不同类型日粮添加肉碱对肉鸡生长性能、器官重量及氮代谢的影响

文章旨在评估不同原料类型基础日粮补充肉碱对肉鸡生长性能、组织器官相对重量和氮代谢的影响。试验将480只1日龄、平均体重接近的商品肉鸡随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只。试验日粮分为4组,采用2×2因子设计,即2种日粮类型（玉米和碎米）及2个肉碱添加水平（0和80 mg/kg）,试验期为21 d。结果：碎米型日粮组肉鸡末重和饲料效率均显著高于玉米型日粮组（P＜0.05）,而80 mg/kg肉碱组肉鸡的末重和饲料效率显著高于无肉碱日粮组（P＜0.05）。不同类型日粮和肉碱补充水平对肉鸡生长指标及死亡率的影响无显著交互效应（P＞0.05）。碎米型日粮组肉鸡的腹脂相对重量显著高于玉米日粮组（P＜0.05）,而无论日粮类型如何,80 mg/kg肉碱组肉鸡的胸肌和腿肌相对重量均显著高于无肉碱日粮组（P＜0.05）。80 mg/kg肉碱日粮组氮沉积量显著高于无肉碱日粮组（P＜0.05）。结论：碎米型日粮或日粮添加80 mg/kg肉碱可以提高肉鸡体重、饲料效率和腹脂相对重量,其中无论日粮类型如何,补充80 mg/kg肉碱可以改善氮沉积。 [关键词] 肉碱|肉鸡|生长性能|器官重量|氮代谢     

不同饲料添加剂对肉鸡生长性能、胴体品质、肌内脂肪和肌苷酸含量的影响

本试验旨在研究不同外源饲料添加剂对肉鸡生长性能、胴体品质、肌内脂肪和肌苷酸含量的影响。选用420只1日龄AA肉公鸡,随机分为7组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加3 000 mg/kg核苷酸、100 mg/kg L-肉碱、1 000 mg/kg甜菜碱、10 000 mg/kg谷氨酰胺、1 000 mg/kg茶多酚、9 mg/kg大豆异黄酮。结果表明,6种饲料添加剂对肉鸡料重比无显著影响。L-肉碱组的平均日增重和日采食量显著高于对照组,茶多酚组的平均日采食量显著低于对照组。L-肉碱、甜菜碱、谷氨酰胺和大豆异黄酮添加组的腹脂率显著低于对照组。除L-肉碱组外,其它试验组的肌苷酸含量均显著高于对照组,分别比对照组提高41.73%、33.42%、29.37%、31.95%和37.35%。从肌苷酸提高幅度来看,核苷酸、甜菜碱和大豆异黄酮作用效果最为理想。     

L-肉碱与辅酶Q10添加对腹水症敏感肉鸡生产性能和部分免疫功能的影响

研究了日粮L-肉碱与辅酶Q10(辅酶Q)添加对腹水症敏感肉鸡生产性能和免疫功能的影响。L-肉碱添加水平分别为0、75、100 mg/kg,辅酶Q添加水平分别为0、40 mg/kg。480只1日龄艾维茵公肉鸡随机分为12组,每组设5个重复,每个重复8只鸡。试验持续6周。试验结果表明:单独添加L-肉碱或辅酶Q对肉鸡生产性能没有显著影响,可显著提高肉鸡0~3周的心脏指数(P<0.05),而对免疫器官的发育没有影响。日粮中单独添加L-肉碱能够显著降低红细胞压积(PCV)(P<0.05),而单独添加辅酶Q却没有显著效果。分别单独添加L-肉碱、辅酶Q以及二者同时添加时均可显著降低肉鸡的腹水心脏指数(AHI)以及腹水症死亡率(P<0.05)。单独添加L-肉碱显著提高肉鸡血清中IgG的含量(P<0.05),而单独添加辅酶Q以及二者同时添加时IgG含量没有显著变化;L-肉碱与辅酶Q共同添加时显著提高血清溶菌酶活性(P<0.05)。单独添加辅酶Q以及二者同时添加时,刀豆素A(ConA)刺激丝裂原淋巴细胞增殖反应显著降低(P<0.05)。本试验结果表明肉鸡腹水症敏感性的降低,可能与日粮中L-肉碱和辅酶Q的共同添加改善了机体部分免疫功能作用有关。     

酵母铬与L-肉碱互作对肉鸡蛋白质代谢的影响

为研究酵母铬与L-肉碱对肉鸡蛋白质代谢的影响及其互作效应,试验选用480只1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡随机分为12组,每组40只,采用3x4(铬×L-肉碱)二因子多水平有重复交叉试验设计,在玉米-豆粕型基础日粮中添加不同水平的酵母铬(以铬计:0,400,600μg/kg)与L一肉碱(0,30,50,100 mg/kg),以基础日粮组为对照组,试验期7周.结果表明:单独添加铬或L-肉碱对血清总蛋白和球蛋白未产生显著差异,但均能显著提高试验期末血清白蛋白,并降低血清尿酸含量,其中600μg/kg铬水平或100mg/kg L-肉碱水平还显著提高了肉鸡肌肉中粗蛋白的含量.二者同时添加对血清总蛋白和肌肉粗蛋白未产生显著互作效应,但对血清白蛋白、球蛋白、白蛋白/球蛋白、尿酸各项蛋白质代谢指标均呈现显著互作效应.同时添加400μg/kg铬与30或50mg/kg L-肉碱可以显著提高肉鸡肌肉中粗蛋白的含量.综合考虑各项指标,同时添加400μg/kg铬与30mg/kg L-肉碱,比其它各组更有利于肉鸡的蛋白质代谢.     

L-肉碱对哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响

为研究L-肉碱对哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响,采用单因子试验设计,选取24头临产长大母猪,随机分为3个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复1头母猪,对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,处理1饲喂基础饲粮+200 mg/kg L-肉碱、处理2饲喂基础饲粮+400 mg/kg L-肉碱。试验结果表明,母猪泌乳期饲粮添加400mg/kgL-肉碱能显著提高哺乳仔猪0～12日龄日增重、哺乳期日增重和24日龄断奶重。     

饲粮中添加L-肉碱对种母鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

研究饲粮中添加L-肉碱对种母鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响。L-肉碱添加量设4个处理分别为0mg/kg、25mg/kg、50mg/kg、100mg/kg,每个处理6个重复,每个重复36只37周龄的南丹瑶鸡种母鸡。饲粮中添加L-肉碱显著提高产蛋率、受精率、孵化率和哈氏单位,对平均体重、蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、蛋黄颜色、蛋白比例和蛋黄比例无显著影响。从繁殖和蛋品质方面考虑,种鸡饲粮中添加L-肉碱50mg/kg为佳。     

L-肉碱对彭泽鲫生长发育的影响

探讨L-肉碱对彭泽鲫生长发育的影响,采用在日粮中添加50mg/kg和100mg/kg2种配比浓度的L-肉碱饲喂彭泽鲫。50mg/kg和100mg/kg2种配比浓度的L-肉碱均能显著促进彭泽鲫的生长发育(P<0.05),2试验组与对照组相对增重率分别为80.35%、87.90%及58.22%,饲料系数分别提高了8.26%和13.91%。L-肉碱能显著提高彭泽鲫的生长性能,试验结果的推荐用量为50mg/kg。     

L-肉碱对肉鸡脂质代谢的影响

160只1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡随机分为4组,每组40只,分别饲喂添加0、30、50和100m gk/gL-肉碱的玉米-豆粕型日粮,以研究L-肉碱对肉鸡脂质代谢的影响。经7周试验,结果表明:L-肉碱显著影响了肉鸡血清中甘油三酯、胆固醇、游离脂肪酸、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的含量和肉鸡腹脂率(P<0.05或0.01),但对肉鸡的生长性能未产生显著影响P(>0.05)。综合各项指标的变化,似100mg k/g L-肉碱对肉鸡的脂肪和胆固醇代谢有较明显的影响。     

L-肉碱、纤维素酶和植酸酶组合效应对肉鸡营养物质表观代谢率和体沉积率的影响

试验旨在探究饲料中添加L-肉碱、纤维素酶和植酸酶组合效应对肉鸡营养利用率和体沉积率的影响。试验采用L9(34)正交试验设计,将270只1日龄AA肉鸡随机分为9组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只鸡,试验期7周。在玉米-豆粕日粮基础上添加L-肉碱(25、50、75 mg/kg)、纤维素酶(500、1 000、2000mg/kg)与植酸酶(150、250、350mg/kg)。结果表明：当3种饲料添加剂的组合为75mg/kg肉碱、1 000 mg/kg纤维素酶、150 mg/kg植酸酶时,能够提高肉鸡粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)的代谢率,其中植酸酶是影响CP和P代谢率的主效因子,L-肉碱是影响EE和Ca代谢率的主效因子;当3种饲料添加剂的组合为25 mg/kg L-肉碱、500 mg/kg纤维素酶、250 mg/kg植酸酶时,可提高机体CP沉积率,植酸酶是影响机体CP沉积的主效因子;当组合为50 mg/kg L-肉碱、1 000 mg/kg纤维素酶、350 mg/kg植酸酶时,能够改善机体EE沉积率,纤维素酶是影响机体EE沉积的主效因子。由此可见,在本试验条件下,肉鸡日...     

酵母铬与L-肉碱对肉鸡生长性能及脂质代谢的影响

480只1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡随机分为12组,每组40只,采用3×4(铬×L 肉碱)二因子多水平有重复交叉试验设计,在玉米 豆粕型日粮的基础上添加不同水平的酵母铬(以铬计:0,400,600μg/kg)与L 肉碱(0,30,50,100mg/kg),以饲喂基础日粮组为对照组,用以研究二者对肉鸡生长性能及脂质代谢的影响,并初步探讨二者的互作效应,试验期7周。结果表明:铬与L 肉碱对肉鸡的生长性能没有产生显著影响;单独添加600μg/kg铬或100mg/kgL 肉碱能较好地改善脂肪和胆固醇代谢,且对肉鸡后期影响较大,二者对多数脂质代谢指标同等有效。试验研究表明:除腿肌胆固醇与腹脂率外,二者同时添加对肉鸡试验期末其它各项脂质代谢的指标都存在显著互作效应(P=0 0001～0 0315)。     

Dietary L-carnitine increases plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentration in chicks fed a diet with adequate dietary protein level

1. The effect of L-carnitine supplemented into experimental diets with varying dietary protein concentrations (50, 200 and 400 g/kg) on body weight gain and plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentration in chicks was examined. 2. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation provided 0, 200, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Chicks were given the diet ad libitum for 10 d. 3. When L-carnitine was provided as 500 or 1000 mg/kg, body weight gain was significantly improved in birds receiving the 200 and 400 g protein/kg diets. 4. There was an interaction between dietary L-carnitine and protein content on plasma IGF-I concentration. L-carnitine supplementation had little influence on plasma IGF-I concentrations in birds receiving the low protein (50 g/kg) diet. When dietary L-carnitine concentrations were increased from 0 to 1000 mg/kg in the adequate protein (200 g/kg) diet, plasma IGF-I concentrations were also increased. However, when dietary L-carnitine content was more than 500 mg/kg in the 400 g/kg protein group, plasma IGF-I concentration decreased with increasing dietary L-carnitine content. 5. Body weight change correlated significantly with the alteration in plasma IGF-I concentrations in chicks given diets with adequate dietary protein. 6. In conclusion, the improvement in body weight gain caused by dietary L-carnitine supplementation was achieved when chicks were given their dietary protein requirement, which may be partially explained by an increase in plasma IGF-I concentration.     

Effects of L-carnitine fed during gestation and lactation on sow and litter performance

Multiparous sows (n = 307) were used to evaluate the effects of added dietary L-carnitine, 100 mg/d during gestation and 50 ppm during lactation, on sow and litter performance. Treatments were arranged as a 2 (gestation or lactation) x2 (with or without L-carnitine) factorial. Control sows were fed 1.81 kg/d of a gestation diet containing .65% total lysine. Treated sows were fed 1.59 kg/d of the control diet with a .23 kg/d topdressing of the control diet that provided 100 mg/d of added L-carnitine. Lactation diets were formulated to contain 1.0% total lysine with or without 50 ppm of added L-carnitine. Sows fed 100 mg/d of added L-carnitine had increased IGF-I concentration on d 60 (71.3 vs. 38.0 ng/mL, P<.01) and 90 of gestation (33.0 vs. 25.0 ng/mL, P = .04). Sows fed added L-carnitine had increased BW gain (55.3 vs 46.3 kg; P<.01) and last rib fat depth gain (2.6 vs. 1.6 mm; P = .04) during gestation. Feeding 100 mg/d of added L-carnitine in gestation increased both total litter (15.5 vs. 14.6 kg; P = .04) and pig (1.53 vs 1.49 kg; P<.01) birth weight. No differences were observed in pig birth weight variation. Added L-carnitine fed during gestation increased litter weaning weight (45.0 vs. 41.3 kg, P = .02); however, no effect of feeding L-carnitine during lactation was observed. No differences were observed in subsequent days to estrus or farrowing rate. Compared to the control diet, feeding added L-carnitine in either gestation, lactation, or both, increased (P<.05) the subsequent number of pigs born alive, but not total born. In conclusion, feeding L-carnitine throughout gestation increased sow body weight and last rib fat depth gain and increased litter weights at birth and weaning.     

The effects of dietary L-carnitine supplementation on the performance, organ weights and circulating hormone and metabolite concentrations of broiler chickens reared under a normal or low temperature schedule.

1. The present study examined the effects of the addition of 100 mg/kg L-carnitine to the basal starter (containing 17.8 mg/kg L-carnitine) and finisher (containing 22.9 mg/kg L-carnitine) diets on performance, organ weights and plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations of male and female broiler chickens. The broiler chickens were reared either in a room with a normal temperature (NT) program or with a low temperature (LT) program (rapid decrease from 28 degrees C to 20 degrees C at 14 d of age). 2. Broiler chickens reared under the LT schedule consumed more food and attained a greater body weight at 42 d of age than their counterparts reared under NT schedule, without any difference in food efficiency or abdominal fat content. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation had no significant effects on any of these production parameters, except for a reduction in the abdominal fat content of female NT chickens. However, the LT schedule and dietary L-carnitine supplementation greatly increased absolute and proportional heart weights. The elevated heart weights were not due to right ventricle hypertrophy. 3. Both the LT program and L-carnitine supplementation increased circulating plasma triiodothyronine concentrations. There were also some transient effects of both experimental variables on plasma growth hormone, glucose and triglyceride concentrations. 4. L-carnitine did not improve broiler performance. However, this result does not mean that L-carnitine supplementation cannot have beneficial effects in other circumstances. In view of the elevated proportional heart weights, it can also be argued that L-carnitine is a potential agent for reducing the incidence of metabolic diseases in broiler chickens.     

添加不同水平莫能霉素对奶牛瘤胃内日粮营养物质发酵及血液生化指标的影响

[目的]该试验旨在探讨日粮中添加不同水平莫能霉素,对奶牛瘤胃内发酵、日粮营养物质降解率及奶牛血液生化指标影响。[方法]试验选取3头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管奶牛,设计采用3×3拉丁方试验设计。试验分为三组,MⅠ组为基础日粮;MⅡ组为基础日粮添加31.5mg/kg DM莫能霉素;MⅢ组基础日粮添加46.5 mg/kg DM莫能霉素。[结果]莫能霉素添加组pH值均高于对照组（P〉0.05）;添加46.5 mg/kg DM的莫能霉素后氨态氮浓度显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;日粮中添加46.5 mg/kg DM的莫能霉素后瘤胃内乙酸发酵量显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;日粮中添加31.5 mg/kg DM莫能霉素后丙酸发酵量高于对照组（P〉0.05）,且丙酸摩尔比例显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）;日粮DM、CP和NDF在瘤胃内有效降解率随莫能霉素添加量的增加而降低,添加组奶牛血液中的尿素氮,血浆中血糖及乳酸浓度,各组间差异不显著（P〉0.05）。[结论]日粮中添加莫能霉素可以提高牛瘤胃中的pH值,降低氨态氮浓度,显著提高丙酸摩尔比例,降低丙酸、乙酸比值,但减缓了粗蛋白的降解速度,一定程度上提高血液中尿素氮和血糖浓度。     

Effects of breeder hen age and dietary L-carnitine on progeny embryogenesis

1. Ross 308 broiler breeder hens were given diets containing 0 or 25 mg L-carnitine/kg (8 replications per treatment) from 21 weeks of age. 2. Hens were inseminated with semen from Ross broiler breeder males. In a common facility, subsequent progeny hatchability and embryonic mortality at 25, 30, 32, and 38 weeks of breeder age were evaluated. 3. Subsequent egg component weights, incubational egg water loss, progeny embryo growth, and embryo, yolk sac and liver composition through 18 d of incubation at 27, 32, and 38 weeks of breeder age were evaluated. 4. Calculated additions of L-carnitine were in agreement with analysed contents of 3.5 and 31.1 mg free L-carnitine/kg of diet, respectively, and total L-carnitine concentrations increased by 48.6, 21.7, and 10.0% in 0-d yolk, 18-d yolk sac, and 18-d liver samples, respectively, due to the addition of dietary L-carnitine. 5. Supplemental L-carnitine resulted in increased (0.6%) relative 0-d egg yolk weight across weeks 27, 32, and 38, and reduced (0.38%) 18-d yolk sac palmitoleic acid concentration at week 27 without altering embryogenesis. 6. In conclusion, dietary L-carnitine (25 mg/kg of the diet) was deposited in the yolks of broiler breeder hens and was subsequently transferred to the embryonic liver via yolk sac absorption through 18 d of incubation. Furthermore, dietary L-carnitine supplementation increased ovarian follicle yolk deposition in 27-, 32-, and 38-week-old breeder hens, and influenced yolk sac fatty acid beta-oxidation in embryos from 27-week-old breeder hens causing yolk sac palmitoleic acid concentrations to be reduced by 18 d of incubation.     

Effects of dietary supplemental L-carnitine and ascorbic acid on performance, carcass composition and plasma L-carnitine concentration of broiler chicks reared under different temperature.

The present study was initiated to determine whether dietary supplemental L-carnitine and ascorbic acid affect growth performance, carcass yield and composition, abdominal fat and plasma L-carnitine concentration of broiler chicks reared under normal and high temperature. During the experiment, two temperature regimes were employed in two experimental rooms, which were identical but different in environmental temperature. The regimes were thermoneutral (20-22 degrees C for 24 h) or recycling hot (34-36 degrees C for 8 h and 20-22 degrees C for 16 h). One-day-old broiler chicks (ROSS) were used in the experiment. A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement was employed with two levels (0 and 50 mg/kg) of supplemental L-carnitine and two levels (0 or 500 mg/kg) of supplemental ascorbic acid in drinking water under thermoneutral or high temperature regimes. Body weight gain was affected by high temperature. However, body weight gain was significantly improved in animals receiving supplemental L-carnitine, ascorbic acid or L-carnitine + ascorbic acid compared to animals receiving unsupplemented diet under high temperature. On the other hand, supplemental L-carnitine or L-carnitine + ascorbic acid reduced body weight gain under thermoneutral condition. Supplemental ascorbic acid significantly improved feed conversion efficiency, the improvement was relatively greater under high temperature. The L-carnitine content in the plasma was higher in the groups receiving supplemental L-carnitine and ascorbic acid under high temperature, while broilers fed supplemental L-carnitine and ascorbic acid had a decreased level of plasma L-carnitine concentration under normal temperature. It is concluded that dietary supplemental L-carnitine or L-carnitine + ascorbic acid may have positive effects on body weight gain, carcass weight under high temperature conditions.     

Effect of dietary L-carnitine supplementation on growth performance of piglets from control sows or sows treated with L-carnitine during pregnancy and lactation

Previous studies showed that supplementation of sows' diets with L-carnitine increases body weights of their piglets at birth. This study was performed to investigate whether piglets of sows treated with L-carnitine differ in their growth potential from that of piglets of untreated control sows after weaning. It was also investigated whether supplementation of piglets' diets with L-carnitine improves their growth after weaning. In two trials, piglets of the first litters of primiparous sows (trial 1) and the second litters of the same sows (trial 2) were divided into four groups: group 1, piglets of control sows, fed a control diet; group 2, piglets of control sows fed a diet supplemented with 30 mg L-carnitine/kg; group 3, piglets of L-carnitine-treated sows, fed a control diet; group 4, piglets of L-carnitine-treated sows fed a diet supplemented with 30 mg L-carnitine/kg. Mean initial body weights of the piglets of the four groups were identical. They were 8.5 kg in trial 1 and 12.5 kg in trial 2. Diets were fed ad libitum over a period of 35 days. Piglets from sows treated with L-carnitine did not differ in body weight gains, feed intake and gain : feed ratio from those of control sows. In trial 1, piglets supplemented with L-carnitine had higher body weight gains (p < 0.005) and showed a tendency towards a higher gain : feed ratio (p = 0.09) than piglets fed the control diets. In trial 2, no significant difference in these parameters emerged between piglets fed the diet supplemented with L-carnitine and those fed the control diet. In conclusion, this study shows that dietary L-carnitine treatment of sows does not improve the growth potential of their piglets after weaning under the conditions of equal initial body weights. The study also shows that L-carnitine supplementation of their diets improves the growth performance in light piglets of primiparous sows.     

Protective effect of L-carnitine against oxidative damage caused by experimental chronic aflatoxicosis in quail (Coturnix coturnix)

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of L-carnitine supplementation on the plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and whole blood reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations in experimentally-induced chronic aflatoxicosis in quails. For this purpose, a total of 80 quails up to 8 weeks old were divided into four equal groups. Group I served as control, Group II was given L-carnitine at the dose of 200 mg/litre in the drinking water for 60 days, Group III was given 60 microg total aflatoxin/kg diet for 60 days, and Group IV was given both 60 microg total aflatoxin/kg diet and 200 mg L-carnitine/litre in the drinking water for 60 days. Aflatoxin treatment caused a significant increase in plasma MDA and a significant decrease in blood GSH concentrations. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in plasma MDA and a significant increase in whole blood GSH in the L-carnitine-supplemented group. The present study demonstrated that L-carnitine brought about the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by enhancing antioxidant capacity in quails with chronic aflatoxicosis.     

Use of L-carnitine and humate in laying quail diets

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of using L-carnitine and humate alone or in combination in quail diets on laying performance, egg traits and blood parameters. A total of 280 Japanese quails aged 10 weeks, divided into one control group and three treatment groups, were used. The diets of the first, second and third treatment groups were supplemented with 100 mg L-carnitine/kg, 1.5 g humate (Farmagülat?r Dry Plus)/kg and 100 mg L-camitine + 1.5 g humate/kg, respectively. The experimental period lasted 16 weeks. The addition of L-carnitine and sodium humate alone or in combination did not significantly affect body weight, feed consumption, egg production, feed conversion ratio, mortality, egg-shell thickness, egg yolk index and the percentages of egg-shell, albumen and yolk. Egg weight increased (P < 0.001) with L-carnitine supplementation. The values of egg albumen height (P < 0.05), egg albumen index (P < 0.01) and egg Haugh unit (P < 0.05) were increased with humate supplementation. Egg cholesterol content and blood serum parameters were not affected by the supplementation of L-carnitine with or without humate. The results in this study demonstrated that L-carnitine supplementation increased egg weight while humate addition increased egg albumen index and egg Haugh unit of laying quails. However, the combined administration of L-carnitine and humate did not have any significant effects on the parameters measured.