Effects of ozone treatment on postharvest strawberry quality

The effect of ozone treatment on the postharvest quality of strawberry was evaluated. Strawberry fruits (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Camarosa) were stored at 2 degrees C in an atmosphere containing ozone (0.35 ppm). After 3 days at 2 degrees C, fruits were moved to 20 degrees C to mimic retail conditions (shelf life). The changes in several quality parameters such as fungal decay, color, sugar and acids distribution, and aroma were evaluated during the strawberries' shelf life. Ozone treatment was ineffective in preventing fungal decay in strawberries after 4 days at 20 degrees C. Significant differences in sugars and ascorbic acid content were found in ozone-treated strawberries. At the end of cold storage, the vitamin C content of ozonated strawberries was 3 times that of control fruits. A detrimental effect of ozone treatment on strawberry aroma was observed, with a 40% reduced emission of volatile esters in ozonated fruits.     

短波紫外线处理对采后草莓果实腐烂和抗氧化能力的影响

以"凤冠"草莓为材料,研究了0、1.5、3.0和4.5kJ.m-2UV-C处理对草莓果实在10℃,12d贮藏期间腐烂和果实抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,3kJ.m-2UV-C处理能显著抑制草莓果实采后腐烂的发生和MDA的积累,延缓果实失重、硬度和可溶性固形物含量的降低,促进果实CIRG值的提高,增强果实采后着色能力,从而保持果实的感官和食用品质。同时,3kJ.m-2UV-C处理能促进贮藏期间果实总花色苷、总酚含量和DPPH自由基清除能力的增加,减少草莓果实中抗氧化组分含量的下降,维持果实较高的营养品质。说明适宜剂量的UV-C处理(3kJ.m-2)在草莓果实采后后贮运保鲜和抗氧化能力调控中具有潜在的应用前景。     

生长期喷钙提高锦橙果实品质及延长贮藏期

探讨钙对柑橘果实贮藏品质及衰老的影响,为合理调控柑橘钙素营养、延长果实的贮藏保鲜期提供理论和技术支撑。通过在北碚447锦橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv.Jincheng)生长的不同时期进行树体补钙,研究钙对果实贮藏品质及酶活性的影响。结果表明,在锦橙的生长期喷钙能提高果实钙含量,抑制果实贮藏过程中维生素C等物质的氧化分解,提高果实可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比,改善果实品质。不同时期喷钙均能提高果实中抗氧化酶(CAT、SOD)活性,降低细胞壁水解酶(PG、CX)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,减轻脂质过氧化程度,果胶的分解转化速度减慢,丙二醛、可溶性果胶的含量明显降低,从而维持果皮具有一定的强度,延缓了果实的衰老,降低烂果的发生率,延长了果实的贮藏保鲜期。其中以幼果期喷钙在提高果实钙含量、延长贮藏期等方面的效果较好,其次是果实膨大期喷钙,成熟期喷钙效果最差。在幼果期和果实膨大期喷钙是提高果实品质、延长采后果实贮藏保鲜期的重要措施。     

减压贮藏保持茭白采后品质及调控细胞壁物质代谢

为了明确减压贮藏对茭白的保鲜效果。以常压冷藏为对照,研究减压冷藏对“龙茭2号”茭白采后品质和细胞壁代谢的影响。减压贮藏可以较好的保持茭白壳的绿色,降低其失水,减轻木纤化,70～80 kPa压力效果较好。贮藏至第60天时,40～50和70～80 kPa处理组可溶性总糖（1.2%、1.5%）、维生素（Vc）的质量分数（2.8、3.94 mg/100g）和硬度（2.67和3.47 kg）都保持较高,对照组与70～80 kPa处理组差异显著;对照组和40～50kPa处理组过氧化物酶（peroxide enzyme,POD）的活性分别为70～80 kPa压力组的1.90和1.54倍;苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL）活性分别为70～80 kPa压力组的1.49和1.23倍,差异显著;70～80 kPa压力下水溶性果胶含量分别为对照组和40～50 kPa处理组的1.65和1.15倍,差异显著;70～80 kPa压力处理木质素质量分数为0.47%,对照组和40～50 kPa处理组分别为其1.6和0.98倍,与对照差异显著。2种压力水平相比较,70～80 kPa压力贮藏保鲜效果较好,经2个月的贮藏后,仍能保持较好的外观品质,可溶性总糖和Vc也保留在较高水平,POD、PAL和肉桂醇脱氢酶活性（cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase,CAD）的活性维持较低水平,木纤化程度较轻,保持了茭白独特的商品价值。     

Effect of 60Co-irradiation on postharvest quality and selected enzyme activities of Hypsizygus marmoreus fruit bodies

Hypsizygus marmoreus fruit bodies were exposed to different doses of (60)Co gamma-irradiation, stored at 4 degrees C and 65-70% relative humidity, and various physiological changes associated with postharvest deterioration, as well as the activities of selected enzymes widely considered to play a role in the process of senescence, were monitored over a subsequent storage period of 25 days. Exposure to 0.8 kGy irradiation was clearly beneficial in maintaining the postharvest appearance of the mushroom sporophores compared to non-irradiated samples and fruit bodies exposed to higher doses (1.2-2.0 kGy) of irradiation. Samples treated with 0.8 kGy also exhibited smaller initial declines in soluble protein, smaller increases in reducing sugar content, and lower levels of malondialdehyde accumulation during the early storage period. Smallest increases in proteinase activity were recorded in samples dosed with 0.8 and 2.0 kGy, and levels of superoxide dismutase were significantly higher in samples exposed to 0.8 kGy compared with non-irradiated controls. Large initial increases in catalase activity were detected in samples irradiated with 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 kGy and, although enzyme levels gradually decreased in all samples during further storage, residual levels after 25 days were still severalfold higher in irradiated samples compared with controls. The data increase the current understanding of the effects of gamma-irradiation on the biochemical changes associated with postharvest senescence and should lead to more targeted strategies for reducing postharvest quality loss in H. marmoreus and other mushrooms.     

基于酶动力学方程的双孢蘑菇气调贮藏呼吸速率模型

为了给气调贮藏设计提供理论设计依据,采用酶动力学方程,建立了双孢蘑菇呼吸速率随贮藏时间变化的理论模型;研究了在贮藏温度为5℃、气体体积分数为20%O_2、80%N2的贮藏条件下,贮藏时间对双孢蘑菇采后呼吸速率的影响,并建立了双孢蘑菇呼吸速率随贮藏时间变化的数学模型,模型决定系数R~2为0.9766、0.9331。模型与实测值进行配对T检验差异不显著(P0.05),呼吸速率值的绝对误差小于5 m L/(kg·h),相对误差变化范围为0.06%~24.95%。在已建模型基础上,研究不同贮藏温度(5、10、15、20℃)对已建模型参数的影响,利用Arrhenius方程来描述贮藏温度对果蔬呼吸速率的影响,建立了包含温度和贮藏时间因子的呼吸速率模型,模型决定系数R~2为0.9073、0.9350。验证试验结果表明,模型与实测值进行配对T检验差异不显著(P0.05),呼吸速率值的绝对误差小于17 m L/(kg·h),相对误差变化范围为1.00%~25.25%。该模型可为双孢蘑菇气调贮藏期间呼吸速率的预测及贮藏品质研究提供参考。     

臭氧结合拮抗酵母对草莓采后灰霉病的控制

为了寻找一种能够代替化学杀菌剂控制草莓采后病害的方法,试验研究了臭氧与罗伦隐球酵母（Cryptococcus laurentii (Ku?erath) Skinner）结合使用对草莓采后灰霉病的控制效果的影响。研究表明,臭氧处理能显著降低草莓采后灰霉病发病率、抑制草莓水果伤口处致病菌数目和抑制霉菌孢子的萌发。经过2 d的贮藏,臭氧处理与罗伦隐球酵母结合使用草莓灰霉病的发病率为29.63%,显著低于对照处理（70.37%）,同时也低于臭氧处理及罗伦隐球酵母单独处理的发病率（分别为48.15%和44.44%）。在20℃和4℃下培养,罗伦隐球酵母在水果伤口处能迅速地增长,并持续保持较高水平。臭氧处理与罗伦隐球酵母结合处理能诱导草莓果实的多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和b-1,3-葡聚糖酶（GLU）活性的提高,同时可以抑制脂氧合酶（LOX）活性的增加。     

Enhancing antioxidant, antiproliferation, and free radical scavenging activities in strawberries with essential oils

Several natural antimicrobial compounds derived from essential oils of plants were investigated for their efficacies in inhibiting decay and extending the shelf life of strawberries (Fragaria x ananassas Duch.). The severity of decay in strawberries stored at 10 degrees C was significantly reduced by treatment with thymol. Treatments with menthol or eugenol also suppressed the fungal growth, but to a lesser extent. All of these three natural antimicrobial compounds extended shelf life of strawberries as compared to the control. Strawberries treated with thymol, menthol, or eugenol also maintained better fruit quality with higher levels of sugars, organic acids, phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity than the untreated fruits. The free radical scavenging properties of strawberry fruit were evaluated against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH(.)), hydroxyl (HO(.)), and superoxide radicals (O2(.-)) using electron spin resonance measurements. Higher radical scavenging capacities were found against DPPH(.) and HO(.) in all treated fruit, particularly in berries treated with thymol, compared to those in the control groups. In addition, strawberry extracts were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities using HT-29 colon cancer cells. Extracts from all treated fruit exhibited significantly stronger inhibition on HT-29 cell proliferation than those from the control fruit. These data provide evidence that, in addition to possessing antimicrobial activity, the essential oils also increase free radical scavenging capacity and antiproliferative activity in fruit and, in turn, enhance the resistance of fruit tissues to deterioration and spoilage.     

Postharvest treatments with salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid or oxalic acid delayed ripening and enhanced bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in sweet cherry

Sweet cherry cultivars ('Cristalina' and 'Prime Giant') harvested at commercial ripening stage were treated with salicylic acid (SA), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or oxalic acid (OA) at 1 mM and then stored for 20 days under cold temperature. Results showed that all treatments delayed the postharvest ripening process, manifested by lower acidity, color changes and firmness losses, and maintained quality attributes for longer periods than controls. In addition, total phenolics, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity increased in untreated fruit during the first 10 days of storage and then decreased, while in fruits of all treatments, these parameters increased continuously during storage without significant differences among treatments. Thus, postharvest treatments with natural compounds, such as SA, ASA or OA, could be innovative tools to extend the storability of sweet cherry with higher content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity as compared with control fruits.     

超声波结合弱酸性电位水处理改善商熟期草莓采后品质

为了进一步发展草莓贮运保鲜技术,以商熟期的草莓为原料,研究了超声波、弱酸性电位水（slightly acidic electrolyzed water,SAEW）处理对其表面微生物数目和相关品质参数的影响。结果发现：超声波、SAEW及二者结合处理10 min分别使草莓表面初始菌落总数降低了0.52、1.07、1.29 lgCFU/g,霉菌和酵母总数降低了0.30、0.93、1.18 lgCFU/g,且处理后的样品表面微生物始终维持在相对较低的水平。另外,3种处理均改变了草莓贮藏中的呼吸特性,使其出现了呼吸高峰;第14天,超声结合SAEW处理使草莓的可溶性固形物、VC及花青素的含量提高了7.72%、10.53%、19.28%,促使样品表现出一个后熟的过程。同时,试验还发现,超声波处理能抑制草莓硬度的下降,SAEW则对样品硬度无影响。研究结果表明：超声波和SAEW处理不仅能抑制草莓表面微生物的生长,还能调节其贮藏期生理代谢,改善贮藏期间的品质。     

不同采收期对苹果常温贮藏品质和衰老的影响

以通辽地区的‘塞外红’苹果为试材,研究了生长发育期在116~134 d内的3个采收期果实常温(20±1)℃贮藏品质和软化衰老的变化,以确定‘塞外红’苹果的最佳采收成熟度和适宜采收期。结果表明,随着采收期的推迟,果实硬度逐渐降低,可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量逐渐升高,种子颜色逐渐变褐到全褐。随着贮藏时间的延长,3个采收期果实的硬度、维生素C和可滴定酸含量均逐渐下降,从采收到贮藏结束,采期Ⅰ果实的硬度一直保持最高,采期Ⅱ保持了果实较高的维生素C和可滴定酸含量,采期Ⅲ果实的可溶性固形物含量SSC一直保持最高。结果还表明,采期Ⅰ的果实常温贮藏期间虽然具有较高的原果胶和纤维素含量,而且抑制了可溶性果胶的生成,推迟了果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶PG活性和纤维素酶活性高峰,延缓了果实呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰的出现时间,但果实的外观色泽、口感和风味相对较差;采期Ⅲ的果实丙二醛和乙醇含量积累较多,果实衰老快。综合分析,采期Ⅱ的‘塞外红’苹果具有良好的内在品质、外观色泽和贮运性能。因此,建议通辽地区‘塞外红’苹果的采收期以9月5—10日为宜(可适当晚采1~2 d),采收成熟度参考标准为:果实生长发育天数123~128 d、果肉硬度11.0~11.5 kg/cm^2、SSC≥16.5%、种子的颜色3/4左右变褐、淀粉染色为4.5级左右。     

适宜1-MCP处理保持采后菠萝常温贮藏品质

为了探索1-MCP处理对采后菠萝生理及品质的影响,为菠萝贮藏保鲜措施提供理论依据。以‘巴厘’品种的菠萝果实为试材,采用适宜0.45μL/L体积分数的1-MCP对菠萝进行处理,置于25℃条件下贮藏,采用气相色谱定期测定乙烯释放量,并采用常规理化分析方法测定菠萝品质及相关生理指标。结果表明,1-MCP处理能延缓果实贮藏过程中乙烯的合成速率,与相同贮藏条件下的对照(未处理)果实相比,乙烯释放高峰推迟4 d;1-MCP处理可以延缓果实丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量的快速升高,同时对脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)酶活性起到抑制作用;与对照相比,1-MCP处理推迟了过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)等酶活性高峰的出现,并使POD、CAT、过氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)等保持较高的活性,可以有效延缓菠萝在贮藏期间的衰老进程,在贮藏14 d时,分别比对照高出22.30%、32.35%、36.67%,差异显著(P0.05);1-MCP还可减缓果实可滴定酸、维生素C等含量的下降,有助于保持果实的良好品质。1-MCP处理可抑制菠萝贮藏期的果实衰老进程,有利于保持果实品质,提高贮藏效果。研究结果将为菠萝贮藏保鲜措施提供参考。     

Active package for wild strawberry fruit (Fragaria vesca L.)

An antimicrobial active package has been developed to improve the safety and quality of wild strawberries, as well as extending their shelf life. The fruits were packed in equilibrium-modified atmosphere packaging (EMAP), and the effect on Botrytis cinerea growth and on the quality parameters of the fruit by the addition of different amounts of 2-nonanone, an antifungal volatile compound naturally present in strawberries, was investigated during storage at 10 and 22 degrees C. The temperature of 10 degrees C was chosen as the temperature used at points of sale, and 22 degrees C was chosen as the control temperature. Fungal growth was inhibited in all cases, possibly due to the synergistic effect of high CO2 partial pressures and the presence of the antifungal compound. Weight, soluble solids, titrable acidity, and anthocyanin losses were retarded by the presence of 2-nonanone. This effect was more pronounced as the 2-nonanone concentration was increased at both temperatures. Therefore, an active package that releases 2-nonanone inhibits fungal decay and delays the senescence of highly perishable wild strawberry fruit.     

双孢菇高氧动态气调保鲜参数优化

为提高双孢蘑菇保鲜效果,在(2±1)℃下采用高氧动态气调方法对双孢蘑菇进行贮藏试验,选取第1阶段不同O_2/CO_2比例的气体组分、换气时间、第2阶段不同O_2/CO_2比例的气体组分作为影响因素,考察双孢蘑菇贮藏过程中总色差ΔE、硬度以及感官品质的变化,对双孢蘑菇的动态气调参数进行优化。研究结果显示,第1阶段O_2比例高于80%时,可显著抑制双孢蘑菇ΔE的上升(P0.05);第2阶段80%O_2+20%CO_2气体组分,可使双孢蘑菇的ΔE显著低于其他处理,硬度显著高于其他处理(P0.05);而换气时间则影响较小。最优的动态气调条件为:第1阶段气体组分100%O_2,第3天换气,第2阶段气体组分80%O_2+20%CO_2,双孢蘑菇的ΔE、硬度值和感官品质评分分别为:19.40、6.84×105 Pa和9.52。将此最优动态气调运用于双孢蘑菇的保鲜,研究发现,与静态气调相比,该动态气调显著抑制了双孢蘑菇的呼吸速率与膜结构的损坏,维持了较高的过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性与较低的多酚氧化酶活性,有效抑制了贮藏过程中的酶促褐变,保持了较高的可溶性蛋白含量,并延长其保鲜期至28 d,提高了双孢蘑菇的耐贮性。     

1-MCP负压渗透处理对鲜枣贮藏期间生理及抗氧化能力的影响

以山东大瓜枣为试材,研究1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）负压渗透处理对鲜枣贮藏期间生理指标及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明：1-MCP处理可以维持鲜枣果实体内较低的活性氧水平（H2O2）,提高果实自身抗氧化能力（T-AOC、OH·、O2·-、DPPH）,维持果实自身的抗氧化物质抗坏血酸（AsA）及总酚含量;1-MCP处理对果实过氧化氢酶（CAT）呈现抑制表达作用,而对于抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和过氧化物酶（POD）则有一定的激活作用。     

H(2)O(2)-mediated pigment decay in strawberry as a model system for studying color alterations in processed plant foods.

Phenolic and pigment (anthocyanin) stability in processing-ripe strawberries in response to aging under mildly oxidizing conditions, provoked by exogenous application of H(2)O(2), has been studied to design a simplified model system to study color alterations (pigment decay) that occur in strawberry-derived foods during processing and storage. The results showed that phenolic metabolism in strawberry slices during aging under mildly oxidizing conditions may be either oxidative (independent of exogenous H(2)O(2)) or peroxidative (dependent on exogenous H(2)O(2)), and that feeding strawberry slices with H(2)O(2) stimulates the oxidative phenomena which take place in their absence, such as the processes of anthocyanin and catechin degradation. The results also showed that because both (+)-catechin and anthocyanin levels in strawberry slices fall as H(2)O(2) increases, both p-hydroxybenzoic acid and brown polymeric compounds are formed. Comparison of these results with controls in the absence of H(2)O(2) suggests that peroxidase may play an important role in catechin consumption and in anthocyanin degradation and brown polymer formation during the aging of strawberry slices under mildly oxidizing conditions.     

高压电场处理对贮藏番茄活性氧代谢的调节

为探讨高压电场调控采后果实成熟衰老的作用机理,研究了交变电场和稳恒电场处理对采后番茄活性氧代谢的影响。试验结果表明：交变电场处理可诱导贮藏前期番茄超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,延缓贮藏后期SOD活性上升和CAT活性下降;稳恒电场处理对酶活性的诱导不显著。两种电场处理均延缓了过氧化物酶（POD）活性高峰出现的时间。稳恒电场处理果实整个贮藏过程中保持了高水平的抗坏血酸（AsA）以及还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量。整个贮藏期间高压电场处理均显著抑制了番茄过氧化氢含量以及超氧阴离子的产生。     

Antioxidant systems and their relationship with the response of pepper fruits to storage at 20 degrees C

Fresh peppers (Capsicum annuum L., variety California) in their green and red ripe stages were stored at 20 degrees C for 7 and 19 days to determine the effects of storage on whole fruit antioxidant capacity (TAA) and ascorbate (ASC) content, as well as on some antioxidant enzyme activities, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and those of the ASC-glutathione cycle. At least one Mn-SOD, two Fe-SODs, and three CuZn-SODs were detected in the fruit extract after native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All of the SOD isozymes and glutathione reductase had higher activity levels in the red control fruits than in the green fruits, whereas the activities of monodehydroascorbate and dehydroascorbate reductase were higher in green fruits. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was found to be similar in both fruits. SODs, CAT, and APX seem to be involved in pepper fruit ripening and senescence during storage at 20 degrees C, perhaps influencing the active oxygen species levels in the fruit. TAA, as well as the ASC content, was higher in red peppers than in green, and storage increased the ASC in both green and red fruits.     

天然植物提取物在果蔬保鲜中应用研究进展

农产品采后保鲜始终是关系到农业可持续发展的重要问题，采用天然植物提取物对果蔬进行保鲜可以减少化学合成杀菌剂对人类健康的不良影响，并有效防止植物病原菌的抗药性。能够应用到果蔬贮藏保鲜中的天然植物提取物主要是天然香辛料和部分中草药, 其提取物对果蔬贮藏保鲜过程中的主要病原菌具有较强的抑制作用。天然防腐保鲜剂的活性成分大多是挥发性精油，主要通过作用于微生物的细胞膜或者能量代谢途径达到抗菌效果。天然植物提取物在果蔬保鲜中的主要应用方式有浸蘸、熏蒸、喷洒或与保鲜纸及涂膜剂等载体相结合，但目前尚缺乏成熟的产业化应用技术。发展植物源果蔬保鲜剂的未来研究应集中于确定植物提取物的活性成分与构效关系，以及产业化应用的系统工程技术。     

不同采后处理对翠冠梨果实品质的影响

为探讨不同采后处理对翠冠梨果实生理生化变化的影响,筛选出适宜翠冠梨果实常温贮藏的保鲜技术,本试验以翠冠梨果实为试验材料,研究0.25 μL·L^-1 1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理、2.0%氯化钙处理和1.5%壳聚糖处理对20℃模拟转货架条件下翠冠梨果实品质变化的影响。结果表明,0.25 μL·L^-1 1-MCP处理、2.0%氯化钙处理和1.5%壳聚糖涂膜处理能够显著降低货架期间翠冠梨果实腐烂率和失重率,推迟呼吸峰值的出现,使果实硬度、可溶性糖含量(TSC)、可滴定酸(TA)含量和维生素C(Vc)含量维持较高水平;同时,3种处理均能够有效减缓梨果实色泽褐变速度,抑制多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,降低膜相对透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,延缓过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的降低。主成分分析(PCA)表明,1.5%壳聚糖涂膜处理对翠冠梨常温货架期的保鲜效果最佳,其次为0.25 μL·L^-1 1-MCP处理、2.0%氯化钙处理。本研究结果为采后处理在翠冠梨果实常温贮藏的应用提供了理论依据。