浓缩风能装置内部流场仿真分析

浓缩风能装置是浓缩风能型风力发电机组的主要部件之一,其结构直接影响机组输出功率的大小。为了提高浓缩风能装置的浓缩效率,以浓缩风能装置为研究对象,应用三维建模软件与CFD(computational fluid dynamics)软件建立了几何模型与网格模型。基于上述模型,提出应用数值模拟方法对浓缩风能装置内部流场进行仿真分析,并通过比较分析不同湍流模型下的内部流场特性,得知标准κ-ω湍流模型更加适用于浓缩风能装置内部流场仿真。基于上述浓缩风能装置模型和湍流模型,分别对不同尺寸参数的浓缩风能装置内部流场特性进行仿真分析,得到了扩散角对浓缩风能装置内部流场特性的影响比收缩角、中央圆筒长度的影响大的规律,此规律为浓缩风能装置结构优化与设计提供了依据,优化后的结构能明显提高风能品质和风电机组输出功率。     

浓缩风能装置扩散管流场模拟验证及其凸缘结构优化设计

浓缩风能装置的扩散管结构直接影响浓缩风能型风电机组的输出功率.为提高浓缩风能装置的浓缩效率,以浓缩风能装置为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法,研究扩散管凸缘的几何参数对浓缩风能装置内部流场特性的影响规律;并通过试验验证数值模拟的可靠性.结果表明:扩散管凸缘结构能够明显提高浓缩风能装置对自然风的加速作用和风能利用率;且装置内部流场的流速和风轮扫掠面积上的可利用风能随着凸缘高度L的增加而增大.综合分析可得,带有L为450 mm、凸缘角度α为+9°的扩散管凸缘的浓缩风能装置模型流场流速和可利用风能较高;与原始模型相比,其内部流场最大流速提高了30.738％,可利用风能提高了84.26％,是所研究模型中流场性能较佳的浓缩风能装置结构.     

浓缩风能型风力发电机浓缩装置流场特性模拟与试验

对于大型风力发电机组,风切变的影响不容忽视。浓缩风能型风力发电机可以提高风能密度,改善风能的不稳定性。为揭示浓缩风能型风力发电机浓缩装置风切变的流动规律,该文以浓缩风能装置为研究对象,进行了流场风切变特性的数值计算和风洞试验研究。采用具有风速梯度4.2 s-1的风洞进行浓缩风能装置模型的风切变风洞试验。结果证明浓缩风能装置具有减轻风切变的能力;浓缩风能装置使来流的风速梯度由4.2 s-1减小为3.4 s-1,有效地提高了叶片载荷均匀度和风力发电质量;数值计算结果与试验结果相符。研究结果可为风切变研究和完善浓缩装置与叶片的设计提供参考。     

3D打印浓缩风能装置用于风洞试验安全性分析

通过3D打印技术可以方便快捷地制作出浓缩风能装置风洞试验模型,但必须对其安全性进行分析。该文采用流固耦合分析方法,对利用3D打印技术按1:4.5的比例制作的浓缩风能装置模型用于风洞试验的安全性进行分析。首先通过计算流体力学软件对流体场进行网格无关性分析,然后对流体场进行仿真模拟,得出了浓缩风能装置模型在风洞中的风速分布,其结果表明,浓缩风能装置叶轮安装平面6点风速平均值为流场入口风速的1.40倍,该倍率与参考文献中的实际测量平均倍率1.38倍非常接近,这说明按1:4.5的比例制作的浓缩风能装置模型用于该文所述尺寸风洞按该文中的设置进行模拟计算是正确的。然后将该模型表面风压分布作为载荷加载到此模型上,得到该模型在风洞中所受最大应力为3.5385 MPa,远小于所选3D打印材料的拉伸强度40.2 MPa和弯曲强度67.8 MPa,且最大偏移量仅为1.8675 mm,因此采用文中所选3D打印材料通过3D打印技术制作风洞试验模型是安全的。     

聚碳酸酯材料的浓缩风能装置流固耦合分析

浓缩风能装置是浓缩风能型风力发电机的核心部分,其选材直接影响到浓缩风能型风力发电机的推广应用。该文应用流固耦合分析方法,采用CFD软件进行流场分析,对浓缩风能装置在特定风场下进行仿真模拟,得到了浓缩风能装置所处流场的风速和风压分布。将流场计算结果作为载荷加载到浓缩风能装置上,该装置在风中所受最大应力3.267 MPa,远小于拜耳makrolon 2407型聚碳酸酯的屈服应力66 MPa、断裂应力65 MPa以及弯曲强度98 MPa,因此该型号聚碳酸酯在强度上满足浓缩风能装置要求,可以替代目前所用材料冷轧钢板。该研究结果可为后期的结构改进和优化设计提供理论依据和参考。     

对扩散管边界层进行的喷射和抽吸实验(第五报) 浓缩风能型风力发电机的整体模型风洞实验

浓缩风能型风力发电机是把稀薄的风能浓缩后利用的一种新型风力发电机组。依据大量的风洞实验数据，分析论证了不使用其它动力源，利用浓缩装置前方入口外侧形成的高压和浓缩装置侧面形成的低压，采用高压喷嘴喷出和抽吸孔对浓缩装置内扩散管的边界层进行喷射和抽吸可提高浓缩风能效果，使风力发电机输出功率增大。     

对扩散管边界层进行的喷射和抽吸实验(第五报)——浓缩风能型风力发电机的整体模型风洞实验

浓缩风能型风力发电机是把稀薄的风能浓缩后利用的一种新型风力发电机组。依据大量的风洞实验数据，分析论证了不使用其它动力源，利用浓缩装置前方入口外侧形成的高压和浓缩装置侧面形成的低压，采用高压喷嘴喷出和抽吸孔对浓缩装置内扩散管的边界层进行喷射和抽吸可提高浓缩风能效果，使风力发电机输出功率增大。     

浓缩风能型风力发电机改进模型流场与功率输出特性(简报)

浓缩风能型风力发电机的流场具有特殊性,它的流场特性直接影响该类型风力发电机的性能。浓缩风能型风力发电机改进模型是由相似模型改进而成。采用车载法对改进模型的流场特性进行了试验并与原相似模型比较,研究表明：改进模型中央圆筒叶轮安装处流速增至来流流速的1.38倍,比原模型提高了5.34%;气流动能增至来流风能的2.65倍。采用车载法对改进模型功率输出特性进行了试验,当自然风速为 10.83 m/s时,叶轮转速额定,叶轮风能利用系数Cp为0.182,机组输出功率117.6 W,此时发电机效率为0.655,试验结果证明：叶轮安装处风速是前方相同面积来流风速的1.37倍,气流动能增至来流风能的2.57倍。试验为浓缩风能型风力发电机叶轮设计提供了重要依据。     

有机玻璃材料的浓缩风能装置流固耦合分析

用于制造浓缩风能装置的材料直接影响浓缩风能型风力发电机的推广及应用。该文通过流固耦合分析方法,对有机玻璃用于制造浓缩风能装置的可能性进行分析。采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)软件对浓缩风能装置在特定风场下进行仿真模拟,得到了不同温度下浓缩风能装置所处流场的风速和风压分布。将不同温度下的流场计算风压分布结果作为载荷加载到对应温度下的浓缩风能装置上,得到该装置在不同温度下所受最大应力。这些不同温度下的最大应力均远小于有机玻璃在对应温度下的断裂应力,如温度为293.15 K时该装置所受最大应力为1.5378 MPa,而该温度下有机玻璃的断裂应力为71.704 MPa,因此有机玻璃在强度上满足浓缩风能装置要求,可以用于制造浓缩风能装置。当选择泊松比、杨氏模量和断裂应力均随温度发生变化的材料作为流体机械备选材料时,该研究过程可以为其可行性研究提供参考。     

浓缩风能型风力发电机浓缩装置流场特性及试验

为揭示浓缩风能型风力发电机浓缩装置的流动规律,该文以浓缩装置为研究对象,进行了流场特性的理论分析、数值计算和试验研究.流体流过浓缩装置,靠壁面流体首先被加速,在中间截面前0.22 m截面超过中心轴流速,之后随轴向距离加大,逐渐形成中间流速大于边缘流速的流场;中央圆筒具有以中心轴为圆心的径向流速梯度,来流风速10.74 m/s时,中间截面径向流速梯度达2.35/s;近壁面形成薄薄的边界层,出现在距中央圆筒壁面50 mm附近,在中间截面前0.11 m截面和中间截面后0.07 m截面出现波峰,波谷出现在中间截面后0.02 m处.试验结果表明,数值计算结果与试验结果相符.研究结果可为完善浓缩装置和叶片的设计提供参考.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.