Plio-Pleistocene ice volume, Antarctic climate, and the global delta18O record

We propose that from approximately 3 to 1 million years ago, ice volume changes occurred in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, each controlled by local summer insolation. Because Earth's orbital precession is out of phase between hemispheres, 23,000-year changes in ice volume in each hemisphere cancel out in globally integrated proxies such as ocean delta18O or sea level, leaving the in-phase obliquity (41,000 years) component of insolation to dominate those records. Only a modest ice mass change in Antarctica is required to effectively cancel out a much larger northern ice volume signal. At the mid-Pleistocene transition, we propose that marine-based ice sheet margins replaced terrestrial ice margins around the perimeter of East Antarctica, resulting in a shift to in-phase behavior of northern and southern ice sheets as well as the strengthening of 23,000-year cyclicity in the marine delta18O record.     

Mixed-layer deepening during Heinrich events: a multi-planktonic foraminiferal delta18O approach

Proxies from Greenland ice cores and North Atlantic marine sediment cores document repeated extreme climate swings of a few decades to millennia during the last glacial cycle, including periods of intense ice rafting called Heinrich events (HEs). We have found similar oxygen isotope variations recorded in mixed-layer-and thermocline-dwelling planktonic foraminifera during HEs 0, 1, and 4, suggesting that three foraminiferal taxa calcified their shells at similar temperatures in a homogenized upperwater column. This implies that the surface mixed layer was deeper during HEs. Similar deepening occurred on the northern margin of the ice-rafted-debris belt, implying that these deep mixed layers during HEs were widespread in the region. We suggest that an increase in storminess during HEs intensified the vertical mixing of meltwater from ice rafting in the upper ocean.     

The salinity,temperature, and delta18O of the glacial deep ocean

We use pore fluid measurements of the chloride concentration and the oxygen isotopic composition from Ocean Drilling Program cores to reconstruct salinity and temperature of the deep ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Our data show that the temperatures of the deep Pacific, Southern, and Atlantic oceans during the LGM were relatively homogeneous and within error of the freezing point of seawater at the ocean's surface. Our chloride data show that the glacial stratification was dominated by salinity variations, in contrast with the modern ocean, for which temperature plays a primary role. During the LGM the Southern Ocean contained the saltiest water in the deep ocean. This reversal of the modern salinity contrast between the North and South Atlantic implies that the freshwater budget at the poles must have been quite different. A strict conversion of mean salinity at the LGM to equivalent sea-level change yields a value in excess of 140 meters. However, the storage of fresh water in ice shelves and/or groundwater reserves implies that glacial salinity is a poor predictor of mean sea level.     

Simulations of atmospheric variability induced by sea surface temperatures and implications for global warming

An atmospheric general circulation model was forced with observed interannual changes in the global sea surface temperatures (SSTs) for the period 1982 to 1993. The simulated seasonal surface air temperature patterns over land areas closely resemble the observed. Over most of the globe, the patterns also resemble those associated with EI Ni?o events and are also reproduced in simulations with weak warm tropical SSTs near the date line. An exception is northern Asia, where the mechanisms for the observed warming are unclear. The results suggest that enhanced air-sea interactions resulting from recent, more persistent warm oceanic conditions in the tropics contributed to the observed global warming trend during this period.     

秘鲁外海茎柔鱼产量分布及其与表温关系的初步研究

根据2004年1-12月我国鱿钓船在东南太平洋海域茎柔鱼的生产统计和表温数据,按经纬度1°×1°的格式利用Marine Exlporer4.0软件,对其各月产量、平均日产量的分布以及与表温的关系进行分析。结果表明,1-7月产量主要集中在14°~17°S、80°~84°W海域,8-9月在9°~11°S、81°~83°W海域,12月在14°S以南海域。由此判断,作业渔场随月份进行西北-东南方向移动。全年都有较高的平均日产量,主渔汛为5-12月。作业渔场的适宜表温为18~22℃、24~25℃,其结果经过K-S检验。但适宜表温随季节发生变化。     

Climate change record in subsurface temperatures: A global perspective

Analyses of underground temperature measurements from 358 boreholes in eastern North America, central Europe, southern Africa, and Australia indicate that, in the 20th century, the average surface temperature of Earth has increased by about 0.5 degreesC and that the 20th century has been the warmest of the past five centuries. The subsurface temperatures also indicate that Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 1.0 degreesC over the past five centuries. The geothermal data offer an independent confirmation of the unusual character of 20th-century climate that has emerged from recent multiproxy studies.     

秘鲁外海茎柔鱼产量分布及其与表温关系的初步研究

根据2004年1-12月我国鱿钓船在东南太平洋海域茎柔鱼的生产统计和表温数据,按经纬度1°×1°的格式利用Marine Exlporer4.0软件,对其各月产量、平均日产量的分布以及与表温的关系进行分析。结果表明,1-7月产量主要集中在14°~17°S、80°~84°W海域,8-9月在9°~11°S、81°~83°W海域,12月在14°S以南海域。由此判断,作业渔场随月份进行西北-东南方向移动。全年都有较高的平均日产量,主渔汛为5-12月。作业渔场的适宜表温为18~22℃、24~25℃,其结果经过K-S检验。但适宜表温随季节发生变化。     

Comment on "Mixed-layer deepening during Heinrich events: a multi-planktonic foraminiferal delta18O approach"

Rashid and Boyle (Reports, 19 October 2007, p. 439) analyzed oxygen isotopes in planktonic foraminera from marine sediments and concluded that Heinrich events (massive iceberg discharges into the North Atlantic Ocean) caused upper water masses to deepen. We question the robustness of this interpretation and argue that a strongly stratified mixed layer characterized by dense sea-ice cover and production of oxygen-18-depleted brines likely prevailed during such events.     

2006年西南大西洋鱿钓渔场与表温和海面高度距平值的关系

根据2006年1-6月中国鱿钓船在西南大西洋的生产统计和表面水温(SST)、海面高度距平值(SSHA)的资料,利用海洋地理信息系统软件Marine explorer 4.0绘制了各月产量、日产量与SST和SSHA的关系图,推测出各月渔场的最适SST和SSHA值,并经K-S检验.结果表明:1-3月中心渔场主要分布在45°S、60°W附近海域,各月最适SST分别为11～12℃、12～13℃、12～13℃;4-6月中心渔场主要分布在420S、58°W附近海域,各月最适SST分别为11～13℃、9～11℃、8～9℃.中心渔场主要分布在SSHA=0附近海域.中心渔场分布与SST和SSHA关系极为密切,可作为渔情分析指标.     

A 2000-year tree ring record of annual temperatures in the sierra nevada mountains

Tree ring data have been used to reconstruct the mean late-season (June through January) temperature at a timberline site in the Sierra Nevada, California, for each of the past 2000 years. Long-term trends in the temperature reconstruction are indicative of a 125-year periodicity that may be linked to solar activity as reflected in radiocarbon and auroral records. The results indicate that both the warm intervals during the Medieval Warm Epoch ( approximately A.D. 800 to 1200) and the cold intervals during the Little Ice Age ( approximately A.D. 1200 to 1900) are closely associated with the 125-year period. Significant changes in the phase of the 125-year temperature variation occur at the onset and termination of the most recent radiocarbon triplet and may indicate chaotic solar behavior.     

Coral record of equatorial sea-surface temperatures during the penultimate deglaciation at huon peninsula

Uplifted coral terraces at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea, preserve a record of sea level, sea-surface temperature, and salinity from the penultimate deglaciation. Remnants have been found of a shallow-water reef that formed during a pause, similar to the Younger Dryas, in the penultimate deglaciation at 130,000 +/- 2000 years ago, when sea level was 60 to 80 meters lower than it is today. Porites coral, which grew during this period, has oxygen isotopic values and strontium/calcium ratios that indicate that sea-surface temperatures were much cooler (22 degrees +/- 2 degreesC) than either Last Interglacial or present-day tropical temperatures (29 degrees +/- 1 degreesC). These observations provide further evidence for a major cooling of the equatorial western Pacific followed by an extremely rapid rise in sea level during the latter stages of Termination II.     

Glacial surface temperatures of the southeast Atlantic Ocean

A detailed record of sea surface temperature from sediments of the Cape Basin in the subtropical South Atlantic indicates a previously undocumented progression of marine climate change between 41 and 18 thousand years before the present (ky B.P.), during the last glacial period. Whereas marine records typically indicate a long-term cooling into the Last Glacial Maximum (around 21 ky B.P.) consistent with gradually increasing global ice volume, the Cape Basin record documents an interval of substantial temperate ocean warming from 41 to 25 ky B.P. The pattern is similar to that expected in response to changes in insolation owing to variations in Earth's tilt.     

6-9月秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源的空间异质性研究

根据2003-2012年6-9月(2005年数据缺失)秘鲁外海茎柔鱼渔获数据,利用全局和局部自相关性分析,结合半变异函数模型,探讨秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源分布的异质性特点,并寻找影响茎柔鱼空间分布的关键环境因子。研究认为:(1)全局自相关统计量Moran’s I和局部自相关统计量Getis-Ord Gi*的Z得分结果显示,秘鲁外海茎柔鱼呈斑块状中等程度的聚集分布,7月份的聚集性强;(2)趋势性分析认为,6-9月茎柔鱼资源在南北方向上基本都呈现出南低北高的变化趋势,而东西方向上均呈现出中间高两端低的分布趋势;(3)6、8月份的最优模型为高斯模型,7月份的最优模型为球状模型,9月份的最优模型为指数模型,6-9月份的块金系数分别为41.33%、24.66%、25.89%和35.42%,其反映了中等程度自相关性,与全局自相关的分析结果一致;(4)相关性检验认为,秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源局部聚集分布主要是受到海表面高度的影响。对秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源分布空间异质性的研究,对揭示其栖息地分布及其生态学意义具有一定的作用。     

Ice record of delta13C for atmospheric CH4 across the Younger Dryas-Preboreal transition

We report atmospheric methane carbon isotope ratios (delta13CH4) from the Western Greenland ice margin spanning the Younger Dryas-to-Preboreal (YD-PB) transition. Over the recorded approximately 800 years, delta13CH4 was around -46 per mil (per thousand); that is, approximately 1 per thousand higher than in the modern atmosphere and approximately 5.5 per thousand higher than would be expected from budgets without 13C-rich anthropogenic emissions. This requires higher natural 13C-rich emissions or stronger sink fractionation than conventionally assumed. Constant delta13CH4 during the rise in methane concentration at the YD-PB transition is consistent with additional emissions from tropical wetlands, or aerobic plant CH4 production, or with a multisource scenario. A marine clathrate source is unlikely.     

Petroleum lumps on the surface of the sea

Lumps of crude oil residue floating the sea surface have been observed widely. Samples were taken with surface-skimming nets in the Mediter-ranean Sea and eastern North Atlantic Ocean; their displacement volumes were as large as 0.5 milliliter per square meter. An isopod, Idotea metallica, appears to be associated with the lumps, and a barnacle, Lepas pectinata, grows upon them. Lumps were found in stomachs of Scomberesox saurus, a surface-feeding fish importanit in ocean food webs. Films on the lumps, presumably consisting mostly of bacteria, consumed oxygen at the rate of 4 cubic millimeters per hour per square centimeter of lump surface. Chemical analysis suggested that certain lumps had been at large for only a few weeks; data from barnacle size and growth rate suggested that other lumps were at least 2 months old.     

Oxygen-18 variations in sulfate ions in sea water and saline lakes

A new method measures the oxygen-isotopic composition of dissolved sulfate ions and barium sulfate. Sulfate ions in the oceans are enriched in oxygen-18 by 9.5 per mille relative to mean ocean water and show only minor variations, probably because the exchange rate with water is slow enough to prevent local equilibrium with surface waters. Sulfate ions in saline lakes and brines have oxygen-18 enrichment of from 7 to 23 per mille relative to mean ocean water;the value of the highest enrichment observed is about the same as that of atmospheric oxygen.     

Satellite measurements of sea surface temperature through clouds

Measurements of sea surface temperature (SST) can be made by satellite microwave radiometry in all weather conditions except rain. Microwaves penetrate clouds with little attenuation, giving an uninterrupted view of the ocean surface. This is a distinct advantage over infrared measurements of SST, which are obstructed by clouds. Comparisons with ocean buoys show a root mean square difference of about 0.6 degrees C, which is partly due to the satellite-buoy spatial-temporal sampling mismatch and the difference between the ocean skin temperature and bulk temperature. Microwave SST retrievals provide insights in a number of areas, including tropical instability waves, marine boundary layer dynamics, and the prediction of hurricane intensity.     

4种石首鱼耳石形态特征的比较

比较研究了黄唇鱼Bahaba flavolabiata、大黄鱼Pseudosciaena crocea、丁氏(鱼或)Wak tingi和棘头梅童鱼Collichthyslucidus耳石的形态特征和微结构,总结了4种鱼耳石形态的异同鉴别特征.结果表明:矢耳石呈长圆形或者盾形,基叶、翼叶、后基叶、副基叶以及中央突均不发达,主凹槽明显且贯穿整个耳石,背面具数个圆形晶状突或尖形晶状突或两者兼有.星耳石翼叶较基叶发达,中央突发达,为粗壮突起,四周边缘分布有数量不等的叶形晶状突,为宽叶形或窄叶形.黄唇鱼、大黄鱼和棘头梅童鱼的微耳石略呈纺锤体形,丁氏(鱼或)的微耳石略呈长方形.矢耳石、星耳石和微耳石的平均长高比分别为1.259～1.890、1.332～1.531和0.643～0.716.矢耳石长占体长的比为4%～6%,矢耳石高占体长的比为2%～5%.矢耳石仅有1个中心核和1个原基,星耳石大部分具1个中心核和1个原基,但也有少数具有1个以上的中心核或原基.     

Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Sargasso sea atmosphere and surface water

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), DDT, and chlordane concentrations were measured in air sampled from a tower on the south shore of Bermuda and in Sargasso Sea surface water approximately 80 to 320 kilometers south of Bermuda. The atmospheric chlorinated hydrocarbons appeared to be gaseous, and the DDT concentration was two orders of magnitude higher than previously reported particulate values. The PCB and DDT were enriched in the surface microlayer (150 micrometers) relative to their concentrations in water at a depth of 30 centimeters. Atmospheric residence times for PCB and DDT of 40 to 50 days, calculated from the concentrations in the air and water, are 20 times shorter than values previously estimated for DDT from rainfall and DDT production data.