核桃组织培养技术综述

分别对核桃和山核桃属植物的组织培养中外植体选择与消毒、外植体褐化问题、外植体的主要诱导技术及外植体成苗以后生根技术研究等进行综述,展望其发展前景。     

Polyphenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Berries of Four Russian Cultivars of Lonicera kamtschatica (Sevast.) Pojark

Nowadays increasing attention has been focused on polyphenolic compounds as the main representants of antioxidants in horticultural crops including fruits. The edible honeysuckle has an unique position among lesser known fruits due to its high level of antioxidants. In the present study we determined polyphenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of four Russian cultivars of edible honeysuckle including ‘Gerda 25’, ‘Amfora’, ‘Morena’, ‘Lipnicka’, which found together in a single location in Mendel University in Brno, The Czech Republic. Polyphenolic compounds were detected by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detector (HPLC-ED). The antioxidant capacity was measured by DPPH test. According to the results there were differences among cultivars in terms of polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity and Lonicera kamtschatica ‘Gerda 25’ were found to be possessed the highest content of phenolic compounds corresponding to the highest value of antioxidant activity.     

1-MCP对苹果果皮酚类物质及其抗氧化活性的影响

1-MCP(1-甲基环丙烯)作为乙烯作用抑制剂,已经在果品保鲜中广泛应用。大量研究表明,多酚类化合物是果实中重要的抗氧化剂成分,是反映果实品质的重要指标之一。1-MCP使用后是否影响苹果果实中多酚类物质的含量及抗氧化活性尚未见报道。试材‘红星’苹果于商业采摘期(2005-09-04)采自泰安市郊区果园。分别使用0·2和0·5μL·L-1的1-MCP处理果实,无1-MCP处理的为对照。每周取样1次,随机取15个果实,测定果皮中类黄酮(碱性硝酸铝法)、多酚(Folin-Ciocalteu法)的含量及对DPPH·(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical)、ABTS· 〔2,2-…     

青海高原核桃果实油脂和生长动态变化分析

以地方核桃为试材,拍照记录果实外观形态变化,并对不同发育时期果实质量、果实纵横径、坚果质量、种仁质量、出仁率、油脂含量和成熟种仁中脂肪酸组分等进行测定,以期明确青海高原核桃果实油脂和生长动态变化。结果表明:随着核桃果实生长发育,果实质量、果实纵横径、坚果质量、种仁质量、出仁率、油脂含量等指标总体呈上升趋势,其中果实质量在成熟后期略有下降,并依据指标建立了核桃果实生长发育的数学模型。7月中旬油脂开始积累,并逐渐增加,至果实成熟时种仁中的油脂含量达到最大值69.4%,种仁中主要脂肪酸是棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量可达91.7%。9月中旬核桃果实充分成熟,且油脂含量最高,是最佳采收时期。可根据核桃果实形态、果实生长曲线和数学模型来判断果实发育时期,采取合理的栽培管理措施,从而提高核桃果实的产量和品质。     

修剪时期对早实核桃枝条中淀粉含量的影响

为探明早实核桃适宜的修剪时期和修剪方法,以6年生早实核桃"绿岭"为试材,采用秋季修剪和春季修剪处理5个不同粗度的修剪枝,分析了不同修剪时期对枝条不同部位淀粉含量的影响。结果表明:T3处理呈现出春季修剪皮层淀粉含量显著高于秋季修剪;除T2处理外,其它处理均表现为春季修剪枝条木质部淀粉含量显著高于秋季修剪;1年生T4、T5处理和多年生T3处理春季修剪的枝条髓淀粉含量显著高于秋季修剪。因此,春季修剪比秋季修剪有利于枝条中淀粉的积累。     

Antioxidant Capacity,Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Enzymes of Wild Grape Seeds from Different Accessions Grown in Iran

Grape seeds contain high levels of phytochemicals, that have been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases. In this study, the polyphenolic content, antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes activity in the seeds of 20 wild grape accessions native to Iran were investigated. The antioxidant capacity of the wild grape seeds was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Fe²⁺ chelating. Total phenolic (TP), total flavanoid (TF) and total proanthocyanidin (TPA) content ranged from 44.86 to 155.1, 23.21 to 131.91, and 10.11 to 26.10?mg/g seed, respectively. All seed extracts showed remarkable DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Fe²⁺ chelating ranging from 27.34 to 78.57%, 198.83 to 590.86?µmol TE/g and 23.12 to 62.98%, respectively. Grape seed extracts had the greatest antioxidant enzymes activity guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Based on HPLC analyses, catechin was the most abundant compound identified (25.89?mg/g) for all accessions. Additionally, significant correlations among different antioxidant assays were found. With the high amount of total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes activity, seeds of P6, P7 and P8 accessions might be evaluated as a nutritional supplement.     

慈姑品种比较试验

对4个慈姑品种的主要农艺性状、黑粉病抗性及淀粉品质等进行了比较研究。试验结果表明,4个慈姑品种植株较高大,叶片均为阔箭形,紫金星单球质量最大,黑粉病病叶率和病情指数最低,抗性较强,支链淀粉含量最高,667 m2产量最高,达1 356.3 kg;紫圆叶片最大,茎总淀粉、直链淀粉含量最高;慈玉黑粉病抗性、淀粉含量、667 m2产量均高于苏州黄。综合比较,紫金星可替代紫圆在青紫皮慈姑产区推广应用,而慈玉可替代苏州黄在黄皮类型慈姑产区推广应用。     

黑穗醋栗果皮中非花色苷酚的鉴定与分析

以26个不同品种的黑穗醋栗果皮为试验材料,采用溶剂提取法对不同黑穗醋栗品种果皮中非花色苷酚类物质进行提取,并用高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)技术对果皮中非花色苷酚类物质进行定性及定量分析。结果表明:在负离子扫描模式下,共检测到10种非花色苷酚类物质,主要有杨梅酮-3-葡萄糖苷、杨梅酮-3-芸香糖苷、槲皮素-3-葡萄糖苷和二氢山奈酚-3-鼠李糖苷等;大部分品种果皮非花色苷酚含量在0.5mg·g-1以上,其中含量较丰富的品种为‘格鲁布基’‘戈金鹦鸽’‘滨海明珠’。该研究结果为黑穗醋栗的综合开发利用提供技术支撑,同时也为新品种的选育提供参考依据。     

蜡梅不同品种和花期香气变化及其花茶适制性

采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱质谱联机分析方法研究了蜡梅4个品种不同开花期的香气成分,并分析了其花茶适制性。结果表明：4个品种主要香气成分为别罗勒烯、罗勒烯、乙酸苄酯和水杨酸甲酯,相对含量之和占总量80%以上。从花蕾期到盛开期,香气成分变化不大,在开花过程中萜烯类化合物相对含量增加,而酯类化合物相对含量减少。随着蜡梅花内被片紫色条纹数量增加,香气中萜烯类和酯类化合物相对含量比值（T/E）减小,而在开花过程中,T/E值增加。花蕾期和盛开期香气相似率达0.990以上,表明开花过程中香气类型变化不大。花蕾期和萎蔫期的鲜花窨制的花茶香气弱,香气和滋味得分低于盛开期,红心品种窨制的花茶幽香不足,香气和滋味得分低于其他品种。在花茶生产上,以选择内被片紫色条纹较少的素心和乔种品种,且盛开的鲜花为宜。     

不同采收期马齿苋活性成分含量及抗氧化性的变化

通过测定不同采收期马齿苋水提物中多糖、黄酮的含量,及其水提物对Ce4+的还原能力以及对羟基自由基的抗氧化能力,研究不同采收期的马齿苋抗氧化物质的含量(多糖、总黄酮)和抗氧化活性的动态变化。结果表明:在试验期内,马齿苋活性成分含量是8月7月9月,其水提物的抗氧化性为8月7月9月。马齿苋多糖和总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性之间存在明显的正相关。因此,不同采收期的马齿苋的抗氧化活性的变化与其多糖和黄酮类物质含量的变化有关。8月马齿苋活性成分含量最高,其抗氧化性也最强。     

A Comparison Investigation on Antioxidant Activities,Physicochemical Properties and Phytochemical Contents of Kiwifruit Genotypes and Cultivars

The present work was conducted to find the physicochemical properties, chemical components and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit hydroalcoholic extracts (B-31, HO-1-14, J-242, Bruno, Greenlight, Hayward, Monty, Topstar) grown Yalova, Turkey. Phytochemical tests were performed to determine total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid. Moreover, the kiwifruit extracts were subjected to evaluate their antioxidant potential using different in vitro assays such as total antioxidant, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, reducing power, metal chelating, free radical, H₂O₂ and superoxide anion scavenging activities at 50–500 μg mL^?1, and also found EC₅₀ and IC₅₀ values. The soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and pH were analyzed in all the genotypes and cultivars. The highest total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid content were found in J-242 (89.53 mg GAE/100 g), J-242 (109.13 mg QE/100 g) and HO-1-14 (64.15 mg/100 g), respectively. The linoleic, palmitic, stearic and oleic acid methyl esters were detected in all kiwifruit extracts by GC/MS. Significant differences were found between genotypes and cultivars in the antioxidant tests. The extracts showed high inhibition of lipid peroxidation and compared to standards, significantly (p < 0.05). The GC/MS analyses confirmed quantitative variability in the antioxidant profiles. The SSC, TA and pH of kiwifruit genotypes and cultivars showed a moderate level. The key parameters for the most active kiwifruit included the following: total antioxidant activity for B-31, H₂O₂ scavenging activity for J-242 and metal chelating activity for Topstar. In conclusion, this study exhibited the important role played by the genotypes and cultivars background on the chemical content and antioxidant profiles.     

1-甲基环丙稀处理对冷藏红星苹果蜡质中酚类含量及其抗氧化活性的影响

 以‘红星’苹果为试材,研究了1-MCP和DPA处理对冷藏苹果果实蜡质中酚类物质及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明：冷藏期间所有苹果蜡质中总酚和黄酮含量均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。1 μL·L^-11-MCP和2 g·L^－1DPA处理提高了蜡质中的总酚和类黄酮含量。各处理苹果蜡质的甲醇提取物能有效清除DPPH自由基和ABTS⁺自由基。酚类物质含量与抗氧化活性之间显著正相关。     

Study on Fruitset and Pollen-Compatibility Status in Sweet Cherry (Prunus avuim L.) Cultivars

Prunus avium L. is one of the most important temperate zone fruits in the world. Most of the cherry cultivars always have difficulties of fertilization and fruit set due to self-incompatibility, so they need suitable and compatible pollinizers for commercial fruit production. In this experiment, pollination compatibility of cherry cultivars of ‘Napoleon’, ‘Burlat’, ‘Zhan’, and ‘Lambert’ was studied as both pollen recipients and donors. To determine the compatibility or incompatibility of pollinizers, percent of fruit set was calculated. This research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. The final average fruit set in studied cultivars was different under self or cross-pollination. The results showed that ‘Napoleon’, ‘Zhan’ and ‘Lambert’ cultivars are the suitable pollinizers for ‘Burlat’. Also, ‘Burlat’ is a cultivar which produced many fruits under self-pollination. Therefore, ‘Burlat’ can be used as monoculture for orchard establishment. Results showed that cultivar ‘Napoleon’ was cross-incompatible with ‘Lambert’. ‘Zhan’, ‘Napoleon’ and ‘Lambert’ cultivars are founded self-incompatible and require cross-pollinations to obtain fruits.

     

桃果实采后脂氧合酶活性和膜脂脂肪酸组分的变化

 以‘湖景蜜露’桃果实为试材, 分析了果实后熟软化进程中的乙烯释放、脂氧合酶(LOX) 活性和细胞膜脂脂肪酸组分的变化, 探讨其与果实软化的关系。结果表明, 细胞脂脂肪酸组分主要有棕榈酸(16∶0) 、硬脂酸(18∶0) 、油酸(18∶1) 、亚油酸(18∶2) 和亚麻酸(18∶3) 。在果实采后20 ℃后熟过程中, 三种不饱和脂肪酸组分比例变化较大(尤其是亚油酸和亚麻酸) , 而两种饱和脂肪酸的变化很小。在LOX 自我活化之前, 亚麻酸可能是LOX催化反应的主要底物。果实组织的后熟软化与LOX参与的细胞膜脂过氧化作用有关, 乙烯跃变可能是桃果实成熟启动后的伴随因子, 参与后熟软化进程。     

干燥方式对树莓总酚、总黄酮含量及其体外抗氧化活性的影响

以树莓为试验材料,采用自然干燥、红外干燥、热风恒温干燥和真空冷冻干燥4种干燥方式处理树莓,超声波辅助提取法提取树莓样品中的总酚和总黄酮含量,体外DPPH·和ABTS^+·的清除能力,拓展树莓加工产品方式,提高树莓干燥效率和品质。结果表明:干燥处理后样品中总酚、总黄酮含量及对ABTS^+·和DPPH·清除能力不同程度降低,其中真空冷冻干燥样品总酚和总黄酮含量损失最少,分别为(2.47±0.29)mg·g^-1和(2.06±0.61)mg·g^-1,ABTS^+·和DPPH·清除能力最大,其IC50分别为(4.53±0.04)mg·mL^-1和(5.17±0.12)mg·mL^-1;真空冷冻干燥方式最适宜于树莓的干燥。     

不同镉水平对白菜生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

 不同镉(cd)水平对白菜[Brassica campestris L．ssp．chinensis (L．)Makino]两个品种生长及抗氧化酶活性研究结果表明：cd 1 mg·L^-1 对两品种生长(除‘杭州油冬儿’地上部干质量)及叶绿素 含量无显著影响，cd 10 mg·L^-1显著抑制植株生长(除‘沪青1号’根干质量)，减少叶绿素含量。cd可诱导叶片中活性氧0₂^-. 、H₂O₂的产生，引起膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的累积。Cd 1 mg’L 显著增加‘沪青1号’过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及‘杭州油冬儿’抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APx) 活性。cd 10 mg·L 显著降低两品种叶片超氧化物歧化酶( SOD ) 、CAT、APX及‘沪青1号’POD活性， 显著增加脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性。     

无花果细胞系耐盐性与抗氧化酶活性的变化

经＾６０Ｃo－γ射线辐射后再由羟脯氨酸筛选出的无花果抗羟脯氨酸细胞ＡＨ具有更强的 耐盐力。将这些细胞进一步分成不同的细胞系,培养在含有ＮaＣ１１６７mmol/Ｌ的ＭＳ培养基上,７d后,不同细胞间存活率和相对生长量表现出一定差异,最高的是ＡＨ２２和ＡＨ３３,而ＡＨ２细胞几乎全部死亡。盐胁迫诱导绝大多数细胞ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＸ、ＣＡＴ和ＡＰＸ活性增加,而且盐分对细胞生长的抑制程度与ＰＯＸ、ＣＡＴ和ＡＰＸ活性增加倍数