Molecular Diagnostics, Taxonomy, and Phylogeny of the Stem Nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci Species Complex Based on the Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer-rDNA

ABSTRACT The stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci is of great economic importance worldwide as a parasite of agricultural crops and horticultural plants. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA from 23 populations of the D. dipsaci complex from various host plants were amplified and sequenced. Seven previously studied populations were also included in the study. The phylogenetic analysis of the full ITS and ITS2 sequence alignments using minimum evolution, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference under the complex model of DNA evolution revealed trees with two main clades: (i) D. dipsaci sensu stricto with diploid chromosome numbers and comprising most isolates from agricultural, ornamental, and several wild plants, and (ii) Ditylenchus spp. with polyploid chromosome numbers, reproductively isolated from diploid populations, and subdivided into six subclades ("giant race" from Vicia faba, Ditylenchus species parasitizing various Asteraceae, and a Ditylenchus sp. from Plantago maritima). Using the energy minimization approach and comparative sequence analysis, it has been found that the secondary structure of ditylenchid ITS2 is organized in three main domains. The importance of knowledge on the RNA structure for phylogenetic analysis is discussed. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR with SYBR green dye I with a species specific primer have been developed for detection and quantification of D. dipsaci sensu stricto Validation tests revealed a rather high correlation between real numbers of fourth-stage juveniles of the stem nematodes in a sample and expected numbers detected by real-time PCR. Problems of accuracy of quantification are discussed.     

Genetic differentiation in the French population of Erysiphe cichoracearum, a causal agent of powdery mildew of cucurbits

The relative incidence of Erysiphe cichoracearum and Sphaerotheca fuliginea , both agents of powdery mildew of cucurbits, was determined from 275 samples of mildewed leaves of cucurbits collected in 1994 from five regions of France. E. cichoracearum was identified in 9 to 39% of the mildewed leaf samples from four of the regions but was not detected in samples from the Mediterranean island of Corsica. The genetic structure of the French population of E. cichoracearum was examined using RFLPs of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers amplified by PCR, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, pathogenicity and mating-type tests. Forty-one isolates, including one from England, were analysed. Cluster analysis from 147 RAPD fragments using 16 primers revealed the existence of three distinct genetic lineages corresponding to three rDNA haplotypes (designated groups A, B and C). Bootstrap, genetic diversity, gametic disequilibrium and private allele analyses supported this differentiation. The genetic differentiation observed in the French population was not related to the geographical origin of the isolates. Group A isolates may be more specialized on melon as, with one exception, they were of race 1 (growth on four of the five melon cultivars tested) in comparison with group B and C isolates, which were of race 0 (growth on IranH only). Thus, the genetic differentiation observed may indicate a host-specialized subdivision within the French population of E. cichoracearum from cucurbits. Gametic disequilibrium analysis among RAPD loci and biological observations suggest that the sexual stage is of minor importance for epidemics of E. cichoracearum on cucurbits.     

The use of pectic enzymes in the characterization of Armillaria isolates from Africa

Isozyme analysis has been used to compare 26 tropical African and 26 European Armillaria isolates from a wide range of geographic regions and host plants. Pectic enzymes from culture filtrates, especially pectin lyase (PL) and pectin methylesterase (PME), were particularly useful in grouping the isolates. Isolates from Africa previously classified as either A. heimii or A. mellea were compared with three Zimbabwean groups, previously distinguished by their morphological and biochemical properties. Group I isolates from Zimbabwe resembled A. heimii isolates, while groups II and III from Zimbabwe, and A. mellea from Kenya, formed distinct groups. The African A. mellea group was absent from isolates collected in Zimbabwe. Five European Armillaria species ( A. tabescens A. mellea A. gallica A. ostoyae A. cepistipes ) also showed species-specific pectic enzyme patterns. Thirteen isolates of A. mellea sensu stricto collected from four European countries showed almost identical PL and PME patterns, but these patterns were quite distinct from those of isolates from Africa previously referred to as A. mellea , indicating that this species is not identical to A. mellea sensu stricto. These observations confirm the potential use of pectic enzymes in grouping Armillaria species.     

Evolution of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Races Inferred from Multigene Genealogies

ABSTRACT Fusarium wilt of cotton is a serious fungal disease responsible for significant yield losses throughout the world. Evolution of the causal organism Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, including the eight races described for this specialized form, was studied using multigene genealogies. Partial sequences of translation elongation factor (EF-1alpha), nitrate reductase (NIR), phosphate permase (PHO), and the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) rDNA were sequenced in 28 isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum selected to represent the global genetic diversity of this forma specialis. Results of a Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Templeton test indicated that sequences of the four genes could be combined. In addition, using combined data from EF-1alpha and mtSSU rDNA, the phylogenetic origin of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum within the F. oxysporum complex was evaluated by the Kishino-Hasegawa likelihood test. Results of this test indicated the eight races of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum appeared to be nonmonophyletic, having at least two independent, or polyphyletic, evolutionary origins. Races 3 and 5 formed a strongly supported clade separate from the other six races. The combined EF-1alpha, NIR, PHO, and mtSSU rDNA sequence data from the 28 isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum recovered four lineages that correlated with differences in virulence and geographic origin: lineage I contained race 3, mostly from Egypt, and race 5 from Sudan; lineage II contained races 1, 2, and 6 from North and South America and Africa; lineage III contained race 8 from China; and lineage IV contained isolates of races 4 and 7 from India and China, respectively.     

The life cycle of haemogregarina bigemina (Adeleina: Haemogregarinidae) in South African hosts.

Haemogregarina bigemina Laveran et Mesnil, 1901 was examined in marine fishes and the gnathiid isopod, Gnathia africana Barnard, 1914 in South Africa. Its development in fishes was similar to that described previously for this species. Gnathiids taken from fishes with H. bigemina, and prepared sequentially over 28 days post feeding (d.p.f.), contained stages of syzygy, immature and mature oocysts, sporozoites and merozoites of at least three types. Sporozoites, often five in number, formed from each oocyst from 9 d.p.f. First-generation merozoites appeared in small numbers at 11 d.p.f., arising from small, rounded meronts. Mature, second-generation merozoites appeared in large clusters within gut tissue at 18 d.p.f. They were presumed to arise from fan-shaped meronts, first observed at 11 d.p.f. Third-generation merozoites were the shortest, and resulted from binary fission of meronts, derived from second-generation merozoites. Gnathiids taken from sponges within rock pools contained only gamonts and immature oocysts. It is concluded that the development of H. bigemina in its arthropod host illustrates an affinity with Hemolivia and one species of Hepatozoon. However, the absence of sporokinctes and sporocysts also distances it from these genera, and from Karyolysus. Furthermore, H. bigemina produces fewer sporozoites than Cyrilia and Desseria, although, as in Desseria, Haemogregarina (sensu stricto) and Babesiosoma, post-sporogonic production of merozoites occurs in the invertebrate host. The presence of intraerythrocytic binary fission in its fish host means that H. bigemina is not a Desseria. Overall it most closely resembles Haemogregarina (sensu stricto) in its development, although the match is not exact.     

Multigene phylogenetic analysis of inter- and intraspecific relationships in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Venturia nashicola</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">V. pirina</Emphasis>

Isolates of Venturia species isolated from pear in Japan, China, Taiwan and Israel were used in this study to analyze their molecular phylogenetic relationship. The nucleotides of rDNA-ITS, partial β-tubulin and elongation factor 1α genes were sequenced directly after PCR. Based on these sequence data two phylogenetic groups could be distinguished. Isolates collected from Asian pears such as Japanese and Chinese pears formed a distinct evolutionary lineage from those derived from European and Syrian pears. This result corroborated the early taxonomic separation of V. nashicola from V. pirina. In addition, trees from single-locus data sets and the combined data set showed that all isolates of V. nashicola were included in a monophyletic group and representative isolates of five pathological races originating from different locations and cultivars formed a single lineage. In contrast, two distinct evolutionary lineages were revealed in V. pirina and isolates of five races were scattered in two lineages. Israeli isolates of race 2 as well as two Japanese isolates of V. pirina formed a distinct lineage from other isolates of this species, while other Israeli isolates belonging to races 1, 3, 4, and 5 were closely related to each other and formed another lineage. It was indicated that the evolution of pathological races in V. nashicola might have occurred relatively recently as compared with V. pirina.     

Relationship between Loci conferring downy mildew and powdery mildew resistance in melon assessed by quantitative trait Loci mapping

ABSTRACT Partial resistance to downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) and complete resistance to powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii races 1, 2, 3, and 5 and Golovinomyces cichoracearum race 1) were studied using a recombinant inbred line population between 'PI 124112' (resistant to both diseases) and 'Védrantais' (susceptible line). A genetic map of melon was constructed to tag these resistances with DNA markers. Natural and artificial inoculations of Pseudoperonospora cubensis were performed and replicated in several locations. One major quantitative trait loci (QTL), pcXII.1, was consistently detected among the locations and explained between 12 to 38% of the phenotypic variation for Pseudoperonospora cubensis resistance. Eight other Pseudoperonospora cubensis resistance QTL were identified. Artificial inoculations were performed with several strains of four races of Podosphaera xanthii and one race of G. cichoracearum. Two independent major genes, PmV.1 and PmXII.1, were identified and shown to be involved in the simple resistance to powdery mildew. Three digenic epistatic interactions involving four loci were detected for two races of Podosphaera xanthii and one race of G. cichoracearum. Co-localization between PmV.1, resistance genes, and resistance genes homologues was observed. Linkage between the major resistance QTL to Pseudoperonospora cubensis, pcXII.1, and one of the two resistance genes to powdery mildew, PmXII.1, was demonstrated.     

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Consists of a Small Number of Divergent and Globally Distributed Clonal Lineages

ABSTRACT A worldwide collection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense was analyzed using anonymous, single-copy, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci. Several lines of evidence indicated that this pathogen has a clonal population structure. Of the 165 isolates examined, only 72 RFLP haplotypes were identified, and nearly half the isolates were represented by the five most common haplotypes. Individuals with identical haplotypes were geographically dispersed, and clone-corrected tests of gametic disequilibrium indicated significant nonrandom association among pairs of alleles for 34 of 36 loci tested. Parsimony analysis divided haplotypes into two major branches (bootstrap value = 99%) that together contained eight clades supported by significant bootstrap values. With the exception of two isolates, all isolates within a vegetative compatibility group were in the same clade and clonal lineage. Clonal lineages were defined by isolates having coefficients of similarity between 0.94 and 1.00. Ten clonal lineages were identified, and the two largest lineages had pantropical distribution. Minor lineages were found only in limited geographical regions. Isolates composing one lineage (FOC VII) may represent either an ancient genetic exchange between individuals in the two largest lineages or an ancestral group. The two largest lineages (FOC I and FOC II) and a lineage from East Africa (FOC V) are genetically distinct; each may have acquired the ability to be pathogenic on banana independently.     

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis and Internal Transcribed Spacer and coxII Sequences Reveal a Species Boundary Within Pythium irregulare

ABSTRACT Pythium irregulare is a plant-pathogenic oomycete that causes significant damage to a variety of crops, including ornamentals and vegetables. Morphological as well as molecular studies have reported high levels of genetic diversity within P. irregulare sensu lato which has raised the question as to whether it is a single species or is actually a complex of morphologically similar (cryptic) species. In this study, we used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting and DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal genes (ITS region) and a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene and the spacer region between coxI and coxII to characterize 68 isolates of P. irregulare from the United States. The ITS sequence of a P. irregulare neotype at the CBS collection as well as ITS and coxII sequences for P. irregulare, P. spinosum, and P. sylvaticum from previous studies were included in our analysis. Cluster analysis identified a 19-isolate group (IR-II) that separated itself from the rest of the sample (IR-I). Population structure and sequence analyses supported the distinction of IR-I and IR-II and identified IR-II as P. irregulare sensu stricto. IR-I was designated Pythium sp. clade IR-I. Two insertion/deletion mutations and nine nucleotide substitutions in the ITS region and three in the sequence of coxII and the adjacent spacer region separated the two species. Additionally, they differed significantly (P > 0.01) in the frequency of 182 (77%) AFLP alleles. Gene flow results suggested that P. irregulare sensu stricto and Pythium sp. clade IR-I are cryptic species capable of exchanging favorable alleles (Nm = 0.72).     

Three evolutionary lineages of tomato wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, based on sequences of IGS, MAT1, and pg1, are each composed of isolates of a single mating type and a single or closely related vegetative compatibility group

Three evolutionary lineages of the tomato wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici were found among a worldwide sample of isolates based on phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer region. Each lineage consisted of isolates mainly belonging to a single or closely related vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and a single mating type (MAT). The first lineage (A1) was composed of isolates VCG 0031 and MAT1-1; the second (A2) included VCG 0030 and/or 0032 and MAT1-1; and the third (A3) included VCG 0033 and MAT1-2. Race 1 and race 2 isolates belonged to the A1 or A2 lineages, and race 3 belonged to A2 or A3 lineages, suggesting that there is no correlation between race and lineage. However, for the isolates from Japan, race 1 (with one exception), race 2, and race 3 isolates belonged to A2, A1, and A3 lineages, respectively. These results suggest that the races could have evolved independently in each lineage; and in Japan the present races were likely to have been introduced independently after they had evolved in other locations.     

Genetic Structure of Magnaporthe grisea Populations Associated with St. Augustinegrass and Tall Fescue in Georgia

ABSTRACT Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were used to estimate phylogenetic relationships within Magnaporthe grisea and determine the genetic structure of M. grisea populations associated with tall fescue and St. Augustinegrass in Georgia. Sixteen clonal lineages were identified in a sample population of 948 isolates. Five lineages were isolated from tall fescue (E, G1, G2, G4, and H), with lineage G4 comprising 90% of the population. Isolates from tall fescue were closely related to those from perennial ryegrass, weeping lovegrass, and wheat. Two M. grisea lineages were isolated from St. Augustinegrass (C and K), with lineage C comprising 99.8% of the population. Populations from crabgrass were dominated (98%) by lineage K, but also contained a single lineage C isolate. Haplotype diversity indices ranged from 0.00 to 0.29 in tall fescue populations and from 0.00 to 0.04 in St. Augustinegrass populations. Selection due to host species was the primary factor determining population structure according to analysis of molecular variance; host cultivar and geographical region had no significant effect. The host range of M. grisea lineages from turfgrasses was determined in growth chamber experiments and supports the prominent role of host species in determining the genetic structure of M. grisea populations from turfgrasses in Georgia.     

Genetic and Phenotypic Diversity in the Graminaceous Cyst Nematode Complex, Inferred from PCR-RFLP of Ribosomal DNA and Morphometric Analysis

Graminaceous cyst nematodes form a group of eleven valid species including Heterodera avenae, Heterodera filipjevi and Heterodera latipons and constitute major pests to cereals. They are widely spread in circum-mediterranean areas where they are presumed to cause yield losses on bread and durum wheat. The objective was to document the diversity of these cereal cyst nematodes, in particular samples from Mediterranean regions, in comparison to species which develop on cultivated or wild grasses (H. arenaria, H. hordecalis, H. mani) and on rice or sugarcane (H. sacchari). Studies involved PCR-RFLP of ITS and morphometrics of the juvenile and cyst characters. UPGMA analysis of molecular data showed that the isolates segregated in two main clusters which seem to represent different evolutionary lineages. The H. avenae sensu lato cluster (I) contained H. arenaria, H. avenae, H. filipjevi and H. mani. The second cluster (II) contained isolates of H. hordecalis and H. latipons. Within H. avenae sensu lato, H. filipjevi was separated from the other related species with significant bootstrap value. The differentiation of H. arenaria, recognized for the first time based on molecular data, and H. mani with few restriction enzymes were the least significant. Intraspecific polymorphism allowed differentiation of isolates originating from Australia within H. avenae sensu stricto. The group H. hordecalis–H. latipons showed the greatest genetic variability between and within isolates. Two representatives of Heterodera sacchari, taxonomically included in the schachtiigrave group, were genetically as distant to this group as to the other graminaceous species belonging to either H. avenae sensu lato or H. hordecalis–H. latipons group. Results inferred from multivariate analysis applied on morphometrics of the cysts and juveniles showed agreement between genetic and phenotypic classifications. This study demonstrates the utility of combined molecular and classical methods to enhance our knowledge about the diversity within the complex of graminaceous cyst nematodes and to establish robust techniques to identify a wider set of nematode species.     

基于SSR序列的江西省不同生态地区稻瘟病菌遗传多样性分析

为明确江西省稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae群体遗传结构及其多样性水平,选用13对SSR引物对分离自5个不同生态地理县(市)水稻穗颈瘟标样的稻瘟病菌单孢菌株的全基因组进行PCR扩增,利用最长距离法和POPGENE 32生物学软件对其进行聚类分析和群体遗传多样性分析。结果显示,共分离获得189株稻瘟病菌菌株,13对SSR引物对其均能扩增出1条大小相同且清晰的条带,多态性位点百分率高达100.00%。供试189株稻瘟病菌菌株在相似系数为0.74时可划分为15个遗传宗谱,其中宗谱JXL01包含71株菌株,占总菌株数的37.57%,为优势宗谱;宗谱JXL02、JXL14为亚优势宗谱,分别包含31、26株菌株,占总菌株数的16.40%和13.76%;宗谱JXL03、JXL08、JXL10为次要宗谱,包含10～17株菌株;其它9个宗谱为小宗谱,包含菌株都在5株以下。在群体水平上,来源于不同生态型地区的5个稻瘟病菌群体的Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.375,Shannon信息指数为0.558,具有丰富的遗传多样性,且群体间差异较大;这5个种群基于非加权配对平均法大多聚为一类,种群遗传谱系与地理区域分布呈一定相关性,群体遗传多样性均值为0.373,存在一定的遗传分化,且群体内多样性大于群体间多样性,总遗传变异的64.56%存在于群体内。表明江西省稻瘟病菌群体结构既包含明显的优势宗谱,又存在复杂多变的特异性小宗谱,遗传多样性丰富,且与地理分布有一定的相关性。     

Lyme borreliosis: insights into tick-/host-borrelia relations

Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a serious infectious disease of humans and some domestic animals in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is caused by certain spirochetes in the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) species complex. The complex consists of 11 species (genospecies). Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii are the major agents of human disease. Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. species are transmitted mainly by ticks belonging to the Ixodes ricinus species complex plus a few additional species not currently assigned to the complex. B. burgdorferi infections may produce an acute or chronic disease with a wide array of clinical symptoms such as erythema migrans (EM), carditis, arthritis, neuroborreliosis, and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA). Differences in LB spirochetes 'genospecies' and strains/isolates determine the occurrence and severity of this multi-system disease. Accurate and reliable identification of the LB spirochetes in ticks as well as knowledge of their prevalence are essential for prevention against the disease and development of an effective vaccine. An overview of the knowledge of molecular factors with emphasis on potential protein-carbohydrate interactions in the tick-borrelia system is the main focus of this review.     

Genetic diversity of the ordinary strain of Potato virus Y (PVY) and origin of recombinant PVY strains

The ordinary strain of Potato virus Y (PVY), PVY(O), causes mild mosaic in tobacco and induces necrosis and severe stunting in potato cultivars carrying the Ny gene. A novel substrain of PVY(O) was recently reported, PVY(O)-O5, which is spreading in the United States and is distinguished from other PVY(O) isolates serologically (i.e., reacting to the otherwise PVY(N)-specific monoclonal antibody 1F5). To characterize this new PVY(O)-O5 subgroup and address possible reasons for its continued spread, we conducted a molecular study of PVY(O) and PVY(O)-O5 isolates from a North American collection of PVY through whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. In all, 44 PVY(O) isolates were sequenced, including 31 from the previously defined PVY(O)-O5 group, and subjected to whole-genome analysis. PVY(O)-O5 isolates formed a separate lineage within the PVY(O) genome cluster in the whole-genome phylogenetic tree and represented a novel evolutionary lineage of PVY from potato. On the other hand, the PVY(O) sequences separated into at least two distinct lineages on the whole-genome phylogenetic tree. To shed light on the origin of the three most common PVY recombinants, a more detailed phylogenetic analysis of a sequence fragment, nucleotides 2,406 to 5,821, that is present in all recombinant and nonrecombinant PVY(O) genomes was conducted. The analysis revealed that PVY(N:O) and PVY(N-Wi) recombinants acquired their PVY(O) segments from two separate PVY(O) lineages, whereas the PVY(NTN) recombinant acquired its PVY(O) segment from the same lineage as PVY(N:O). These data suggest that PVY(N:O) and PVY(N-Wi) recombinants originated from two separate recombination events involving two different PVY(O) parental genomes, whereas the PVY(NTN) recombinants likely originated from the PVY(N:O) genome via additional recombination events.     

Molecular characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ditylenchus dipsaci</Emphasis> on Onion in Turkey

Ditylenchus dipsaci is a species complex including diploid and polyploid individuals. The onion race of D. dipsaci is a sensu stricto group and has a wide range of host spectrum. Identification of the D. dipsaci onion race is difficult using morphological and morphometrical methods. Species specific primers are mostly used in molecular approaches for identification of D. dipsaci populations. Fifty one morphologically selected Ditylenchus spp. populations from onion production areas in Turkey were subjected to molecular identification using four D. dipsaci species specific primer sets (PF1-PR1, PF2-PR2, DdpS1-rDNA2, DitNF1- rDNA2, H05-H06) targeting 5.8S and 18S rDNA, ITS1 and flanking ITS regions. Thirty nine percent of the nematode samples were positive with four primers tested, while four of the nematode samples gave specific bands with H05-H06 primers. Ditylenchus dipsaci sensu stricto was identified with specific primer sets in Adana, Hatay, Tekirdag, Bursa, Aksaray, Karaman, Eskisehir and Ankara provinces in Mediterranean, Trace, Aegean and Central Regions in Turkey.     

Potential of sexual reproduction among host-adapted populations of Phytophthora infestans sensu lato in Ecuador

To determine the potential of sexual reproduction among host-adapted populations of Phytophthora infestans sensu lato in Ecuador, 13 A1 isolates belonging to clonal lineages US-1, EC-1 and EC-3, and 11 A2 isolates belonging to the clonal lineage EC-2, were paired on agar plates to induce crossing. In the first experiment, six A1 isolates (three US-1, two EC-1 and one EC-3) were each crossed with three A2 isolates (total = 18 crosses). Matings involving isolates of the EC-1 lineage produced more oospores of healthy appearance than did matings with isolates of US-1 or EC-3. In the second experiment, the oospores of 35 crosses (21 EC-1 × EC-2; 10 US-1 × EC-2; four EC-3 × EC-2) were dispersed on water agar to assess oospore germination. Overall, germination percentages were low. Only one cross produced enough progeny for evaluation. Twenty-three single-oospore offspring were isolated and evaluated for mating type; electrophoretic patterns of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase ( Gpi ) and peptidase ( Pep ) alloenzyme loci; mitochondrial DNA haplotype; and genomic DNA fingerprint. Multilocus genotype data indicated that all 23 isolates resulted from meiotic recombination. Four progeny with homothallic phenotype appeared to be unstable heterokaryons. Markers at several loci segregated according to simple Mendelian expectations for a diploid organism, but the ratios of three RFLP loci and the Pep locus were not consistent with Mendelian expectations. All progeny were nonpathogenic on hosts of the parental genotypes. Reduced mating success and reduced pathogenic fitness of progeny appear to be postmating mechanisms of reproductive isolation in populations of P. infestans sensu lato in Ecuador.     

Temperature Effects on Developmental Stages of Isolates from Three Clonal Lineages of Phytophthora infestans

ABSTRACT Sporangia germination of Phytophthora infestans isolates belonging to three clonal lineages (US-1, -7, and -8) was assessed at temperatures ranging from 10 to 25 degrees C. At 10 degrees C there were no significant differences in germination percents among US-1, -7, and -8. At 18 or 20 degrees C US-7 and -8 had significantly lower germination percents than US-1. At 21, 24, or 25 degrees C all clonal lineages had low germination percents. Sporangia of the US-7 and -8 lineages germinated more quickly at 15 degrees C (P = 0.001) during the first 2 h than did the US-1 lineage. The incubation period (IP), lesion area (LA), and sporulation per unit of lesion area (SPU) of the isolates were assessed on inoculated detached leaflets of susceptible potato cv. Norchip kept at 10, 15, 20, or 25 degrees C. In general, IP declined exponentially and LA increased exponentially with increasing temperatures. SPU had a quadratic shape, with the maximum at 15 degrees C. Averaged over all temperatures, the US-7 lineage had the shortest IP (59.3 h compared to 66.4 h for US-1 [P = 0.012] and 71.7 h for US-8 [P = 0.026]). Again, averaged over all temperatures, the US-8 lineage had a larger LA (P = 0.030) than US-1. There was no significant difference between US-7 and -1 for LA. There were no significant differences among lineages in terms of SPU. These results indicate that clonal lineages differ from each other in epidemiological attributes, but the differences can be complex.     

粳籼89穗颈瘟分离菌株的致病力及遗传宗谱研究

通过对粳籼89的穗颈瘟分离菌株的致病力及遗传宗谱研究,结果表明:(1)粳籼89分离菌株的小种类型复杂,既有籼型小种如ZA1、ZB1、ZB5、ZB13、ZC13等,又有粳型小种如ZD5、ZG1等;(2)该类菌株的致病力存在不稳定性,同一菌株不同时间接种,鉴别寄主上表现的小种类型不同,对其他主栽水稻品种或抗源的致病力也表现不同,但这些菌株无论何时接种到粳籼89上均能使其表现感病,病级在4级以上;(3)该类菌株接种到粳籼89衍生品种或其他粳籼杂交后代上,一般能侵染这类品种;(4)利用RFLP技术,采用探针MGR586与限制性内切酶EcoRI组合对病菌进行DAN指纹分析,结果16个粳籼89分离菌株被分在2个相邻的遗传宗谱里,即宗谱1(9个菌株)和宗谱2(7个菌株),这两个宗谱恰好是广东的优势宗谱。