一株拮抗香蕉枯萎病菌的链霉菌分离和鉴定

从海南温泉中分离到1株对香蕉枯萎病病原菌4号小种有强拮抗作用的链霉菌菌株HW1,对该菌株进行了形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析。并对该菌株和香蕉枯萎病病原菌4号小种在土壤中进行了不同温度下的共培养试验。结果表明,其在PDA培养基上,内生菌丝无横隔、不断裂;孢子圆形,簇聚在气生菌丝上。在PDA培养基上,菌落生长开始为白色,培养成熟后,气丝逐渐由白色变灰,最后因为产生孢子变为褐色,并可产黄色可溶色素。以16S rDNA序列为基础构建了菌株HW1的系统发育树,其与模式链霉菌株的16S rDNA序列的同源性为99%。初步将该菌株鉴定为Streptomyces costaricanus。HW1菌株和香蕉枯萎病病原菌4号小种在土壤中的共培养试验表明,HW1菌株在45℃温度的生长环境中,表现出对香蕉枯萎病病原菌较好的抗性。     

香蕉嗜铁内生细菌BEB99的分离鉴定及其抗病促生能力评价

从健康的香蕉根组织内分离获得一株对香蕉枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense）有拮抗作用的内生细菌菌株BEB99，经形态学、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列同源性分析等方面的研究，鉴定该菌为劳尔氏菌（Ralstonia sp.）。铁载体检测结果发现，该菌株属于极高产铁载体菌株。盆栽试验结果表明，该菌株对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果达62.52％，并对香蕉植株具有显著的促生作用。     

椰子林土壤放线菌的分离及其拮抗椰子泻血病菌的鉴定

从椰子林不同类型土样中分离到101株放线菌,采用PDA培养基和高氏一号培养基及甲壳素脱乙酰酶培养基进行筛选。结果表明,以椰子泻血病菌为指示菌,用对峙培养法选出抑菌带宽度达18 mm以上的菌株14株,菌株FSD-14拮抗效果最明显,其次是FSD-27。这两种菌株对椰子芽腐病菌、椰子果腐病菌等供试真菌均有良好抑菌效果,对各供试病原真菌的抑菌带宽度达18 mm以上,F1S1、F26S1、S40-2、F20M4能产生甲壳素脱乙酰酶。通过对FSD-14的培养特征、生理生化指标及16S rDNA序列分析,确定该菌株属于浅灰链霉菌（Streptomyces griseolus）中的一员。     

莺歌海盐场30%盐度晒盐池底泥中可培养芽胞杆菌资源遗传多样性研究

采用80℃水浴处理与稀释涂布法从莺歌海盐场30%盐度晒盐池底泥中分离获得215株芽胞杆菌。采用16S rDNA PCR-RFLP与16S rDNA序列分析技术,对分离的菌株进行遗传多样性分析。16S rDNA PCR-RFLP酶切图谱UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,在100%的相似性水平上,分离菌株归属到9种酶切类型。16S rDNA测序结果显示,这些菌株主要分布在Pontibacillus、Halobacillus、Oceanobacillus和Bacillus等4个属,其中Pontibacillus为优势属。有7株芽胞杆菌的16S rDNA序列与数据库中相应模式菌的最大相似性在97.4%~99.0%之间,有可能为芽胞杆菌新种资源。     

一株产铁载体橡胶树拮抗细菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

从橡胶树根部分离到一株拮抗细菌Czk1,该菌株在铬天青(CAS)检测平板上产生较大的桔黄色显色圈,具较强的铁载体产生能力.对其进行生理生化鉴定、16S rDNA序列分析,测定7种常见抗生素的抗性.结合该菌菌落、菌体特征,生理生化指标及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定该内生菌为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),该菌对四环素、红霉素、氨苄青霉素、利福平、链霉素和卡那霉素高度敏感,对氯霉素表现抗性.     

一株来自红树林土壤的利普斯他汀产生菌的分离鉴定与发酵特性初步研究

从红树林土壤中筛选到一株产利普斯他汀(Lipstatin)的菌株GWL1.2012，通过形态特征、生理生化及16S rDNA序列分析，对该菌进行鉴定。结果显示，菌株GWL1.2012与毒三素链霉菌形成一个类群，同源性高达99.7%，故将其鉴定为毒三素链霉菌(Streptomyces toxytricini)，并对菌株GWL1.2012发酵特性进行初步研究，为以后的产业化开发生产提供参考依据。     

穿刺巴斯德芽菌PPh01菌株鉴定及其对根结线虫的寄生性测定

从海南定安胡椒根部根结线虫体上分离到一株细菌PPh01,其形态特征与穿刺巴斯德芽菌相似。16S rDNA序列分析结果表明：该菌株与穿刺巴斯德芽菌的同源性达到99.3％,在发育树上聚为同一分支,亲缘关系最近,鉴定该菌株为穿刺巴斯德芽菌（Pasteuria penetrans）。寄生性试验结果表明：该菌株对南方根结线虫、爪哇根结线虫、花生根结线虫的2龄幼虫均具有寄生性和侵染能力。     

山东省茶树冰核细菌的鉴定

从山东茶树上分离获得了22株具冰核活性的细菌,通过菌株的形态特征观察和16 S rDNA序列测定及序列同源性分析,初步将山东茶树上存在的冰核细菌鉴定为Pantoea属的菠萝泛菌（Pantoea ananatis）和成团泛菌（Pantoea agglomerans）。     

土壤嗜铁细菌C19的筛选、分子鉴定及其对炭疽菌和镰刀菌的拮抗作用

利用LB液体培养基进行生物富集,采用CAS(Chrome Azurol S)检测平板法.从海南岛橡胶树等作物根际土壤中分离获得43个产嗜铁索细菌菌株.通过室内平板对峙培养法研究其中嗜铁能力较强的菌株C19对12个常见炭疽菌和镰刀菌的拮抗作用,结果表明.该菌株对Fusarium solani等9个菌株有不同程度的拮抗作用,显示该菌株具有较好的生防潜能.扩增菌株C19的16S rDNA序列,序列测定结果显示,该片段长度为1 525 bp,经Blastn搜索进行序列比对.该细菌为洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia cepacia).     

一株对红棕象甲幼虫和卵有致病力的病原菌的分离鉴定

从自然死亡的红棕象甲卵和幼虫尸中分离得到一株产红色色素的昆虫病原菌HN-1菌株,经形态学鉴定、生理生化测定和分子鉴定,确定为:为粘质沙雷氏菌亚种(Serratia marcescens subsp)；16S rDNA通用引物扩增该菌得到了预期的1 408 bp条带,并与粘质沙雷氏菌亚种Serratia marcesce...     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.