全球生物农药定义、分类及管理和测试准则介绍

生物农药的定义在全球各国农药管理部门和国际组织间并不统一.考虑到生物农药在作用方式、来源和特性等方面的不同,对所有类型的生物农药制定统一且详细的管理要求也并不实际.相反,生物农药的许可要求往往视不同准则的要求因产品而异.本文对中国、美国、欧盟、FAO和OECD生物农药的定义、分类以及相关管理准则进行了总结和梳理.     

控制好温度越冬黄瓜产量高

温度是限制黄瓜正常生长的主要因素之一，在越冬黄瓜栽培过程中确定以温度管理为主线的基础上，通过控制好温度可以提高黄瓜产量和效益。就是根据黄瓜生产的需求，不同时期采取不同温度来管理黄瓜的措施。     

泰国有害物质管理条例简介

在泰国 ,由于有害物质在很多部门都有使用 ,其中一些物质已对人体、动物、植物、财产及环境产生了危害 ,目前虽然存在一些相关管理有害物质的法律法规 ,然而这些法律法规都由不同部委或司局制定和执行 ,且不同时期制定的法律也各不相同 ,存在着严重的不一致性和不全面性。因此 ,就非常有必要修订一部毒性物质管理条例 ,使其范围扩大到包括所有有害物质的管理 ,制定统一的标准和程序 ,从而对有害物质实行更加有效的管理 ,协调与有害物质管理有关的不同部门的关系。《泰国有害物质管理条例》（以下简称《条例》 ,是经泰国议会全国立法大会同意…     

海关进出口货物监管证件名称代码说明

进出口货物海关监管方式,是以国际贸易中进出口货物的交易方式为基础,结合我国政府对各类进出口货物的不同监管条件,综合设定的管理方式.其中部分进出口货物按照对外贸易管理制度规定,对该类进出口货物实施许可证管理.不同的许可证在海关的监管系统中对应不同的代码.本文将结合农药进出口所需的监管证件,对现行34种监管证件进行逐一的解释.     

额济纳绿洲胡杨林更新复壮技术研究

本方概要总结了额济纳绿洲天然胡杨林的主要封育更新技术 ;在调查研究的基础上 ,提出胡杨更新林不同年龄阶段的合理密度指标值与抚育管理技术 ,为胡杨更新林的复壮与规范管理提供科学依据     

中国城市生活垃圾管理模式探讨

中国是世界上垃圾包袱最重的国家。城市垃圾问题是制约我国城市现代化发展的难题之一。为使我国城市垃圾管理进入良性循环 ,实现可持续发展 ,本文分析了国内外垃圾管理的现状和差距 ,提出了城市生活垃圾分类收集、运输、分类处理及回收利用、我国不同地区垃圾处理、有毒有害垃圾管理、从源头控制实现垃圾减量化管理及我国城市垃圾管理体制等 7个方面的管理模式。     

加拿大植物有害生物风险分析管理

植物有害生物风险分析(Pest Risk Analysis)在植物检疫管理中起着十分重要的作用。在某种意义上讲,植物有害生物风险分析管理程序,实质上是进境植物检疫管理的程序。在加拿大,由动植物检疫局植物保护处(PPD)管理整个有害生物风险分析过程。PPD为了确定新的商品或来自不同产地的商品     

山西省蔬菜中农药残留状况分析及管理建议

以气相色谱法作为检测手段,对山西省不同时期上市的不同种类蔬菜进行农药残留检测,发现其中茎类蔬菜的农药残留超标率高达18.6%,葱蒜类、绿叶菜类、块根类、茄果类等蔬菜也有不同程度的超标现象,其中禁用农药的使用是致使样品超标的主要原因.提出了加强农药管理的建议.     

生态环境资源商品化及其市场化运作管理

从历史和现实两个不同角度对我国生态环境建设和可持续发展的思想观念、法规政策、实施方略等问题进行了系统全面的总结思考。认为计划经济模式下的生态环境资源的无价及非市场管理是造成生态环境资源掠夺式消费、建设成效低、国家相关法规难以落实等问题的根本原因;实现生态环境资源有价化、商品化,根据市场需求进行交易,按市场化运作机制进行管理是生态环境建设保持可持续发展的根本出路。并从生态环境的生产、消费、管理诸方面对户农、企业、政府等不同利益主体的交易行为和相应的政策法规等问题作了探讨。     

张掖市水资源利用现状与可持续开发

分析研究认为,张掖市水资源在不同保证率水平下都存在一定亏缺,农业耗水过多是造成这一现象的直接原因。运用水量平衡原理分析说明,节水农业不仅可解决水资源供需矛盾,同时可为其它资源的开发提供大量水资源。水资源开发应按不同区域制定相应开发策略,重点区域在黑河灌区。节水农业应重视工程、农艺、农机、管理等节水技术的配套应用,管理节水是重中之重。     

Optimal pest management: A reproductive pollutant perspective

Abstract

Regarding pests as reproductive pollutants, pest management can be considered as an optimal stock management problem similar to that faced in fishery and forestry. Taking this view, an optimal control model with N heterogeneous farmers sharing a mobile pest is developed to investigate the conventional pest management tactic on a farm-by-farm basis and the innovative area-wide pest management tactic on a regional basis. The study results indicate that area-wide pest management (APM) is superior to farm-by-farm pest management in the presence of pest movement. We proceed to examine the stability of the cooperative solution under APM by formulating the pest management problem as a repeated game of infinite duration. The results suggest that a one-off pest suppression campaign can be a practical strategy for initiating APM programs.     

澳大利亚墨累-达令河流域水管理体制对我国的启示

在应对严峻干旱挑战,解决各种水资源利用问题的过程中,澳大利亚墨累-达令河流域已形成了较为成功的水管理模式,其成功经验包括：注重流域尺度管理;决策层、执行层、协调层三层协调配合;采用封顶和水权交易等市场化管理手段;州际协议基础上发展起来的健全流域管理法律体系等。借鉴其成功经验,结合我国流域管理特点和现状,我国应通过省市协议等方式强化流域尺度管理,强化各流域委员会的职权;在管理组织框架设置上,充分体现整体流域管理的思路,细化公众参与方式;深化我国市场化经济在流域管理中的运用;建立健全流域管理法律体系,保证实施整体流域管理制度。     

实现可持续城市水资源管理的系统途径

城市水资源是一个复杂的系统,系统内部各个子系统之间,系统与它所处的环境之间以及各相关利益集团之间都存在密切的联系。本文阐述了城市水资源的系统特征以及当前管理中存在的问题,认为缺乏对水资源系统特征的认识进而缺乏系统的管理,是造成目前管理低效的重要原因。在可持续发展模式的倡导下,本文针对城市水资源系统各要素的相互关系来寻求一条可持续管理的途径,提出了一个可持续的城市水资源管理框架,并对管理的规划与实施中的各个主要环节以及管理的途径进行了分析,认为实现可持续的城市水资源管理不仅应对城市水资源系统各部分的管理进行优化,还应以系统的途径,在一个更大的流域管理背景下综合考虑一切影响因素。     

Weed management in conservation crop production systems

Information on weed management in conservation crop production systems is needed as adoption of practices such as reduced tillage and cover crops becomes more widespread. This review summarizes recent research on weed management aspects in these systems. Changes in patterns of tillage, planting systems, and other management strategies can alter the soil environment and lead to shifts in weed populations. Weed patterns and populations are not always consistent and vary with locale, crop, and herbicide use. However, in many long-term conservation management studies, a general increase in perennial weeds and grass species has been observed. The development of low-dose herbicides, selective postemergence herbicides, and transgenic crops has greatly improved the flexibility of producers who use conservation systems where opportunities for tillage are limited. With a higher level of management inputs, producers can successfully implement conservation management practices.     

Pest Management in Traditional Tropical Agroecosystems: Lessons for Pest Prevention Research and Extension

Based on current agroecological theory and IPM practices, this review explores the role of traditional practices, involving site selection, soil management, timing of planting and harvesting, crop resistance, intercropping, weed management, harvest residue management, post-harvest management, natural enemies management, mechanical control, repellents and traps in the natural regulation of potential pests. In synthesis, the literature suggests that although pest management professionals focus their efforts on pest control, the preventative approach taken by traditional farmers is more effective. Potential constraints to the implementation of this preventive pest management approach include:(1) lack of integration of ecological theory and pest management, (2) lack of cooperation among social and biological scientists, and (3) lack of real efforts to work with farmers as equals and support mechanisms that protect their knowledge. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The more we do,the less we gain? Balancing effort and efficacy in managing the Solidago gigantea invasion

Developing invasive plant management strategies is an important task in modern ecology, conservation biology and land management. Solidago gigantea is considered a problematic invader in Europe and Asia, where it forms dominant stands that can decrease species diversity. There is, therefore, an urgent need for effective management to reduce S. gigantea infestations and their negative impacts. We examined the efficacy of multiple approaches to S. gigantea management in Hungary. In our study, we evaluated the effect of several long-term management techniques such as grazing, mowing and periodic flooding on the invader's density as well as native community diversity. In addition, we investigated the short- and long-term effects of mowing combined with other treatment options, to estimate the influence of increased management intensity. Our results indicate that all tested management techniques had negative impacts on S. gigantea density. Short-term mowing did not appear to improve species diversity in the resident community; however, all long-term options improved species diversity. Moreover, combining treatments with mowing varied in its effectiveness; mowing once increased the efficacy of flooding, but decreased the efficacy of grazing, while mowing twice decreased efficacy of flooding. We suspect this is due to the increased intensity of disturbance, which does not allow for the natural recovery of communities, and after management ceases, invasion is able to re-occur. Our results indicate that for effective management, we need to combine management options which act via different mechanisms, leading to cumulative positive effects on the resident community when applied at moderate levels.     

Managing resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides: An appraisal

The action necessary for resistance management is specified and compared with what has actually been done, with reference to executive, extension and research activities and to the role of rodenticides and rodenticide development. Some obstacles to resistance management are discussed. To account for the fact that no plausible programme to manage resistance has been developed over the last 36 years, the hypothesis is examined that resistance management is injurious to the parties concerned and, hence, that resistance is perceived not as a problem but as an exploitable asset. If correct, this hypothesis yields the prediction that the action necessary for resistance management will be taken when such action is judged to be economically efficient. The establishment of the Rodenticide Resistance Action Committee indicates that this time may be approaching.     

The role of bacillus-based biological control agents in integrated pest management systems: plant diseases

ABSTRACT Bacillus-based biological control agents (BCAs) have great potential in integrated pest management (IPM) systems; however, relatively little work has been published on integration with other IPM management tools. Unfortunately, most research has focused on BCAs as alternatives to synthetic chemical fungicides or bactericides and not as part of an integrated management system. IPM has had many definitions and this review will use the national coalition for IPM definition: "A sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health and environmental risks." This review will examine the integrated use of Bacillus-based BCAs with disease management tools, including resistant cultivars, fungicides or bactericides, or other BCAs. This integration is important because the consistency and degree of disease control by Bacillus-based BCAs is rarely equal to the control afforded by the best fungicides or bactericides. In theory, integration of several tools brings stability to disease management programs. Integration of BCAs with other disease management tools often provides broader crop adaptation and both more efficacious and consistent levels of disease control. This review will also discuss the use of Bacillus-based BCAs in fungicide resistance management. Work with Bacillus thuringiensis and insect pest management is the exception to the relative paucity of reports but will not be the focus of this review.     

Western flower thrips resistance to insecticides: detection, mechanisms and management strategies

Insecticide resistance continues to be one of the most important issues facing agricultural production. The challenges in insecticide resistance and its management are exemplified by the situation with the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). This highly invasive pest has a great propensity for developing insecticide resistance because of its biological attributes, and cases of resistance to most classes of insecticides used for its management have been detected. To combat insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips, several insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs have been developed around the world, and these are discussed. Successful programs rely on non-insecticidal tactics, such as biological and cultural controls and host plant resistance, to reduce population pressures, rotations among insecticides of different mode of action classes to conserve insecticide efficacy, resistance monitoring, sampling to determine the need for insecticide applications and education to assure proper implementation. More judicious insecticide use is possible with the development of well-founded economic thresholds for more cropping systems. While growers will continue to rely on insecticides as part of western-flower-thrips- and thrips-transmitted virus management, more effective management of these pests will be achieved by considering their management in the context of overall integrated pest management, with IRM being a key component of those comprehensive programs.     

Herbicide‐resistant weed management: focus on glyphosate

This review focuses on proactive and reactive management of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) weeds. Glyphosate resistance in weeds has evolved under recurrent glyphosate usage, with little or no diversity in weed management practices. The main herbicide strategy for proactively or reactively managing GR weeds is to supplement glyphosate with herbicides of alternative modes of action and with soil‐residual activity. These herbicides can be applied in sequences or mixtures. Proactive or reactive GR weed management can be aided by crop cultivars with alternative single or stacked herbicide‐resistance traits, which will become increasingly available to growers in the future. Many growers with GR weeds continue to use glyphosate because of its economical broad‐spectrum weed control. Government farm policies, pesticide regulatory policies and industry actions should encourage growers to adopt a more proactive approach to GR weed management by providing the best information and training on management practices, information on the benefits of proactive management and voluntary incentives, as appropriate. Results from recent surveys in the United States indicate that such a change in grower attitudes may be occurring because of enhanced awareness of the benefits of proactive management and the relative cost of the reactive management of GR weeds. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry