 (87.32%) by the end of the experiment. Similarly, phospholipids and triglycerides levels were observed to be also reduced. The tissues lipids profiles of liver and heart muscle showed similar changes in those noticed in serum lipids. Ballota undulata possesses active hypolipidaemic constituents.     

稻米的营养价值与中医食疗作用

我国是水稻生产大国,种植面积居世界第二,稻谷总产量居世界第一。我国也是稻米消费大国,全国6O％人口以稻米为主食,稻米在我国人民膳食构成中占有突出重要地位。人体每日所需的60％～80％的热量、50％～70％的蛋白质来自稻米。稻米也是一些无机盐和B族维生素的主要来源。一、稻米营养价值据中国医学科学院卫生研究所分析,稻米含碳水化合物75％左右,蛋白质7％～8％,脂肪1．3／～1．8％,并含有丰富的B族维生素等。稻米中的碳水化合物主要是淀粉,作为主食,是提供人体热量的主要来源。每50O克标准他米约可提供热量1755于卡。稻米所…     

Cyanotoxins: bioaccumulation and effects on aquatic animals

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes with wide geographic distribution that can produce secondary metabolites named cyanotoxins. These toxins can be classified into three main types according to their mechanism of action in vertebrates: hepatotoxins, dermatotoxins and neurotoxins. Many studies on the effects of cyanobacteria and their toxins over a wide range of aquatic organisms, including invertebrates and vertebrates, have reported acute effects (e.g., reduction in survivorship, feeding inhibition, paralysis), chronic effects (e.g., reduction in growth and fecundity), biochemical alterations (e.g., activity of phosphatases, GST, AChE, proteases), and behavioral alterations. Research has also focused on the potential for bioaccumulation and transferring of these toxins through the food chain. Although the herbivorous zooplankton is hypothesized as the main target of cyanotoxins, there is not unquestionable evidence of the deleterious effects of cyanobacteria and their toxins on these organisms. Also, the low toxin burden in secondary consumers points towards biodilution of microcystins in the food web as the predominant process. In this broad review we discuss important issues on bioaccumulation and the effects of cyanotoxins, with emphasis on microcystins, as well as drawbacks and future needs in this field of research.