Study on Fruitset and Pollen-Compatibility Status in Sweet Cherry (Prunus avuim L.) Cultivars

Prunus avium L. is one of the most important temperate zone fruits in the world. Most of the cherry cultivars always have difficulties of fertilization and fruit set due to self-incompatibility, so they need suitable and compatible pollinizers for commercial fruit production. In this experiment, pollination compatibility of cherry cultivars of ‘Napoleon’, ‘Burlat’, ‘Zhan’, and ‘Lambert’ was studied as both pollen recipients and donors. To determine the compatibility or incompatibility of pollinizers, percent of fruit set was calculated. This research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. The final average fruit set in studied cultivars was different under self or cross-pollination. The results showed that ‘Napoleon’, ‘Zhan’ and ‘Lambert’ cultivars are the suitable pollinizers for ‘Burlat’. Also, ‘Burlat’ is a cultivar which produced many fruits under self-pollination. Therefore, ‘Burlat’ can be used as monoculture for orchard establishment. Results showed that cultivar ‘Napoleon’ was cross-incompatible with ‘Lambert’. ‘Zhan’, ‘Napoleon’ and ‘Lambert’ cultivars are founded self-incompatible and require cross-pollinations to obtain fruits.

     

桃果实水孔蛋白cDNA的分离

使用逆转录聚合酶链失反应(RT-PCR)技术从桃果实的果皮组织中分离出来2个编码水孔蛋白部分cDNA克隆.比较结果表明,其推导的氨基酸序列与从其他一些植物体中分离出来的液泡膜内在蛋白有很高的同源性.数量PCR分析表明,编码水孔蛋白基因pWCl在果实发育早期表达,而pWC2在果实发育期间全过程均有表达.     

果用石榴品种的ISSR遗传多样性分析

果用石榴果实营养丰富,具有鲜食和加工价值。以65个果用石榴品种为试材,采用ISSR标记分析果用石榴类群品种的亲缘关系和遗传多样性。结果表明:10条ISSR引物对65个石榴品种进行PCR扩增,共扩增出186个位点,其中161个是多态性位点,多态性位点比率为(PPB)86.56%,等位基因数(Na)为1.865 6,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.311 9,Nei′s的基因多样性指数(He)为0.209 2,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.338 9,品种间遗传相似系数(Gs)介于0.478~0.995,65个果用石榴品种的遗传多样性丰富。UPGMA聚类在GS为0.78时,65个石榴品种分为三大类。聚类结果表明,果用品种间遗传关系与地理环境、籽粒硬度性状有相关性,与果皮颜色、果实风味无相关性。     

Growth Promoting Substances in The Developing Fruit of Peach (Prunus Persica L.)

Growth substances extracted from the ovules of developing fruits of July Queen, Halehaven and Fall Late peaches–respectively early, midseason and late-maturing cultivars–were studied. Whole and fractionated extracts were bioassayed, and the growth of the fruit and the development of the seed were examined.

Determination of “total” growth-promoting substances during the development of the fruits resulted in concentration curves that were generally similar from year to year. The seeds of each cultivar, regardless of its season of maturation, produced a first flush of growth substances that seemed to be correlated with either nucellus or endosperm development. The second and major growth substance peak came at the time of rapid embryo growth and maximum endosperm development. At this time fruits of July Queen ripened and abscissed. A third flush of growth substance was detected at the same time in Halehaven and Fall Late seeds, at which time the embryo was essentially complete. The mature fruits of Halehaven then abscissed, but Fall Late fruits remained on the tree for another three or four weeks before maturation and abscission. It was concluded that the concentration of seed growth substances as measured here was not related to the final-flush of growth of peach fruits, or to the abscission of mature fruits.

In dissected ovules of Halehaven peaches the endosperm was the most concentrated source of total growth substances on a dry weight basis but, because of its small size, it contributed less of them on a per-seed basis than did the the integuments at first, and later the embryo. The nucellus was a minor source of growth substances, both on a concentration and on a per-ovule basis. Apparently, the total growth substances that constituted the second and major auxin peak in Halehaven peach ovules came mostly from the integuments, endosperm and embryo, whereas the third peak could be attributed almost entirely to substances from the embryo. These studies of individual ovule tissues were made after that period of development during which the first growth substance peak made its appearance.

Studies of growth substances in the flesh of developing peach fruits revealed only trace amounts with no consistent pattern, although there is some evidence that a true picture may not have been obtained because of interference by inhibitors.

Silica gel partition column chromatography showed the presence of several growth-promoting substances which changed qualitatively and quantitatively during the growing season. One of these was probably indole-3- acetic acid, its identification being based primarily on studies by gas chromatography and spectrophotofluorometry.     

桃杂交后代主要经济性状遗传变异分析

对桃品种（系）１２个杂交组合１３６１个单系的后代主要经济性状的遗传变异情况进行了分析，包括Ｆ＿１开花期、果实成熟期、果实大小、颜色和风味、果形、果肉硬度、果肉颜色、丰产性、核粘离性、树体性状和综合品质等，为进一步合理配置亲本提供参考依据。     

不同嫁接方法对西瓜嫁接工效、嫁接苗生长和果实品质的影响

以西瓜为材料,比较了西瓜工厂化嫁接育苗中插接和断根嫁接2种嫁接方法对嫁接工效、嫁接苗生长和果实品质的影响。试验结果表明,断根嫁接速率快,工效显著高于插接,嫁接苗成活率高,根冠比和根系活力较高,幼苗质量显著优于插接苗,可作为一种高效的嫁接方法在西瓜嫁接苗工厂化生产中广泛推广和应用,而且2种嫁接苗在植株生长和果实品质上没有显著的差异。     

桃( Prunus persica L. )种质资源果实数量性状评价指标探讨

 对桃( Prunus persica L. ) 的282～491份品种资源果实的平均单果质量、核质量、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、维生素C、带皮硬度和去皮硬度等8项指标进行研究和统计分析, 提出我国桃种质资源评价系统中这些性状的数值分级指标和参照品种, 为我国桃种质资源描述系统数量化、规范化的建立奠定基础。     

矮化蟠桃的育种实践与连锁遗传分析

 利用乔化异质型蟠桃(DwdwSs) 与矮化型圆桃( dwdwss) 或乔化异质型圆桃(Dwdwss) 进行有性杂交, 培育杂种实生苗, 对子代相关性状的分离情况进行了分析。结果显示, 乔化对矮化为一对等位基因, 且乔化对矮化为完全显性, 蟠桃与圆桃为一对等位基因, 蟠桃对圆桃为完全显性。在乔化异质型蟠桃(DwdwSs) 与矮化型圆桃( dwdwss) 的正反交后代中, 没有出现矮化型蟠桃和乔化型圆桃, 乔化蟠桃与矮化圆桃的比例为1∶1; 在乔化异质型蟠桃(DwdwSs) 与乔化异质型圆桃(Dwdwss) 的杂交后代中, 也同样没有出现矮化型蟠桃, 乔化蟠桃、乔化圆桃与矮化圆桃的分离比例为2∶1∶1, 据此得出以下推论, 果实扁平性状与树体乔化性状完全连锁, 树体矮化性状与果实非扁平性状完全连锁, 即矮化突变与扁平果形突变分别发生在不同的同源染色体上, 两者之间没有发生过交换, 不产生dwS配子。     

普通杏品种SSR遗传多样性分析

利用来自杏、桃和扁桃的25对SSR多态性引物对66个普通杏品种进行了PCR扩增及变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,共检测出284个等位位点,每对引物的等位位点数在3～17之间,平均为11.36。通过NTSYS软件计算得到的Dice相似性系数为0.083～0.987,平均值为0.370,表明中国普通杏种质资源的遗传多样性丰富。UPGMA法聚类将66份材料分为5个组。SSR标记反映出的品种间亲缘关系与根据地理生态类型对杏种质的分类结果基本一致。来自四川和贵州的多数品种独立聚成一组,表现出与其它品种较远的亲缘关系,该地区可能存在特异性较高的种质资源。证实了扁桃基因组SSR引物可用在杏SSR标记的研究中。     

桃果实采后脂氧合酶活性和膜脂脂肪酸组分的变化

 以‘湖景蜜露’桃果实为试材, 分析了果实后熟软化进程中的乙烯释放、脂氧合酶(LOX) 活性和细胞膜脂脂肪酸组分的变化, 探讨其与果实软化的关系。结果表明, 细胞脂脂肪酸组分主要有棕榈酸(16∶0) 、硬脂酸(18∶0) 、油酸(18∶1) 、亚油酸(18∶2) 和亚麻酸(18∶3) 。在果实采后20 ℃后熟过程中, 三种不饱和脂肪酸组分比例变化较大(尤其是亚油酸和亚麻酸) , 而两种饱和脂肪酸的变化很小。在LOX 自我活化之前, 亚麻酸可能是LOX催化反应的主要底物。果实组织的后熟软化与LOX参与的细胞膜脂过氧化作用有关, 乙烯跃变可能是桃果实成熟启动后的伴随因子, 参与后熟软化进程。     

Comprehensive evaluation of the Fruit Quality of the Main Cultivars of Pear (Pyrus spp.) in North China

To establish a quality evaluation system of the fruit quality of pear, 15 evaluation indicators of 9 main cultivars of pear (Pyrus spp.) in North China were analyzed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to form a comprehensive evaluation model and select the characteristic indicators of the fruit quality. All of the 15 evaluation indicators showed significant differences from the results of ANOVA (P?<?0.05) among different cultivars. The values for coefficient of variation (CV) among 15 evaluation indicators ranged from 1.46% to 326.38%. There were different degrees of correlations between the evaluation indicators based on the results of CA. PCA was used to remove the overlapped information between the indicators, and then there were new variables with less information, so that the principal component comprehensive model was established. The rank of the 9 cultivars based on comprehensive scores of the fruit quality was listed as follows: ‘Mili’?>?‘Xuehua’?>?‘Hongxiangsu’?>?‘Daguoxing’?>?‘Yali’?>?‘Huangguan’?>?‘Yuluxiang’?>?‘Hongxiaoli’?>?‘Anli’. By combining HCA and principal component comprehensive model, titratable acid content, sugar-acid ratio, h^* and fruit shape index were selected to be the characteristic indicators for the evaluation of the fruit quality of the main cultivars of pear in North China.

     

In vitro Germination of Early Ripening Sweet Cherry Varieties (Prunus avium L.) at Different Fruit Ripening Stages

In vitro embryo culture enabled satisfactory germination of immature seeds produced in crosses from early ripening sweet cherry varieties (Prunus avium L.). Three varieties —‘Rita’, ‘Bigarreau Burlat’ and ‘Carmen’— were crossed with ‘Early Star’ as male parent. Germination rate was affected by the developmental stage of both fruit and embryo. Fruit ripening stage was a critical factor for culture infection rate that increased with maturity. In-ovule embryo culture on Murashige and Skoog medium without hormones improved the embryo size but did not increase the germination rate due to a further increase in infection rate. Ex-ovule embryo culture on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with BA 1 mg L^?1, NAA 0.5 mg L^?1, 20 g L^?1sucrose, 10 g L^?1 sorbitol and 6 g L^?1agar during the stratification time increased embryo length. Germination was performed on Brooks and Hough medium at the 22?±?1?°C with 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod. The highest germination rate (75?%) was reached in embryos that were 3?4 mm in length, after 30-days stratification at 4?°C. Embryos in fruits at green-yellow stage that were 3?4 mm long were morpho-physiologically developed to produce bipolar seedlings, without combined application of embryo culture and micropropagation.     

杏的脱毒及组培快繁研究

杏(Prunus arm eniaca L.)作为主要核果类果树树种之一,在世界各大洲都有栽培。随着研究的深入,研究人员发现,给杏树生产带来严重危害的是病毒,并且已应用ELISA方法检测出杏树病毒有李子苦痘病毒(PPV)、李枯叶坏死坏斑病毒(PNRSV)、李矮缩病毒(PDV)、苹果花叶病毒(ApM V)、苹果     

乙醇对中国樱桃贮藏效应的初探

乙醇蒸汽对中国樱桃贮藏品质影响的研究结果表明,2mL/kg和6mL/kg的乙醇可明显延缓樱桃果实可滴定酸、可溶性糖、Vc和可溶性蛋白含量的下降及腐烂率的上升。0±0.5℃下贮藏12d,其腐烂率分别比对照低25.5%和51.0%,良好地保持了樱桃果实的采后品质。     

Cold and heat requirements of the apricot tree (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Summary

The cold units (CU) and heat units (HU) required for the flowering of 13 apricot cultivars (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivated in AbaraÂn (Murcia) have been established. The end of the dormancy period was determined on the basis of the dry-weight increase of the flower buds. The tests in which the dry weight was measured after forcing the flower buds at 208C turned out to be more precise in detecting the beginning of the reactivation phase than those in which they were not forced.     

Detection of genetic diversity among populations of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) by AFLPs

Summary

The high degree of polymorphism of AFLPs provides an efficient system for identification and genome analysis of sweet cherry (Prunus avium) cultivars and selections. The cultivars of sweet cherry have usually been characterized by assessment of phenotypic and pomological traits. AFLP markers were employed to identify 38 sweet cherry accessions and estimate the genetic diversity among this material. Ten of 18 tested primer combinations were informative with up to 80 bands per primer combination. Seven to 33% of the amplfied bands were polymorphic depending upon primer combination. Allcultivars and selections tested could be clearly identified. The objective of this work was to demonstrate the usefulness of molecular markers in revealing the genetic diversity among different sweet cherry genotypes.     

采后处理对青梅果实的生理和品质的影响

测定了青梅采后室温贮藏下生理和品质的变化 ,研究了采后处理对梅果室温和冷藏后转入常温的贮藏效果。结果表明 ,采后果肉急速软化 ,可滴定酸迅速下降。各处理对青梅果实的保鲜效果以乙烯吸收剂处理效果最好 ,其次是GA3处理。CaCl2 处理浓度以 2 %为宜 ,热空气处理的时间不能超过 2d     

Genetic relatedness of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars from Ukraine determined by microsatellite markers

Microsatellite (SSR) markers were used to characterise 23 sweet cherry cultivars of Ukrainian, and four cultivars of non-Ukrainian, origin. To assess their genetic diversity and relatedness, 11 pairs of primers were applied to microsatellite loci, resulting in amplification of 66 SSR alleles. The mean value of the number of different alleles, and the polymorphic index content, amount to 7.333 and 0.700, respectively, demonstrating a significant genetic diversity of the investigated sweet cherry cultivars. Four highly polymorphic SSR loci (EMPAS02, EMPAS06, PceGA34, UDP98-412), which belong to the list recommended by the European Cooperative Program for Plant Genetic Resources, can be used as a minimum genetic marker set for identification of the majority of the studied cultivars; however, for successful discrimination of the most similar cultivars, more markers, located on all chromosomes of sweet cherry, appear to be necessary. Application of unweighted variable-group method using averages clustering allowed elucidation of the relatedness among the sweet cherry varieties, and showed that the Ukrainian cultivars combine genetic material of local, western European, and probably Caucasian origin; however, the origin of several cultivars still remains unclear, and should be studied additionally.     

温度对GF43李离体保存中老化作用的影响

 研究了不同温度对GF₄₃李( ^{_{Prunus domestica}} L. ) 试管苗生长及老化过程的影响。结果表明在16 ℃保存条件下GF₄₃试管苗的营养生长缓慢, 8 ℃保存GF₄₃试管苗的营养生长极缓慢, SOD、CAT 和POD 等保护酶系统的活性维持较高水平, 体内O₂ 自由基、丙二醛(MDA) 含量较低, 细胞膜结构相对稳定, 从而延缓了试管苗的衰老, 延长了两次继代之间的时间, 对试管苗的保存十分有利。     

不同保鲜剂对丽江雪桃贮藏保鲜的效应分析

以丽江雪桃为试材,研究了低温贮藏条件下不同浓度抗坏血酸、柠檬酸和CaCl2对果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量以及褐变和腐烂的影响.结果表明:丽江雪桃果实的各指标在不同处理间具有非常明显的差异,这一差异随贮藏时间的长短发生变化.与对照相比,经处理后的雪桃果实硬度下降明显减缓,可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量明显受到抑制,褐变和腐烂程度明显下降.表明利用不同的防腐保鲜剂处理丽江雪桃时,选择适当的浓度能够起到防褐保鲜的效果.