木奶果果皮多酚提取工艺优化及其体外抗氧化活性研究

研究木奶果果皮多酚水浴振荡辅助提取工艺及其体外抗氧化活性。在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面法优化木奶果果皮多酚的水浴振荡辅助乙醇提取工艺,并以V_C为对照,对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除能力进行探讨。结果表明:采用优化后的工艺条件,提取时间63 min、提取温度65℃、乙醇浓度66%、液料比42∶1(m L/g),木奶果果皮多酚提取量为31.2 mg/g,与模型预测值31.0 mg/g相近,最佳工艺实用性强。体外抗氧化活性实验表明,木奶果果皮多酚对于DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的IC50值分别为12.3、2.35、0.141 mg/m L,最高清除率分别为90.6%、99.1%和61.9%,说明木奶果果皮多酚具有很强的抗氧化活性。     

大孔树脂纯化白背天葵多酚及其体外抗氧化研究

为了分离纯化白背天葵多酚,并探讨其体外抗氧化活性,本研究比较了8种大孔树脂对白背天葵多酚的静态吸附和解吸能力,优选出D101为最适宜纯化白背天葵多酚的树脂,并对其分离纯化的工艺进行了优化。采用DPPH和ABTS法评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明,D101树脂最佳纯化工艺为上样液浓度1 mg/mL、pH 3.1、上样液流速2 mL/min,解吸的乙醇体积分数70%、体积60 mL、流速2 mL/min;白背天葵多酚的含量由14.73%提高到45.21%;其清除DPPH及ABTS自由基的能力为 Vc>纯化物>粗提物。研究结果为进一步开发利用白背天葵多酚提供了数据支持。     

大麻叶中总黄酮提取工艺的优化及其抗氧化活性测定

为优化大麻叶总黄酮提取工艺并评估大麻叶总黄酮抗氧化活性,研究在单因素试验基础上,以提取时间、提取温度、料液比和乙醇体积分数为影响因素,总黄酮浸提量为评价指标,采用响应面试验设计优化提取工艺。采用FRAP总抗氧化能力测定试验、DPPH自由基清除试验以及ABTS自由基清除试验对总黄酮提取物进行抗氧化活性评价。结果表明:提取大麻叶总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为乙醇体积分数50%、料液比1∶20(g/m L)、提取时间2.0 h、提取温度70℃。在该最优提取条件下,大麻叶总黄酮浸提量为14.28 mg/g。抗氧化试验表明,大麻叶总黄酮的总抗氧化能力相当于1.288 mmol/L Fe SO4,对DPPH自由基的清除能力(IC50=3.7μg/m L)低于VC的清除能力(IC50=2.3μg/m L),而对ABTS自由基的清除力相当于0.391 mmol/L的Trolox。该工艺提取大麻叶得到的总黄酮含量较高,且具有一定的抗氧化性,可为未来大麻叶总黄酮的开发提供一定的科学依据。     

火龙果茎多糖的超高压提取及抗氧化活性研究

为研究火龙果茎多糖的超高压提取工艺及抗氧化活性。在单因素试验基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计和响应面分析方法,确定超高压提取的最优工艺,并从清除ABTS自由基和DPPH自由基能力方面来评价火龙果茎多糖的体外抗氧化能力。结果表明,火龙果茎多糖的超高压提取的最佳工艺条件为:液固比10∶1(m L∶g)、超高压压力300 MPa、超高压时间4 min。在此工艺条件下多糖得率为(2.83±0.02)%。火龙果茎对ABTS自由基和DPPH自由基具有清除作用,对ABTS自由基和DPPH自由基的清除率IC_(50)分别为浓度为4.3 mg/m L和5.5 mg/m L时。     

牛蒡子75%乙醇提取物总酚含量及抗氧化活性研究

目的本文主要测定牛蒡子75%乙醇提取物的体外抗氧化活性。方法:采用ABTS自由基、DPPH自由基清除方法以及还原法和总酚含量测定法,并利用紫外分光光度计法测定牛蒡子乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性。结果牛蒡子醇提物对DPPH、ABTS+自由基的清除率IC50值分别为0.055mg/m L、0.121 mg/m L;当浓度为1.24 mg/m L水平,其吸光度值为2.390,显示较强的还原性,其中总酚含量为48.3μg/mg。结论牛蒡子的75%醇提取物具有较好的抗氧化活性,在天然抗氧化剂的食品保鲜和药物的治疗方面,牛蒡子的醇提取物可以作为一种新的抗氧化材料,应用价值较好。     

红景天提取物抗脑缺血活性成分的纯化工艺研究

目的优选红景天抗脑缺血活性成分的提取纯化工艺。方法以红景天苷含量为考察指标,考察大孔树脂型号以及吸附和洗脱条件对红景天苷纯化的影响。结果 HPD-100型大孔树脂为分离纯化红景天苷的最佳大孔树脂,红景天苷上样液浓度为1.47mg/m L,径高比为1:8,上样体积为1.5BV,上样速度为1BV·h~(-1),吸附时间为1h,水洗脱4BV,5%醇洗脱4BV,20%乙醇洗脱11BV,洗脱速度为2BV·h~(-1)。结论验证结果表明,该纯化工艺稳定可行,重复性良好,为进一步开发红景天治疗脑缺血的制剂研究提供了基础。     

辣木叶γ-氨基丁酸提取工艺及其抗氧化研究

确定辣木叶中γ-氨基丁酸的最佳提取条件,并评价其体外抗氧化活性。通过单因素试验和正交试验优化辣木叶γ-氨基丁酸提取工艺参数,研究提取温度、料液比和提取时间等因素对辣木叶γ-氨基丁酸提取率的影响。结果表明:最佳提取条件为提取温度为60℃、料液比为1∶15、提取时间为30 min,在此条件下,辣木叶γ-氨基丁酸含量为(3.40±0.09)mg/g,γ-氨基丁酸粗提物对DPPH自由基、羟自由基以及ABTS自由基清除能力较强,其EC50分别为0.149 0 mg/m L、0.092 5 mg/m L和0.039 8 mg/m L,呈剂量依赖性。     

玫瑰茄总黄酮超声波-微波协同提取及抗氧化活性

采用Box-Behnken响应面试验设计法对玫瑰茄总黄酮超声波-微波协同提取工艺进行优化,研究了乙醇浓度、液固比、提取时间、微波功率、提取次数5个单因素对总黄酮提取量的影响,建立了乙醇浓度、液固比和微波功率的三因素回归模型,并研究其抗氧化活性。结果表明,提取的最佳工艺参数为乙醇浓度40%、液固比50∶1（mL/g）、微波功率250 W、提取时间20 min、超声波功率50 W,在此条件下提取2次,总黄酮提取量为40.2 mg/g。同时以维生素C作对照,研究了玫瑰茄总黄酮粗提物和纯化物的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,玫瑰茄总黄酮粗提物和纯化物都具有较强的抗氧化活性,能够有效清除O₂^-?自由基和DPPH自由基,清除能力与浓度呈较明显的量效关系,但抗氧化能力较维生素C弱。     

黄果茄中绿原酸超声辅助提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性

以黄果茄（Solanum xanthocarpum）果实为试材,采用超声波辅助乙醇提取法,对绿原酸的提取工艺进行研究。通过调整乙醇水溶液体积浓度、液体与物料的比值、超声时间、超声温度等4组单因素实验的数值及结果,优化出拟定的绿原酸提取工艺参数,即乙醇溶液浓度、液料比值、超声时间、超声温度分别为65%、50 m L/g、40 min、60℃。在上述单因素优化结果基础上,进一步通过Box-Behnken响应面法优化得到最终的二次多项数学模型。研究结果表明,提取工艺参数为64.7%的乙醇浓度、55.8 m L/g的液料比值、56.0℃下超声40.5 min,黄果茄绿原酸提取率最佳,为6.81%。黄果茄果中的提取物具有较好的抗氧化能力,相应的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-pierylhydrazy, DPPH）和2,2-连氮基-双-(3-乙基苯并二氢噻唑啉-6-磺酸)[2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate), ABTS]自由基清除能力的IC50分别为55.7 mg/L和20.1 mg/L。     

枇杷果皮中多酚物质提取和纯化工艺的优化

以枇杷果皮为材料,提取分离和纯化枇杷多酚类物质,试验确定乙醇为多酚浸提溶剂,通过正交试验优化乙醇浸提枇杷果皮多酚的工艺参数。结果表明：液料比10.0 ∶ 1(mL ∶ g),80 ℃下,在50％体积分数的乙醇中浸提90 min,连续浸提2次,多酚得率可达34.76 mg/g DW(干重）。运用静态吸附和动态吸附试验对大孔吸附树脂及对多酚纯化工艺条件进行筛选,从AB-8、LX-1、NKA-9、D101、XAD-5和DM301等6种大孔吸附树脂中筛选出的XAD-5型树脂具有较好的吸附及解吸性能,吸附率和解吸率分别达到76.44％和74.32％。XAD-5型树脂纯化枇杷多酚的工艺条件为：进样浓度1.50 mg/mL,样液体积5 BV,进样流速1.5 BV/h,洗脱剂乙醇体积分数为70％,洗脱流速1.5 BV/h,洗脱体积1.2 BV,此工艺下枇杷果皮多酚纯度可达76.52％,回收率为56.44％。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。