猕猴桃汁维生素C降解动力学的研究

以猕猴桃原汁为试材,采用控制温度、调节pH值以促使维生素C氧化降解的方法,探讨猕猴桃汁中维生素C的降解动力学,为控制猕猴桃汁加工中维生素C损失提供理论依据。结果表明：猕猴桃汁中的维生素C降解十分复杂,存在多种降解途径,但主要是有氧降解;其还原型维生素C不经氧化型维生素C生成其他产物的不可逆途径可能存在,但不占主导地位。猕猴桃汁中维生素C无氧降解速度比有氧降解速度慢,温度升高,维生素C有氧降解速度加快,无氧降解速度变化不明显。     

红枣汁中维生素C热降解的动力学研究(简报)

为了了解加热温度对红枣汁中维生素C含量变化的影响,降低红枣汁在加工过程中维生素C的损失,该文以红枣澄清汁为材料,采用可逆的一级反应模型研究了不同加热温度下还原型维生素C（AA）的降解规律并推导出氧化型维生素C（DHAA）含量变化的数学模型。在此基础上利用Arrhenius 方程计算得到AA和DHAA的降解反应活化能。结果表明,在303,313,323,333,343 K温度条件下,可逆的一级反应模型适用于表达红枣汁中AA的降解规律,非线性回归决定系数r2均大于0.98。DHAA的数学模型也能较好地预测DHAA在红枣汁中的含量变化规律。在不同的加热温度下,AA与DHAA均能发生降解反应,但DHAA的降解速率较AA低,DHAA 的降解主要发生在AA 的降解反应达到平衡之后。AA热降解反应活化能较低,表明红枣汁中的AA对热处理较敏感。该研究为优化红枣汁的加工工艺、提高红枣汁的品质提供理论依据。     

草莓胡萝卜复合澄清汁后浑浊机理研究

为探讨草莓胡萝卜复合澄清汁的后浑浊机理,研究了化学试剂、贮藏温度和顶隙大小对草莓胡萝卜复合澄清汁的澄清度、褐变指数、黄烷醇类多酚含量、可溶性蛋白含量的影响。结果表明：贮藏温度越高,包装顶隙越大,氧气存留越多,随贮藏时间延长,果蔬汁浑浊形成越多,褐变程度越大,黄烷醇类多酚降解程度越大,可溶性蛋白损失越多;果蔬汁中添加尿素和十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS),都能减少果蔬汁中浑浊的产生,抑制产品褐变,减缓黄烷醇类多酚的降解,减少可溶性蛋白的损失,说明氢键和疏水键都是和浑浊有关的化学键。蔗糖的添加对果蔬汁浑浊的形成没有太     

速冻莲藕片贮藏过程中品质变化动力学模型

为了探寻贮藏温度对速冻莲藕片品质的影响及预测其货架期,该文研究在贮藏温度?5、?15和?25℃条件下,速冻莲藕片维生素C、色泽和硬度随着贮藏时间的变化,建立了3个指标变化动力学模型。结果表明:随着贮藏温度的升高,速冻莲藕片维生素C、色泽和硬度的变化速率逐渐增加,?5℃条件下贮藏的速冻莲藕片品质快速下降,?15和?25℃条件下贮藏前期莲藕片品质下降不显著(P0.05),随着时间的延长,?25℃部分玻璃态贮藏的莲藕片品质最佳;不同贮藏温度下速冻莲藕片维生素C和硬度变化符合一级反应,总色差和亮度变化符合零级反应,速冻莲藕片维生素C、色泽和硬度反应速率常数符合Arrhenius方程,并建立莲藕片货架期动力学模型,通过对其验证发现模型拟合度良好(R20.9),能预测速冻莲藕片贮藏期各品质指标变化和不同温度下的货架期寿命。研究结果可为速冻莲藕片低温贮藏品质变化和货架寿命预测提供理论依据。     

锥栗贮藏过程维生素C的降解速率以及保鲜条件研究

采用试验研究了锥栗贮藏过程中维生素C(维生素C)的降解速率及其保鲜条件。将3个不同品种的锥栗经不同浓度的抑霉唑浸泡，并在3个不同温度(-1～0℃、5℃、10℃)中进行贮藏，测定贮藏中锥栗维生素C的含量的变化。锥栗中维生素C的降解速率与维生素C的浓度成正比，求得降解速率系数k，对其进行非线性拟合，并用极差分析法和方差分析法进行分析研究。试验结果表明，最优的保鲜条件为：温度-1～0℃、品种为长芒、抑霉唑浓度2000 μL/L。     

苹果浑浊汁贮藏过程中浑浊稳定性的研究

为考察苹果浑浊汁在贮藏中的浑浊稳定性，进行了在4、22和40℃贮藏果汁120 d的试验。采用了电子显微镜学、光学显微镜学、Zeta电位和粒径分布分析等技术，结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析酚类物质进行研究。结果发现，果汁中相对大尺寸的颗粒先聚集下沉，造成浊度的迅速下降。随着留在瓶上部的大的颗粒数目的减小，颗粒下沉的速率降低。总酚、表儿茶素、绿原酸和单宁的损失随着贮藏温度的升高和储藏时间的延长增大。添加0.006%的维生素C可抑制由酚类物质的氧化聚合产生的不溶性小颗粒的产生，使果汁浊度变化减小。悬浮颗粒的尺寸大于其电性质对浑浊稳定性的影响。     

基于乙醇质量分数的草莓果实腐烂指数预测模型

为应用电子鼻快速检测草莓物流过程中果实腐烂状况,建立了一种基于乙醇质量分数的果实腐烂指数预测模型。将草莓果实贮藏于不同温度（273、278、283、288、293和298 K）下,测定其腐烂指数和乙醇质量分数的变化。首先,基于Arrhenius动力学方程建立了草莓果实乙醇质量分数与贮藏时间和温度之间的动力学预测模型;其次,基于零级反应方程式建立了腐烂指数与贮藏时间和温度之间的动力学预测模型;最后,根据果实腐烂指数和乙醇质量分数变化的线性关系,进一步建立了基于乙醇质量分数的果实腐烂指数预测模型。在275、280、285、290、295和300 K贮藏温度下对上述3个预测模型进行验证,预测的相对误差（RE）分别为0.76%、5.89% 和7.08%,预测精度较高。将基于果实乙醇质量分数的腐烂指数预测模型与传统的腐烂指数动力学预测模型进行比较,发现二者的预测精度无显著差异。因此,基于乙醇质量分数的腐烂指数预测模型可以较好地预测在273～300 K贮藏温度下草莓果实的腐烂状况,从而为应用电子鼻无损检测果实品质提供理论依据。     

贮藏温度对冷破碎番茄浆品质变化的影响

为探讨冷破碎番茄浆在贮藏过程中的品质变化,以指导冷破碎番茄浆的贮藏,该文研究了其在0、25和37℃条件下贮藏150 d的品质变化,并对产品中主要指标的变化进行了动力学分析。25和37℃贮藏条件下冷破碎番茄浆中氨基酸、总糖、蔗糖、果糖、维生素C含量和颜色指标（亮度L*、红值a*和黄值b*）均显著下降,而5-羟甲基糠醛（HMF）含量、褐变度（BD）和总色差ΔE显著增加,其中总氨基酸、总糖、维生素C、HMF和BD的变化均符合一级动力学模型;而且HMF含量与BD变化呈线性关系,符合零级动力学模型。但是番茄红素和可溶性固形物含量变化不显著,而酸度随温度和时间的增加呈增加趋势。0℃贮藏条件下,除维生素C含量显著下降外,上述其他指标均无显著变化。表明高温贮藏显著降低冷破碎番茄浆的品质,而低温贮藏可有效保护冷破碎番茄浆的品质。     

大蒜精油-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜提高草莓贮藏效果

为了减少草莓在贮藏过程中的腐败变质延长草莓保质期,在质量分数为1.0%的羧甲基纤维素钠溶液中添加大蒜精油(体积分数:0、2、4、6μL/100 m L)制成复合溶液作为涂膜材料,涂膜液浸泡30 s于新鲜草莓表面,分析草莓在(20±2)℃贮藏过程中的品质变化。结果表明,与对照组未涂膜相比,大蒜精油-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜材料能显著(P0.05)降低草莓在贮藏过程中的的呼吸作用强度和腐烂变质(P0.05),减少果实失重率;延缓草莓果实花色苷的分解,有良好的护色作用;另外,大蒜精油-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜材料减少了草莓中可滴定酸度、维生素C、可溶性固形物的分解及丙二醛的累积。综合不同处理组草莓在贮藏过程中的品质变化,确定当大蒜精油添加量为4μL/100 m L时,草莓有较佳的保鲜效果,可为草莓果实的贮藏保鲜方法提供参考。     

高压二氧化碳处理对橙汁货架期的影响(简报)

为了探讨高压CO2加工技术对橙汁货架期的影响,将新鲜的橙汁在温度为37℃,压力60 MPa的高压CO2中处理9 min后,分别在4、15、25和37℃下贮藏,测定果胶甲基酯酶残存相对活性、浑浊度、维生素C残留量和颜色变化。结果表明：在4和15℃下贮藏,橙汁的货架期分别在84和56 d以上;浑浊稳定性比较好;维生素C含量保持在80%以上;在4、15和25℃下贮藏颜色基本上没变化。因此,高压CO2处理橙汁可有效延长产品的货架期,此技术值得在果汁企业中广泛推广。     

Stability of copigmented anthocyanins and ascorbic acid in a grape juice model system

The stability of red grape anthocyanins (Vitis vinifera) was evaluated in a model juice system during normal (25 degrees C) and accelerated storage (35 degrees C) in the presence of ascorbic acid. Rosemary polyphenolic cofactors (0, 0.2, and 0.4% v/v) were evaluated as anthocyanin stabilizing agents. Cofactor addition resulted in concentration-dependent hyperchromic (up to 178%) and bathochromic (up to 23 nm) shifts, indicating a more intense red coloration of the models. Anthocyanin and ascorbic acid degradation followed first-order kinetics during storage. Results showed that copigmented treatments underwent a lower conversion of L-ascorbic acid into dehydroascorbic acid during storage when compared to the control, favorably impacting the vitamin retention of these models. Copigmentation did not affect anthocyanin degradation in the absence of ascorbic acid but in its presence aided to retain a higher anthocyanin content than the control. This study indicated that the addition of anthocyanin cofactors could be used to reduce the pigment and vitamin degradation while masking detrimental color changes in anthocyanin containing products.     

Ultraviolet-induced oxidation of ascorbic acid in a model juice system: identification of degradation products

Degradation products of ultraviolet (UV-C, 254 nm) treated ascorbic acid (AA) are reported. Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS) conducted in a 0.5% malic acid model juice system (pH 3.3) demonstrated increased degradation of AA above untreated controls with concomitant increases in dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and 2,3-diketogulonic acid (DKGA) levels. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy studies, conducted in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) to increase detection sensitivity, demonstrated that ascorbyl radical (AA?) formation occurs simultaneously with AA degradation. Consistent with a previous study in which UV treatments were shown to accelerate dark storage degradation, AA? radicals continued to form for up to 200 min after an initial UV treatment. Results from this study suggest that the mechanism for UV-induced degradation is the same as the general mechanism for metal-catalyzed oxidation of AA in juice.     

杀菌方式对石榴浊汁微生物和色泽的影响

为探讨不同杀菌方式对石榴浊汁在4℃冷藏期间微生物和色泽品质的影响,本研究采用超高压技术(HPP,450 MPa/1 min、450 MPa/5 min、550 MPa/1 min、550 MPa/5 min)、巴氏杀菌技术(PT,85℃/30 s)和高温短时杀菌技术(HTST,110℃/8.6 s)对石榴浊汁进行杀菌处理,并重点研究了抗坏血酸和色泽参数变化的动力学特征。结果表明,冷藏期间,HPP和HTST处理石榴浊汁微生物在标准范围内。HPP处理能较好地保留石榴浊汁中脱氢抗坏血酸(DHAA)的含量,而PT和HTST处理后DHAA含量较未处理样品(第0天)分别降低了21%和35%;冷藏期间不同杀菌方式处理后DHAA含量均呈下降趋势;经一级动力学模型拟合发现,HPP处理组DHAA的降解速率常数k值高于PT和HTST处理组。与热处理(PT和HTST)相比,冷藏前期,HPP处理能保持石榴浊汁较高的L^*、a^*、b^*值和较低的ΔE值,保持较优的色泽品质;采用一级分数转换动力学模型对L^*、a^*和ΔE值进行拟合,发现HPP处理样品色泽参数在冷藏过程中的k值同样高于热处理样品,即随着冷藏时间的延长,HPP处理组色泽品质逐渐降低。综上所述,HPP处理能在保证石榴浊汁冷藏期间微生物安全的同时,较好地保持其色泽品质。本研究为石榴浊汁工业化生产中杀菌方式的选择提供了理论依据。     

Degradation kinetics of the antioxidant additive ascorbic acid in packed table olives during storage at different temperatures

The kinetics of ascorbic acid (AA) loss during storage of packed table olives with two different levels of added AA was investigated. Three selected storage temperatures were assayed: 10 degrees C, ambient (20-24 degrees C), and 40 degrees C. The study was carried out in both pasteurized and unpasteurized product. The effect of pasteurization treatment alone on added AA was not significant. In the pasteurized product, in general AA degraded following a first-order kinetics. The activation energy calculated by using the Arrhenius model averaged 9 kcal/mol. For each storage temperature, the increase in initial AA concentration significantly decreased the AA degradation rate. In the unpasteurized product, AA was not detected after 20 days in samples stored at room temperature and AA degradation followed zero-order kinetics at 10 degrees C, whereas at 40 degrees C a second-order reaction showed the best fit. In both pasteurized and unpasteurized product, the low level of initial dehydroascorbic acid disappeared during storage. Furfural appeared to be formed during storage, mainly at 40 degrees C, following zero-order kinetics.     

Comparative study on pressure and temperature stability of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in model systems and in food products

A comparative study on the pressure and temperature stability of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-CH(3)-H(4)folate) was performed in model/buffer systems and food products (i.e., orange juice, kiwi puree, carrot juice, and asparagus). Effects of pH and ascorbic acid (0.5 mg/g) on 5-CH(3)-H(4)folate stability in buffer systems were studied on a kinetic basis at different temperatures (from 65 to 160 degrees C) and different pressure/temperature combinations (from 100 to 700 MPa/from 20 to 65 degrees C). These studies showed that (i) the degradation of 5-CH(3)-H(4)folate in all model systems could be described by first-order reaction kinetics, (ii) the thermostability of 5-CH(3)-H(4)folate was enhanced by increasing pH up to 7, (iii) 5-CH(3)-H(4)folate was relatively pressure stable at temperatures lower than 40 degrees C, and (iv) ascorbic acid enhanced both the thermo- and barostabilities of 5-CH(3)-H(4)folate. In food products, temperature and pressure stabilities of 5-CH(3)-H(4)folate were studied at different temperatures (70-120 degrees C) and different pressure/temperature combinations (from 50 to 200 MPa/25 degrees C and 500 MPa/60 degrees C). 5-CH(3)-H(4)folate in orange juice and kiwi puree was relatively temperature (up to 120 degrees C) and pressure (up to 500 MPa/60 degrees C) stable in contrast to carrot juice and asparagus. Addition of ascorbic acid (0.5 mg/g) in carrot juice resulted in a remarkable protective effect on pressure (500 MPa/60 degrees C/40 min) and temperature degradation (120 degrees C/40 min) of 5-CH(3)-H(4)folate.     

Anthocyanin and ascorbic acid degradation in sonicated strawberry juice

Strawberry juice samples were sonicated at amplitude levels ranging from 40 to 100% at a constant frequency of 20 kHz for treatment times (2-10 min) and pulse durations of 5 s on and 5 s off. Sonication was found to reduce anthocyanin and ascorbic acid contents by 3.2 and 11%, respectively, at the maximum treatment conditions. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a two-factor, five-level central composite design was employed to determine the effect of amplitude level and treatment time on anthocyanins (P3G), ascorbic acid (AA) content, and color values (L*, a*, and b*). The model predictions for the selected nutritional and quality parameters were closely correlated to the experimental results. RSM was demonstrated to be an effective technique to model the effect of sonication on strawberry juice quality while minimizing the number of experiments required.     

Fast analysis of sugars, fruit acids, and vitamin C in sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) varieties

A fast, one-step gas chromatographic method was developed to analyze trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of sugars, fruit acids, and ascorbic acid in sea buckthorn (Hippoha? rhamnoides L.) berries. The method was applied to berry press juice of sea buckthorn of different origins grown in Finland during the 2003 and 2004 seasons. The method gave reliable results for D-fructose, D-glucose, ethyl-D-glucose, and malic, quinic, and ascorbic acids, which are the major sugars and acids in sea buckthorn juice. For the first time in sea buckthorn and evidently in any berry, the presence of ethyl beta-D-glucopyranoside is reported. The structure of ethyl glucose was verified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), MS, and NMR analyses of both the isolated and the synthesized compounds. In the GC method, vitamin C was analyzed as ascorbic acid only, and dehydroascorbic acid was thus not taken into account.     

Enhancing the retention of phytochemicals and organoleptic attributes in muscadine grape juice through a combined approach between dense phase CO2 processing and copigmentation

This study evaluated the phytochemical stability and organoleptic attributes of an ascorbic acid-fortified muscadine grape juice as affected by dense phase CO2 processing (DP-CO2) and addition of thyme polyphenolic cofactors (Thymus vulgaris; 1:100 anthocyanin-to-cofactor molar ratio) in efforts to prevent phytochemical losses that occur during storage of anthocyanin-containing beverages, especially in the presence of carbonyl compounds commonly produced during thermal processing and storage. DP-CO2 processing insignificantly altered initial juice phytochemical and antioxidant content, whereas thermal pasteurization reduced anthocyanins (263 mg/L), ascorbic acid (42 mg/L), soluble phenolics (266 mg/L), and antioxidant capacity (6 microM Trolox equivalents/mL). Similar trends were observed during storage, and data showed that increasing the CO2 level from 8 to 16% during DP-CO2 was instrumental in reducing juice phytochemical and antioxidant degradation. Copigmentation was instrumental in retaining higher anthocyanin, soluble phenolics, and antioxidant capacity during storage without affecting initial juice aroma and flavor characteristics. Moreover, on the basis of overall likeability scores, panelists preferred copigmented juices, which had increased juice color intensity and masked the detrimental color fading that occurred during storage, especially when compared to thermally pasteurized juices. DP-CO2 and copigmentation were effective strategies to reduce phytochemical and color deterioration that occurred in muscadine juice during storage without affecting their organoleptic attributes.     

热辅助超声波处理对猕猴桃浊汁的杀菌效果及品质影响研究

针对热杀菌猕猴桃浊汁中营养成分损失严重的问题,本试验对不同热辅助超声波处理工艺参数对猕猴桃浊汁理化特性的影响及杀菌效果进行研究,并优化最佳工艺参数。以猕猴桃浊汁为样品,选取猕猴桃浊汁的理化指标及杀菌率为响应值,以超声功率、超声时间、温度为因素,进行响应面试验,在筛选猕猴桃浊汁理化特征指标的基础上,建立杀菌率及猕猴桃浊汁理化特征指标模型并优化得出最佳工艺参数。结果表明,猕猴桃浊汁的理化特征指标为叶绿素保存率、PPO活性、△E值、糖酸比;最佳工艺参数为:超声功率420 W、超声时间30 min、温度60℃,在此条件下,猕猴桃浊汁的叶绿素保存率为30.99%、PPO活性为19.48 U·mL^-1、△E值为4.43、糖酸比为6.17、杀菌率为95.68%。本研究为热辅助超声波技术应用于猕猴桃浊汁的加工提供了理论依据和技术指导。