油莎豆块茎萌发特性的初步研究

研究不同浸泡温度、环境温度、基质及块茎大小的处理对油莎豆块茎萌发的影响,并初步分析不同来源地的油莎豆块茎萌发及幼苗生长特性。结果表明：35 ℃温水浸种,有效改善了油莎豆块茎的透水性,并显著提高块茎萌发率;环境温度为35~42 ℃时,有利于油莎豆块茎发芽,20 ℃以下的低温不利于块茎的萌发;透气性较好的沙壤土适宜油莎豆的种植,而黏质壤土则相反;在选种育苗时,应优选大粒饱满的油莎豆块茎用于催芽育苗;此外引种我国不同地区的油莎豆品种幼苗长势与地理纬度无相关规律。据上述试验结果,并结合我国海南省的环境条件,应尽快在海南进行油莎豆的南繁育种及栽培等方面的研究。     

油莎豆块茎油脂积累相关基因CeWRI1的克隆与功能分析

起源于非洲的油莎豆是迄今唯一已知在块茎中高水平积累油脂的新型草本油料作物。基于我国当前食用植物油和生物柴油原料供给紧张的局面,挖掘参与油莎豆块茎油脂积累的关键基因具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。WRI1（WRINKLED1）隶属于AP2/ERF转录因子家族,是一类被证实在油料种子发育过程中控制碳源由糖向油分配的关键基因。本研究采用RT-PCR技术从油莎豆的块茎中分离到一个WRI1同源基因（CeWRI1）,该基因的编码区为1116 bp,预测编码371 AA,其理论分子量为41.58 kDa,等电点为5.76,总平均疏水指数为-0.750,不稳定系数为60.75,细胞核定位,这与其转录调控功能是一致的。与拟南芥WRI1类似,序列分析显示CeWRI1含有2个保守的AP2结构域（PF00847）、1个VYL基序和1个14-3-3/BPM结合基序;相比AP2结构域和N端,其C端序列的变异较大,但包含与蛋白降解相关的PEST基序。qRT-PCR分析显示,CeWRI1在叶片、叶鞘、根、匍匐茎和块茎等主要组织中都有表达,且其在起始期、膨大初期、膨大中期、膨大晚期和成熟期等不同发育时期块茎中呈现先降后升的J型表达趋势,表达丰度最高的为成熟期,最低是膨大中期,这与油脂的积累模式大体一致。在烟草中的功能分析显示,CeWRI1的异源瞬时过表达可显著提高叶片的油脂（甘油三酯）含量,这进一步证实该基因具有油脂调控功能。上述结果表明CeWRI1是调控油莎豆块茎高水平积累油脂的关键基因之一,这不仅为进一步揭示油莎豆块茎油脂积累的调控机制奠定了坚实的基础,也为后期的品种改良提供了宝贵的基因资源。     

基于单分子实时测序的油莎豆全长转录组分析

油莎豆以其适应性广、产量和含油量高而成为我国的新型油料作物.为解析油莎豆的遗传基础,服务于育种和分子生物学研究,采用单分子实时测序技术构建了油莎豆高质量的全长转录组,混合样本的组织来源包括块茎、匍匐茎、根、芽、叶片、叶鞘、花、花茎等.研究基于23.20 Gb高质量的原始数据提取获得环形一致序列319568条,其平均长度...     

油莎豆的研究现状及展望

介绍了油莎豆抗逆性强、播种期长、产量高、块茎含油率高等生物性状,以及能做绿肥、保健食用油、保健医药、饲料等用途,并对油莎豆未来大面积种植推广进行了展望。     

油莎豆5-烯醇式丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶基因CeEPSPS的克隆与分析

起源于非洲和地中海沿岸的油莎豆以适应性广、产油量高而成为我国的新型油料作物。为促进该物种的开发与利用,研究基于基因组和转录组数据对油莎豆及代表性单子叶植物的EPSPS基因进行系统鉴定。结果表明：与大多数植物类似,油莎豆仅含有1个EPSPS基因,其包含7个内含子,命名为CeEPSPS;RT-PCR分离到的CeEPSPS编码区序列为1584 bp,预测编码514个氨基酸,其N端的前70个残基为叶绿体信号肽,77～508位残基为高度保守的EPSP合酶结构域（PF00275）;与EPSP合酶结构域相比,信号肽在不同植物中变异较大;CeEPSPS成熟蛋白的理论分子量为47.32 kDa,等电点为5.49,总平均疏水指数为0.069,脂肪族指数为93.76,不稳定系数为31.73,与其他物种相近,均属于稳定的疏水型酸性蛋白;进化分析支持油莎豆划归为禾本目莎草科。序列比对和基因组测序分析结果显示,56份油莎豆种质不存在已报道的草甘膦抗性变异。qRT-PCR分析结果显示,CeEPSPS主要在成熟叶片和块茎中表达,其表达水平显著高于芽、幼嫩叶片、衰老叶片和芽茎。此外,本研究还构建了CeEPSPS的植物过...     

油莎豆幼苗应对盐碱胁迫的光合生理响应机制

对油莎豆幼苗在不同浓度盐胁迫和碱胁迫下的光合生理响应进行研究,揭示其耐盐机制以及抗盐碱能力阈值,为油莎豆在新疆大面积种植及合理划分种植区域提供理论基础。试验选用2种中性盐（NaCl, Na₂SO₄）和2种碱性盐（NaHCO₃ , Na₂CO₃）,分别按2∶1的比例配成相应溶液进行胁迫处理,盐、碱胁迫处理低、中、高浓度分别为 80、160、320 mmol· L^-1和40、80、120 mmol· L^-1,培养于室内光温培养箱中,在出苗15 d后,测量叶绿素含量,光合参数,荧光参数等指标。结果表明：在盐、碱胁迫下随胁迫程度的增加叶绿素a含量（Chl a）、叶绿素b含量（Chl b）、总叶绿素含量（Chl T）、类胡萝卜素含量（Car）、光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度 （G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）呈下降趋势,最大荧光（F_m）、实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）、最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）被抑制,非调节性能量耗散（Y(NO)）升高。其中P_n与G_s、T_r、Chl a,呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与Car、Chl T、F_m、ΦPSⅡ、qP（P<0.05）成显著正相关,与Y(NO)表现为显著负相关。因此油莎豆在盐、碱胁迫下光合速率下降主要与G_s、T_r、Chl a的降低有关。且油莎豆在盐碱胁迫下可通过降低G_s、T_r、叶片含水量（WC）和提高水分利用效率（WUE）以及启动热耗散机制来维持水分的供给和光合系统的动态平衡。在不同盐成分处理中表现为同浓度下碱胁迫抑制程度均大于盐胁迫。     

利用SRAP标记分析油莎豆遗传多样性

利用SRAP分子标记技术对14份不同地理来源的油莎豆资源进行分析,研究其遗传基础和遗传多样性.结果表明,38对具有多态性的SRAP引物组合共扩增出375条带,其中多态性带共306条,多态性条带比率为81.6％,平均每对引物组合的多态性条带为8.1条.UPGMA聚类分析表明,14个参试材料间的遗传距离在0.09至0.72...     

新型植物油莎豆DNA提取与SRAP体系优化

以14个不同地理来源的油莎豆品系为实验材料,研究了油莎豆DNA快速提取方法;以SRAP反应体系中DNA模板量、Mg2+浓度和引物浓度3个因子分别设置3个水平,共配制27个反应体系,对油莎豆SRAP反应体系进行优化。研究结果表明:改良CTAB法可获得较高质量的DNA,参试材料的A260/A280介于1.70～1.98;在27个SRAP反应体系(15μL)中,最优反应体系为DNA模板25ng、Mg2+1.5mmol/L、引物浓度1μmol/L、dNTPs 0.3mmol/L和Taq酶1U,可扩增出清晰稳定的多态性条带。     

不同干燥工艺下脱皮油莎豆干燥特性及品质研究

采用先湿法脱皮再干燥的方式可以简化油莎豆榨油前工序,提高榨油效率。为探究最适合的干燥工艺,本文以湿法脱皮油莎豆为研究对象,探究其薄层热风干燥特性,对比分析不同干燥工艺下脱皮油莎豆品质及所制取油脂的品质变化规律,以期为油莎豆产业化发展提供支持。本实验分别将油莎豆在自然干燥以及热风温度为50℃、60℃、70℃,风速0.8 m/s条件下进行干燥,再测定油莎豆的色泽、硬度、复水性以及脱皮油莎豆所制取油脂的品质。实验结果显示,样品干燥后亮度值、泛红度降低,硬度升高;热风50℃样品复水性最好,自然干燥次之,热风70℃下样品复水性最差;热风干燥条件下,随着风温的升高,所制得的油莎豆油的酸价及过氧化值均呈增加趋势,但是远低于国家标准中对食用植物油的要求。     

Spatial distribution of nutsedge (Cyperus spp. L.) seed bank in rice growth cycle using geostatistics

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the spatial distribution of nutsedge (Cyperus spp L.) seed bank in rice growth cycle using geostatistics in 2010–11. The sampling from seed banks were performed prior to rice farm preparation and after rice harvest; also weeds density was determined in three different dates during the growing season. The results showed that the highest amount of weed population was belonging to nutsedge (Cyperus spp. L.) including Cyperus difformis, C. rotundus and C. esculentus species. Nugget/sill ratios for all variogram models ranged from 15.2 to 46.9%, indicated that there was strong and moderate spatial correlation as spherical and exponential variograms models between weed and seedling nutsedge at all stages of sampling. Visual assessments of the weed growth in these field indicated that the weed exist in patches, but mapping results showed that the size and morphology of these patches varied within field. In the present study, seed bank patchy pattern was roughly in accordance with seedling germination pattern. Generally the provided seed bank maps can be used not only as information database of seedling germination, but also for predicting of seed bank dynamics and weed management programs.     

Growth Stage of Cyperus esculentus Influences Its Allelopathic Effect on Ectomycorrhizal and Higher Plant Species

Summary

Live plants and plant material in various forms have important roles in ecological processes. Weeds may be involved in interactions with desirable species at different trophic levels through the production and release of allelochemicals. The allelopathic potential of the weed Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) was assessed by preparing aqueous extracts from tubers and foliage from immature or mature plants, and testing their effects on an ectomycorrhiza and two higher plant species. The extracts from tubers and both foliage types significantly reduced the colony diameter of the ectomycorrhiza Boletus maxaria, which was isolated from roots of the forestry species Pinus patula, on agar medium. Extracts (2% m/v) from C. esculentus tubers and the foliage of immature plants inhibited the germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds significantly. At 5% concentration, the extracts from foliage of immature weed plants completely inhibited the germination of lettuce seeds at the end of the 7-day trial period. The emergence of corn (Zea mays) was retarded in soil where C. esculentus tubers were planted 28 days before planting the crop, irrespective of whether the weeds continued to grow or were physically removed at the time the corn was sown. In contrast, where weed tubers and corn seeds were planted at the same time, emergence of corn was not affected. It is suggested that the growth stage of weeds be considered in the assessment of their direct and indirect allelopathic effects, and in predictions for their impacts on crop development and yield.     

小麦穗发芽抗性分析及相关分子标记检测

小麦成熟期遭遇穗发芽会严重影响小麦的产量和品质。为了解徐州主要栽培品种的穗发芽抗性及其分子机制,用整穗发芽法、籽粒发芽法考察了5个徐州地区主要推广小麦品种的籽粒休眠和发芽特性,并用10个分子标记对其穗发芽性状进行解析。结果表明,供试品种间整穗发芽率、发芽率和萌发指数均存在不显著、显著或极显著差异。徐农029的整穗发芽率最低,为3.02%,烟农19的整穗发芽率最高,达68.80%。徐农029的发芽率和萌发指数分别为41.00%和21.43%,均极显著低于其父本矮抗58(71.67%、53.10%)和母本淮麦20(89.67%、61.00%),周麦18和烟农19的发芽率均为99.33%,而烟农19的萌发指数(83.95%)高于周麦18的萌发指数(81.43%)。分子标记检测发现,徐农029和淮麦20属于Vp1Bc型抗穗发芽; Xgwm282标记在5个品种中呈2种带型,与穗发芽抗性关系密切。另外,8个抗穗发芽相关分子标记不能很好区分上述5个品种的抗穗发芽特性。     

台湾种槟榔鲜果性状评价

为进一步了解台湾种槟榔在海南种植的品质特性,以台湾种槟榔鲜果为实验材料,分析测定7份样品的植物学特性(纵径、横径、鲜重)和品质性状(水分、槟榔碱、粗纤维、多酚、可溶性糖)。结果表明,随着样品质量的增加,植物学特征和品质性状指标呈逐渐上升趋势。根据测定结果,将7份样品分为三类： 一类为A、B、C样; 二类为D、E样,三类为F、G样。其中,二类样品中槟榔碱、纤维含量符合鲜食鲜果口感刺激性适中,纤维含量较少的要求。     

种植密度和方式对油莎豆块茎生长期光合特性和产量的影响

作物产量与群体结构密切相关。为合理配置群体结构,提高油莎豆光能利用率并最终提高产量,研究不同群体结构对油莎豆块茎生长阶段光合特性和产量的影响,以进一步挖掘黑龙江省中西部地区油莎豆产量潜能。2018年以黑油莎2号为材料,采用三因素大田裂裂区试验设计,主区为种植密度,分别为90 000株/hm²（A1）、110 000株/hm²（A2）、130 000株/hm²（A3）;裂区为种植方式,分别为110 cm垄上三行（小行距30 cm）（B1）,65 cm垄上双行（小行距20 cm）（B2）,45 cm垄上单行（B3）;裂裂区为留苗方式,分别为矩形留苗（C1）,三角留苗（C2）,共18种处理,3次重复。通过测定群体光合速率（CAP）、叶绿素a+b（Chla+b）含量及荧光参数（Fv/Fm和qP）,研究不同处理对油莎豆块茎生长阶段群体光合特性和产量形成的影响。结果发现：油莎豆块茎形成期,群体光合速率随着种植密度的增加而增大,3种密度处理间差异显著（P<0.05）;块茎增长期和成熟期,群体光合速率随着种植密度的增加呈先增后降的趋势。随着种植密度的增加,油莎豆块茎形成后0 d,冠层和下部叶片叶绿素a+b含量、最大光能转化率Fv/Fm、光化学猝灭系数qP均呈逐渐增加趋势;块茎形成后25~75 d,冠层和下部叶片叶绿素a+b含量、最大光能转化率Fv/Fm、光化学猝灭系数qP呈先增后降趋势。相同密度和留苗方式条件下,群体光合速率、叶绿素a+b含量、Fv/Fm及qP所测指标表现为种植方式B2最大,较B1、B3差异均显著（P<0.05）;相同密度和种植方式下,上述所测指标表现为留苗方式C2更大,较C1差异显著（P<0.05）。A2B1C2处理产量达到7520.45 kg/hm²,在所有处理中最高。合理的种植密度是提高油莎豆产量的关键。适宜密度下,合理的宽窄行配置和三角留苗方式可有效改善群体结构,提高群体光合速率,增加叶绿素a+b含量,提高最大光能转化率Fv/Fm和光化学猝灭系数qP,是实现植株个体与群体相互协调并提高产量的重要途径。     

Effect of Sprouting on Proteins and Starch in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - This study aims at understanding the relation among sprouting time (from 12 up to 72&nbsp;h), changes in protein and starch components, and flour functionality...     

干旱胁迫对马铃薯品种生理特性的影响

干旱是最严重的自然灾害之一,影响植物的生长、发育和繁殖等生命活动。干旱逆境可引起植物生理生化方面的一系列变化。近几年,云南省干旱问题愈加严重,因此,本研究以云南省主栽马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)品种‘会-2’为试验材料,研究干旱胁迫对马铃薯抗氧化酶活性和光合特性的影响,以期在干旱情况下为稳定马铃薯的生产、提高产量提供理论依据。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫的加剧块茎干重下降比较明显;在光合特性方面,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和细胞胞间隙CO2浓度降低,干旱胁迫下,细胞失水,气孔关闭,限制CO2吸收,蒸腾速率减弱,从而影响光合作用的速率;干旱胁迫会诱导抗氧化酶活性的降低,减弱抗氧化酶对活性氧的清除能力,导致危害植物的丙二醛大量积累。     

陕北黄芥黄色种皮的遗传研究

本研究采用黄芥（Brassica juncea L.）与两个不同来源的褐籽类型芥菜型油菜杂交，研究黄芥黄色种皮的遗传。结果表明：黄芥的粒色主要受母体基因型控制，褐色对黄色为显性；F2和BC1世代株间乃至株内颜色不尽一致，但黄色单株和褐色单株能够明显区分，褐色和黄色的比例分别符合3:1和1:1的分离比例，证明黄芥的粒色主要受一对主效基因控制，同时受修饰基因和环境的影响。黄籽和褐籽杂交F2代粒色与几个品质性状的相关分析，结果证明除含油量与粒色密切相关外，其脂肪酸组分的平均值与种皮颜色也有一定的相关性。     

Amino Acid, Mineral and Fatty Acid Content of Pumpkin Seeds (Cucurbita spp) and Cyperus esculentus Nuts in the Republic of Niger

Dried seeds and nuts are widely consumed by indigenous populations of the western Sahel, especially those who inhabit rural areas. In light of the need for quantitative information regarding the content of particular nutrients in these plant foods, we collected dried pumpkin (Cucurbita spp) seeds and nuts of Cyperus esculentus in the Republic of Niger and analyzed them for their content of essential amino acids, minerals and trace elements, and fatty acids.On a dry weight basis, pumpkin seed contained 58.8% protein and 29.8% fat. However, the lysine score of the protein was only 65% relative to the FAO/WHO protein standard. The pumpkin seed contained useful amounts of linoleic (92 μg/g dry weight) and the following elements (on a μg per g dry weight basis): potassium (5,790), magnesium (5,690), manganese (49.3), zinc (113), selenium (1.29), copper (15.4), chromium (2.84), and molybdenum (0.81), but low amounts of calcium and iron. Except for potassium (5,573 μg/g dry weight) and chromium (2.88 μg/g dry weight), the C. esculentis nuts contained much less of these same nutrients compared to pumpkin seeds.In conclusion, pumpkin seeds represent a useful source of many nutrients essential to humans. The data in this report should of practical value to public health officials in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa.     

Amino acid, mineral and fatty acid content of pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita spp) and Cyperus esculentus nuts in the Republic of Niger

Dried seeds and nuts are widely consumed by indigenous populations of the western Sahel, especially those who inhabit rural areas. In light of the need for quantitative information regarding the content of particular nutrients in these plant foods, we collected dried pumpkin (Cucurbita spp) seeds and nuts of Cyperus esculentus in the Republic of Niger and analyzed them for their content of essential amino acids, minerals and trace elements, and fatty acids.On a dry weight basis, pumpkin seed contained 58.8% protein and 29.8% fat. However, the lysine score of the protein was only 65% relative to the FAO/WHO protein standard. The pumpkin seed contained useful amounts of linoleic (92 microg/g dry weight) and the following elements (on a microg per g dry weight basis): potassium (5,790), magnesium (5,690), manganese (49.3), zinc (113), selenium (1.29), copper (15.4), chromium (2.84), and molybdenum (0.81), but low amounts of calcium and iron. Except for potassium (5,573 microg/g dry weight) and chromium (2.88 microg/g dry weight), the C. esculentis nuts contained much less of these same nutrients compared to pumpkin seeds. In conclusion, pumpkin seeds represent a useful source of many nutrients essential to humans. The data in this report should of practical value to public health officials in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa.     

芒果采后炭疽菌Colletotrichum asianum鉴定及生物学特性研究

采用组织块分离法从采后发病芒果果肉中分离病原菌,通过形态学观察、r DNA-ITS序列和系统发育树分析对其进行鉴定,并初步研究其生物学特性。结果表明:从发病芒果中分离到的病菌T0408鉴定为Colletotrichum asianum Prihastuti,L.CaiK.D.Hyde。该菌菌丝生长的适宜温度为20~30℃、适宜pH值为5~8;环境湿度在75%~98%范围内,湿度越大,菌丝生长速度越快,在3 000 lx日光灯的光照强度下连续光照有利于菌丝的生长和产孢;孢子萌发的适宜温度为25~30℃、适宜pH值为6~8,环境湿度为75%~98%,湿度越大、在3 000 lx日光灯的光照强度下连续光照有利于孢子的萌发。