非洲猪瘟过后，复养新思路

2020年以来,非洲猪瘟疫情发展强度和造成的损失都有明显的下降。再结合生猪生产逐渐恢复的势头,当前非洲猪瘟疫情是可控的。但是疫情发生的风险也有可能增加。在防控非洲猪瘟,甚至应对未来不可预见的一些猪病方面,我们又有了哪些新的认识?该如何梳理我们的思路,把猪养好?     

2019年猪病流行情况与2020年流行趋势及防控对策

文章结合实验室的监测数据,概述了2019年我国非洲猪瘟、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征、猪瘟、猪伪狂犬病、猪流行性腹泻等重要猪病的流行状况,着重总结了非洲猪瘟疫情发生情况。分析了2020年非洲猪瘟等疫病的流行趋势,同时提出了坚持生物安全、严格处置非洲猪瘟疫情等防控策略。     

生猪期货正式上市后的市场预计

<正>我国目前是全球最大的生猪生产国和消费国,2018年8月初,我国暴发非洲猪瘟。截至2019年7月3日,全国共发生非洲猪瘟疫情143起,扑杀生猪116万余头。2020年以来,全球共有27个国家和地区发生2476起家猪和8058起野猪共10534起非洲猪瘟疫情。非洲猪瘟的蔓延导致我国生猪产量降低,生猪价格暴涨。     

生猪期货正式上市后的市场预计

我国目前是全球最大的生猪生产国和消费国,2018年8月初,我国暴发非洲猪瘟.截至2019年7月3日,全国共发生非洲猪瘟疫情143起,扑杀生猪116万余头.2020年以来,全球共有27个国家和地区发生2476起家猪和8058起野猪共10534起非洲猪瘟疫情.非洲猪瘟的蔓延导致我国生猪产量降低,生猪价格暴涨.     

2019年非洲猪瘟防控进展回顾

2019年,防控非洲猪瘟已经进入了持久战,疫情的散发将常态化,养猪业更需要简便有效、可持续和可操作的防控措施。随着非洲猪瘟疫情的蔓延,2019年猪病防控的聚焦点是非洲猪瘟;尤其是8月31日《农民日报》刊登了全国生猪产业体系专家提出的《防控非洲猪瘟恢复生产的九项关键技术》后,极大地鼓舞了猪病专家和养猪企业探索防控非洲猪瘟技术的信心。     

环球

正波兰地区已确认暴发非洲猪瘟影响约3000头家猪据波兰首席兽医监察局称,在波兰Gnuszyn镇附近已确认暴发非洲猪瘟(ASF)。近年来,波兰养猪场数量急剧下降,生猪存栏量处于70年前的水平,这次非洲猪瘟疫情影响了大约3000头家猪。Mi?dzychód区的兽医服务部门立即采取措施隔离疫情以限制疾病传播的可能性。据了解,从2020年秋季到2021年5月份,当地没有报告ASF病例。数据显示,2020年全球暴发非洲猪瘟疫情的国家中,波兰数量最多,共计661起。     

2019年生猪市场主要特征及2020年趋势

2019年受非洲猪瘟疫情的影响,我国生猪产能大幅下滑,2019年猪肉产量为4 255万吨,同比下降21.26%;2019年全国生猪出栏量为54 419万头,同比下降21.57%,年末生猪存栏31 041万头,同比下降27.5%。受供给紧缺影响,2019年生猪价格显著上升,生猪月度平均价格为21.30元/kg,同比上升64.53%;猪肉月度平均价格为33.95元/kg,同比上升51.22%。受非洲猪瘟以及新冠肺炎疫情双重影响,预计2020年上半年猪肉产量同比有明显下降,下半年将逐步恢复,在新冠肺炎疫情和非洲猪瘟疫情风险逐步得到控制后,预计2021年我国生猪产能将恢复到非洲猪瘟疫情之前的水平。国内供给偏紧带动猪肉进口增加,我国猪肉供给紧缺造成价格的上涨,同时也引起了牛、羊、鸡肉等猪肉替代产品的需求上升和价格上涨,最后导致牛、羊、鸡肉进口量的上升。2020年我国猪、牛、羊、鸡肉进口量将保持上升态势。     

本轮猪周期主因非洲猪瘟量化模型设计及价格预测效果评估

由于非洲猪瘟疫情影响巨大,新一轮猪周期的生猪价格涨幅远超前几轮。 随着生猪价格加速上涨阶段结束,生猪价格拐点何时到来、本轮猪周期何时结束、未来生猪价格走势如何成为行业内外思考的问题。以非洲猪瘟引起的产能减少为研究核心,从强度和时间 2 个维度分析标猪出栏减少量在疫情发生后各月的分配情况, 建立量价运算框与广义简约梯度（GRG）运算框结构,构成本轮猪周期主因非洲猪瘟量化模型,预测未来生猪价格变化趋势。根据 2018 年 8月至 2020 年 7月的每月全国生猪最高日均价数据测试本模型,检验结果表明模型预测效果良好。     

2019年我国养猪行业十大热点

<正>2019年,猪又一次被吹上了"风口",非洲猪瘟疫情的持续、生猪存栏数量的缩减、非洲猪瘟疫苗的研发、猪价的高企以及生猪的复产等,都成为当前政府、生产者和消费者共同关心的大事,稳定猪价、保障供给也成为2019年生猪产业的关键词和主旋律。为回顾行业2019年的变化,展望其2020年的发展,《中国猪业》杂志及"中国猪业"微信公众平台总结盘点了2019年养猪业的10大热点事件,与广大业界同仁一起探讨,以飨读者。     

我国非洲猪瘟疫情现状及防控措施

非洲猪瘟(ASF)是由非洲猪瘟病毒(ASFV)引起猪的一种急性、热性、高传染性、出血性疾病,所有品种和年龄的猪均可感染,其发病率、致死率达100％.自2018年8月,我国首例非洲猪瘟疫情在沈阳发生后,据官方统计,截至2020年底,全国先后发生非洲猪瘟疫情181起,对我国生猪产业造成严重的影响.对目前我国非洲猪瘟的流行现...     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Mycobiota and aflatoxins in raw materials and pet food in Brazil

Commercial feedstuffs are a basic element in modern pet husbandry in the world. In dogs, the effect of mycotoxins is severe and can lead to death. Few reports on the influence of dietary mycotoxins were found in the scientific literature. The aims of this work were to isolate and identify the mycoflora and to determine the aflatoxins (AFs) natural occurrence in raw materials and ready dry pet food. Therefore, the aflatoxigenic capacity of Aspergillus flavus species was investigated. Aspergillus was the prevalent genera (65-89%) followed by Penicillium and Fusarium spp. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species, followed by Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus versicolor. Aspergillus flavus frequencies ranged from 58% to 86% except in sorghum meal. All samples assayed (except corn grains and ready pet food) showed Fusarium spp. contamination. Corn meal and corn meal and gluten samples had 100% Fusarium verticillioides. Fusarium graminearum was isolated from sorghum meal. Aspergillus flavus strains (75%) isolated from raw materials and 57% from pet food were able to produce AFs. All samples showed AFs contamination percentages over 70%; corn and sorghum meal obtained the highest AFs levels. Ready pet food did not show quantitative levels of the tested toxins. This is the first report of the aflatoxigenic capacity by A. flavus from Brazilian pet food.