施氮后移对黄土高原旱区胡麻干物质积累和氮素利用的影响

为探讨施氮后移对胡麻同化物、氮素及产量形成的协调机理,在全生育期总施氮量150 kg/hm2的基础上,以全部基施为对照(CK,N1),设置4种施氮后移处理:2/3基肥+1/3现蕾肥(N2)、1/2基肥+1/2现蕾肥(N3)、1/3基肥+2/3现蕾肥(N4)、1/3基肥+1/3分茎肥+1/3现蕾肥(N5),研究其在胡麻关...     

施氮量对马铃薯氮素积累分配及利用率的影响

合理的施肥技术是提高马铃薯产量的主要措施之一。氮肥在马铃薯增产中作用巨大,但是氮肥的不合理施用通常造成马铃薯产量降低、品质下降、氮肥利用率降低。为合理施用氮肥,提高马铃薯产量和氮肥利用率,以鲜食品种‘东农09-33069’为试验材料,研究不同氮肥施用量对马铃薯氮素积累分配规律及其利用率的影响。结果表明,马铃薯植株氮含量、氮素积累量随施氮量的增加而升高。随生育期的推移,马铃薯植株氮素积累量呈先增加后降低的趋势,氮素在茎和叶片中分配比例逐渐降低,块茎中氮素分配比例逐渐升高至成熟期的57%~78%。当施氮量超过10 kg/667m2时,块茎中氮素积累量增加不明显,块茎氮素分配比例不再增加。马铃薯产量在施氮量13.3 kg/667m2时达到最大值,氮素吸收利用率、偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥生理利用率在施氮量3.3 kg/667m2时取得最大值。     

施氮量对强筋小麦氮素积累和氮肥农学利用效率的影响

为探究冀东平原强筋小麦高产优质高效的最佳施氮量,在大田选用石优20号和中麦998两个强筋小麦品种,设置施氮量0 (N_0)、180 (N_1)和240 (N_2)kg·hm~(-2),研究了施氮量对强筋小麦氮素积累、转运和氮肥农学利用效率的效应。结果表明,小麦花前氮素积累量占成熟期植株地上部总氮素积累量的59%～66%,花后占34%～41%。随施氮量增加,小麦植株花前氮素积累量和转运量均提高,叶是花前氮素积累和转运的主要器官。小麦籽粒灌浆过程中,营养器官的氮素积累量逐渐下降,籽粒氮素积累量逐渐提高,营养器官氮素转运高峰与籽粒氮素积累高峰一致,石优20号为花后14～21d,中麦998为花后7～21d。施氮量从180 kg·hm~(-2)增加到240kg·hm~(-2),石优20号和中麦998的产量分别提高了6.10%和7.58%,籽粒蛋白质含量分别提高了3.68%和3.73%,而氮肥农学利用效率分别降低了25.68%和23.93%。综上所述,促进花前氮素的积累和转运可提高强筋小麦蛋白质含量;适当减少施氮量可实现强筋小麦的提质增效。本试验条件下,冀东平原强筋小麦生产的适宜施氮量为180kg·hm~(-2)。     

减氮处理对不同小麦品种干物质积累及氮素转运特性的影响

为了解低氮对小麦的氮累积量、干物质累积量、产量及氮利用率的影响,在豫北高产田常规施氮量的基础上,研究了减氮处理下小麦品种漯麦18、豫麦49-198、西农509和豫农202开花期和成熟期氮素积累量、花前和花后干物质和氮素转运、积累特性及产量和氮素利用效率的差异。结果表明,减氮处理下,漯麦18和豫麦49-198开花期和成熟期的氮素积累量均大于西农509和豫农202,且氮素积累量下降幅度均小于后两个小麦品种;4个小麦品种花前贮存氮素对籽粒的贡献率均在73.78%以上,而花后氮素积累量对籽粒的贡献率较低;4个小麦品种花前干物质转运量对籽粒的贡献率为35.05%~39.71%,而花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率均高于60.29%。减氮处理后,漯麦18和豫麦49-198的产量、氮肥偏生产力和产投比均高于西农509和豫农202,产量降低幅度小于西农509和豫农202,植株氮素利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和产投比提高幅度均显著高于西农509和豫农202。说明减氮处理下种植漯麦18和豫麦49-198更有利于在获得较高产量的同时,提高氮素利用效率和经济效益,减少氮素损失。     

小麦季施氮对麦套花生光合特性、氮素和干物质积累及周年氮素利用率的影响

在大田条件下,以小麦品种济麦22号和花生品种花育25号为材料,设置4种不同追施氮肥的方式,分别为:(A)拔节期施纯氮160kg/hm~2、(B)拔节期施纯氮80kg/hm~2+开花期施纯氮80kg/hm~2、(C)孕穗期施纯氮160kg/hm~2、(D)开花期施纯氮160kg/hm~2;施肥方法均为开沟追施。研究了小麦季4种不同追施氮肥方式对下茬花生各生育时期叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、成熟期各器官氮素和干物质积累与分配及周年氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明:C处理的氮肥运筹方式提高了叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率;荚果中氮素和干物质积累量及其分配比例均较高;小麦籽粒产量最高、花生荚果产量较高;氮素内部利用效率和氮肥偏生产力均最高。本试验条件下,综合考虑周年作物产量和氮素利用效率,前茬小麦基施纯氮105kg/hm~2、孕穗期追施纯氮160kg/hm~2和花针期追施25kg/hm~2(C处理)是小麦套种花生种植模式下最佳的氮肥运筹方式。     

施氮期对夏玉米氮素积累运转及氮肥利用的影响

通过设置不同施氮期试验,研究对夏玉米植株氮素积累运转及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与不施氮相比,施氮提高了植株氮素积累量、子粒氮素积累量和氮素收获指数(NHI)。吐丝后穗部氮素积累迅速增长,茎鞘氮素转运主要集中在灌浆初期,叶片氮素转运主要发生在灌浆中后期。施氮使氮生理效率较不施氮处理平均下降了16%,处理间氮肥效率差异不显著。植株总吸氮量的60%～70%主要集中在吐丝至成熟期,以3叶期施氮+12叶展追氮处理氮吸收最多,氮肥利用率(NUE)最高,与其他处理相比,3叶期施氮+12叶展追氮处理NUE分别提高了21.8个百分点和22.8个百分点。     

不同氮利用率粳稻品种的碳氮积累与转运特征及其生理机制

【目的】探明不同氮利用率水稻品种的氮素积累与转运特征及其机制。【方法】2个氮高效品种(武运粳30号和连粳7号)和2个氮低效品种(扬粳4038和宁粳1号)种植于大田,设置2个施氮量：全生育期不施氮(0N)和全生育期施氮180kg/hm²(180N),比较分析了不同氮利用率粳稻品种干物质生产、氮素积累与转运差异及其机制。【结果】与氮低效品种相比,氮高效品种具有较高的产量、氮肥利用率、总颖花量和结实率,较高的花前干物质转运量和花后干物质积累量,分蘖至穗分化始期和抽穗至成熟期较高的净同化率和作物生长率,抽穗期较高的糖花比,灌浆期较高的籽粒库活性、籽粒中脱落酸与1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸含量的比值和茎鞘中较高的非结构性碳水化合物的转运和蔗糖合成相关酶活性以及蔗糖转运蛋白基因的表达量,抽穗后较高的氮转运、氮素吸收量,灌浆期较高的比叶氮含量、叶片中细胞分裂素含量、氮代谢酶活性以及氮素转运相关基因的表达量。【结论】氮高效品种穗分化前和抽穗后较高的物质生产效率以及灌浆期较高的碳氮转运与积累是产量和氮肥利用率协同提高的重要机制。     

减量施氮对滴灌春小麦干物质和氮素积累转运特征的影响

为探明新疆滴灌春小麦氮高效利用特征,于2019年采用田间试验研究了减氮对强筋型小麦品种新春38号和中筋型品种新春49号的干物质和氮素积累、转运及氮素利用效率的影响.结果 表明,新春38号和新春49号拔节期、开花期、成熟期的各器官及植株的干物质积累量和花前干物质转运效率及其对籽粒产量贡献率随减氮比例的增大呈现先增大后减小...     

施氮模式对强筋小麦氮素积累和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

为探索冀东平原强筋小麦适宜的氮肥施用模式,选用2个强筋小麦品种(津农7号和中麦998),在总施氮量为210 kg·hm^-2的前提下设置4种施氮模式(CK:底肥50%+拔节肥50%;N1:底肥30%+起身肥20%+拔节肥50%;N2:底肥50%+拔节肥30%+孕穗肥20%;N3:底肥30%+拔节肥50%+孕穗肥20%),研究了不同施氮模式对强筋小麦氮素积累、转运、籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,N2和N3处理提高了强筋小麦干物质积累量,显著增加植株花前氮素积累量及其转运量。花前氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率因品种和处理而异,津农7号花前氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率以CK最高,中麦998花前氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率以N2处理最高。与CK相比,N2和N3处理显著增加小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量,提高醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量;2个强筋小麦品种籽粒产量均以N2处理较高。综上所述,本试验条件下,总施氮量的20%后移至孕穗期可提高强筋小麦植株干物质积累量,促进花前积累氮素向籽粒转移,提高籽粒蛋白质含量;N2处理可使津农7号获得最高的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量;中麦998在N2处理下籽粒产量最...     

施氮量对滴灌冬小麦干物质积累、分配与转运的影响

为明确施氮量对滴灌冬小麦干物质积累、分配、转运及产量的影响,于2013-2015年连续两个冬小麦生长季,以新冬18号为试验材料,在大田滴灌条件下,设置了0(N_0)、94.5(N_1)、180(N_2)、240(N_3)、300(N_4)、360kg·hm~(-2)(N_5)共6个施氮量处理,通过单因素随机区组试验,研究了不同施氮量下滴灌冬小麦干物质积累、分配及转运的特点。结果表明,不同施氮量处理下滴灌冬小麦单茎干物质积累量随生育进程均呈"S"曲线变化。成熟期干物质积累量、花前干物质的转运量及其转运效率、花后同化物积累量均以N_3处理最高;花前干物质转运对籽粒产量的贡献率以及籽粒产量在两年中均随施氮水平的提高呈先增后减趋势,也均以N_3处理最高,其中产量两年分别较N_0处理增产68.01%和67.39%。因此,在本试验条件下,240kg·hm~(-2)施氮量最有利于滴灌冬小麦干物质积累、转运和高产。     

Perspective on oil flax yield and dry biomass with reduced nitrogen supply

Field experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design to determine effects of nitrogen (N) application levels (J0: 150 ​kg/hm², J1: 120 ​kg/hm², J2: 90 ​kg/hm², J3: 60 ​kg/hm²) on regulating dry biomass accumulation, allocation and translocation, and grain yield of oil flax during 2018 cropping season. Significant promotion was observed in dry matter during accumulation stage of oil flax, when N rate was reduced by 40% (from 150 to 90 ​kg/hm²). Under J2 treatment, translocation of dry matter from vegetative organs to pod increased by 38.46% and 61.54% respectively, when compared with J1 and J0 treatment. Dry matter distribution proportion of pod at maturity increased 4.47%–7.61%, contribution rate of leaf to grain upgraded 5.09%–8.77%, and number of effective pods and grains per pod increased by 27.16%–45.38% and 6.49%–26.59% respectively compared to other treatments. As a result, seed yield of oil flax under J2 treatment was 2.23%–18.21% higher than those of other treatments. Our study recommended 90 ​kg/hm² as the best N fertilizer level to improve seed yield of oil flax.     

不同氮素吸收利用效率类型油菜的农艺性状、干物质及氮素积累特征

为合理调整不同氮素吸收利用效率油菜品种的氮肥用量,提高氮素利用效率,大田试验条件下,根据长江流域冬油菜主产区广泛种植的34个甘蓝型油菜品种的氮素吸收和利用效率的差异,以氮素吸收和利用效率的平均值为界线将供试品种分为4类,即A-高效吸收高效利用型、B-低效吸收高效利用型、C-高效吸收低效利用型和D-低效吸收低效利用型,研究4类油菜的生长性状、干物质及氮素积累和分配的特点。结果显示,A类品种在主序长、主序角果数、一次分枝数和一次分枝角果数等农艺性状上表现很强的生长优势,B、C两类居中,D类品种最低。氮素吸收效率高的品种,其干物质量、氮素积累量相对越多,不同类型油菜的地上部生物量及氮素积累量顺序为C、A>D、B;氮素利用效率高的品种,干物质量和氮素积累在籽粒中的分配相对较多,而在果壳中分配相对较少,籽粒产量以及籽粒氮素积累量顺序则为A>B、C>D。     

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus application on soil nitrogen morphological characteristics and grain yield of oil flax

In order to identify effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on soil nitrogen morphological characteristics and grain yield of oil flax, a two-factor experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in typical semi-arid and hilly-gully area of Loess Plateau with 3 replicates in 2013 and 2014. Two levels of N application included 150 ​kg/hm² (N₂) and 75 ​kg/hm² (N₁). P application included 150 ​kg P₂O₅/hm² (P₂) and 75 ​kg P₂O₅/hm² (P₁). Temporal and spatial variation of soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) contents in 0–60 ​cm soil layer, and relationship between soil NO₃⁻-N accumulation (SNA) and grain yield of oil flax were analyzed. Results showed that SNA increased with evaluated N application rate in different soil layers (0–20 ​cm, 20–40 ​cm and 40–60 ​cm). With the increased P application, SNA increased at N₁ level but decreased at N₂ level. SNA under N₂P₁ treatment increased by 73.33% in 2013 and 74.97% in 2014 respectively, compared with control treatment (CK) at maturity stage. Grain yield of oil flax also increased by 44.27% in 2013 and 56.55% in 2014, compared with CK under the same treatment. Correlation analysis showed that SNA in different soil layers were respectively positively correlated with grain yield. In conclusion, this research suggested that the optimal fertilizer application rate was 150 ​kg ​N/hm² and 75 ​kg P₂O₅/hm² in the Northwest of China.     

Effect of different film color mulching on dry matter and grain yield of oil flax in dry-land

Mulching can effectively maintain soil moisture; color of mulching film affects soil water storage capacity and further promote crop growth to improve grain yield. Field experiment was conducted to study effects of different film colors on dry matter accumulation (DMA) and grain yield of oil flax. Results showed that white plastic film mulching could increase leaf area, chlorophyll content and DMA. DMA of white film mulching and micro-ridge with soil covering was 53.0% higher than that of CK, and 7.8% higher than that of black film mulching. Mulching method also influenced DMA. Micro-ridge alone increased it by 13.7% than flat cultivation and soil covering improved another 7.6% under white film mulching. Both white and black film mulching with micro-ridge could significantly improve grain yield. Black film mulching with micro-ridge and soil covering, white film mulching with micro-ridge and no soil covering significantly increased capsule number per plant, 1,000-grain weight and grain yield of oil flax, compared with CK. Grain yield increased 29.0% and 28.9% respectively. These results indicated that the above mulching methods were suitable for high yield cropping pattern in dry-farming regions.     

Seed filling dynamic traits of oil flax in response to nitrogen and phosphorus

Crop yield is primarily seed-filling-limited in production system under field conditions.This study was aimed to determine whether seed filling traits of oil flax(Linum usitatissimum L.)could be controlled by phosphorus(P),nitrogen(N),and phosphorus and nitrogen(NP)supply.Effects on seed filling traits were investigated in 2 years including capsule diameter,capsule height,capsule dry matter(DM),seed DM per capsule,pericarp DM per capsule,protein content and oil content.DM translocation from pericarps to seed,translocation efficiency,and contribution of photoassimilates during seed filling period were also detected.In a randomized complete block design,cultivar'Longyaza 1'was grown under P(33 kg P/ha),N(75 kg N/ha),and NP(33 kg P/ha and 75 kg N/ha)along with a zerofertilizer(CK)treatment in 2013 and 2014.Results suggested that DM translocation efficiency and contribution efficiency increased to different extent due to P,N or NP application.At 42 DAA(days after anthesis),seed DM per capsule reached the greatest,while protein content and pericarp DM obtained the least level.However,the highest oil content was detected at 35 DAA.A significant positive linear relationship was observed between seed DM,capsule DM and DM translocation in both years.Protein content showed inconsistent relation with oil content.The results indicated that appropriate N and P management could be an effective approach to increase oil flax production.     

华北春芝麻不同栽培条件对干物质的影响

对华北春芝麻区不同栽培条件下芝麻干物质的积累、分配、转移规律进行了研究，结果表明：(1)芝麻生殖器官干重与总干物质变化一致，随生育进程而增加；(2)干物质分配，苗期以营养器官为主，蕾期、花期营养器官与生殖器官并进，以后叶片中的干物质越来越多地转移到生殖器官；(3)封顶期叶片仍保持一定的绿叶面积，能继续供给生殖器官干物质；(4)地膜覆盖比露地栽培更有利于干物质的积累、分配、转移；(5)探讨了高产生理指标。     

不同磷钾处理下套作大豆干物质积累及钾肥利用率的动态变化

在磷钾供应条件下,以贡选1号为材料,研究了套作大豆干物质积累及钾肥利用率的动态变化。结果表明,套作大豆干物质积累量和钾素吸收量随生育时期推进而持续增加,两者变化趋势一致,符合“S”形曲线,均可用Logistic方程y=k/(1+ae-bx)加以拟合。干物质积累速率前期缓慢,随后迅速上升,出苗后79.3d达到高峰后缓慢下降,钾肥吸收速率与干物质积累速率趋势一致,但最大吸收速率出现时间（出苗后73.6d）早于干物质积累最大速率出现时间。钾肥利用率呈现先升高后降低的趋势,最高阶段利用率与最大吸收速率出现时间基本一致（出苗后75d～90d）。施用磷钾提高了钾素吸收速率、干物质积累速率、钾肥积累利用率和阶段利用率,但没有改变其变化趋势。     

氮肥用量对油菜产量及氮素利用效率的影响

通过大田试验研究了氮肥用量对油菜产量、养分含量、养分累积量及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与不施氮相比,施氮肥75、150和225kg/hm2平均分别增产41.9%、70.3%和66.2%,籽粒含氮量分别提高9.1%、14.2%和13.1%,植株地上部氮素总累积量分别增加59.6%、111.6%和108.0%。施氮促进油菜生长发育,显著提高油菜对氮素的吸收、累积和籽粒需氮量,但氮肥农学利用率、偏生产力和表观利用率均随氮肥用量的增加显著下降。氮肥用量在150kg/hm2时,能较好地协调油菜较高产量水平与合理氮肥利用率的统一。     

旱地胡麻同化物积累和分配与产量形成对轮作模式的响应

合理轮作对作物生产有积极的促进作用.为明确不同轮作模式和前茬作物对旱地胡麻生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,通过田间长期定位试验,研究了胡麻-胡麻-胡麻-胡麻(FFFF)、胡麻-小麦-马铃薯-胡麻(FWPF)、胡麻-马铃薯-胡麻-小麦(FPFW)、胡麻-胡麻-小麦-马铃薯(FFWP)、胡麻-小麦-胡麻-马铃薯(FWFP)和胡麻...     

氮肥调控对冬小麦干物质量、产量和氮素利用效率的影响

为了探讨河南省安阳地区冬小麦合理高效的氮肥调控模式,2008-2010年通过田间试验,比较分析了不同基追比(10∶0和6∶4)和施氮水平(100、200和300kg·hm-2)下冬小麦干物质量、产量和氮肥利用效率的差异。结果表明,增施氮肥显著促进了冬小麦的干物质积累和籽粒产量的形成,在基追比10∶0下,氮肥农学效率(NE)随着施氮量的增加呈降低趋势。在相同追施比例下,干物质量、籽粒产量、氮素生理利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率(NUE)以施氮200kg·hm-2时最高。在施氮100kg·hm-2时,提高氮肥基施比例更有利于增加干物质量、产量和氮肥利用效率;伴随施氮量的增加,提高追肥比例能有效增加干物质量、籽粒产量、NE、PNUE和NUE。本试验中,在施氮200kg·hm-2、基追比为6∶4条件下,冬小麦的干物质积累、产量及氮素利用效率表现最佳。