美国果菜类蔬菜2010年农药使用情况分析

美国农业部农业统计中心（National Agricultural Statistics Service,NASS）日前公布了2010年度蔬菜中农药使用情况的统计报告。此报告中的数据采自2010年9月-2011年1月,对19个州的样本进行了统计,考察对象包括29种蔬菜作物。本文依据美国农业部发布的报告,对美国2010年黄瓜、番茄、茄子以及菜用玉米等果菜类蔬菜上常用杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂的使用情况作了详细的计算和分析。按照有效成分统计,黄瓜上使用的杀虫剂有45种、杀菌剂39种、除草剂19种,其中使用最普遍的分别是灭多威、百菌清和乙丁烯氟灵。番茄上使用杀虫剂有34种、杀菌剂23种、除草剂11种,其中使用最普遍的分别是高效氯氰菊酯、百菌清和敌草胺。茄子上使用杀虫剂有24种、杀菌剂17种、除草剂11种,其中使用最普遍的分别是乙基多杀菌素、氢氧化铜和敌草胺。菜用甜玉米上使用杀虫剂有50种、杀菌剂19种、除草剂48种,其中使用最普遍的分别是灭多威、代森锰锌和莠去津。调查数据分析表明,美国在果菜类蔬菜生产中使用的农药品种以传统品种为主。     

农药的混合使用

1 农药混合使用的目的 将2种或2种以上农药或将农药与植物营养物质混配在一起施用,通常称农药混用。混用的农药品种可以是杀虫剂之间的混用,也可以是杀虫剂与杀菌剂、杀虫剂与除草剂、杀虫剂与植物生长调节剂等混用。也可以是杀菌剂之间、除草剂之间、植物生长调节剂之间的混用等等。     

水稻生产农药使用现状调查

通过对宁波市6个水稻主产区的农药使用情况进行调查,明确了宁波市水稻生产中所用农药的种类、剂型及普遍使用的农药。调查结果显示,宁波市水稻生产中使用的农药共63种,且以除草剂和杀虫剂为主,生物农药使用率低,使用的剂型仍以乳油等传统剂型为主。普遍使用的农药15种,其中除草剂4种、杀虫剂8种、杀菌剂3种。     

宁波水稻和蔬菜农药使用情况调查分析

通过对宁波市9个地区的农药使用情况调查,明确了宁波市水稻和蔬菜病虫害防治过程中农药使用量和使用强度,以及种类、剂型及常用农药品种。调查结果显示,宁波市每季水稻病虫防治平均用药3.77次,平均用药量为6.645kg/hm~2,使用的农药有效成分共68种,以杀菌剂和杀虫剂为主,常用农药有效成分15种;每季蔬菜病虫防治平均用药量为6.79 kg/hm~2,使用农药有效成分共91种,以杀虫剂和杀菌剂为主,常用农药有效成分14种。水稻和蔬菜上低毒高效农药比例占88%。     

蔬菜杀菌剂的药害原因及预防

使用农药后 ,农药对作物产生的不正常的生长发育或生理障碍现象 ,称为药害。化学杀菌剂在农业生产上已广泛应用 ,但使用农药不当等造成药害事故也屡屡发生 ,虽然它远没有除草剂和杀虫剂那么严重。蔬菜作为重要的经济作物 ,也常受杀菌剂药害困挠 ,损失巨大。一、杀菌剂药害的症状蔬菜作物遭受杀菌剂药害的表现是多种多样的 ,主要是蔬菜的叶、花、果等部位出现各种斑点、花叶、穿孔、心叶卷曲、僵化、溃疡、焦枯、落叶、落花、果实僵硬、落果 ,甚至整株死亡 ;生长发育迟缓、矮化等症状也很普遍。此外 ,杀菌剂进行种子处理时引起种子发芽率下降…     

加拿大拟开展再评价农药产品名单

<正>加拿大卫生部有害生物管理局(PMRA)于2016年2月26日发布了拟从2015年4月至2020年3月开展再评价的农药品种名单。已登记达15年需要进行周期性再评价的农药品种有72种,(表1),其中杀虫剂(包括杀线虫剂、杀螨剂)29种、杀菌剂29种、除草剂11种,杀鼠剂1种,农药中间体2种;需要开展特殊再评价的农药品种有28种(表2),其中杀虫剂10种、杀菌剂3种、除草剂14种,农药中间体1种。     

日本农药生产、销售及安全使用概况

加强农药安全使用工作,抓好生产过程中的农药残留控制,是做好无公害农产品生产的关键环节之一。最近,笔者随全国农业技术推广服务中心组织的考察团考查了日本农药安全使用技术推广和管理工作,他们的一些经验值得我们学习和借鉴。1日本农药生产、销售概况1.1生产情况日本是农药生产和销售大国。2000年农药年总产量35.8万t,其中杀虫剂15.7万t,杀菌剂11.2万t,除草剂7.2万t,其他1.7万t。据2001年统计,取得登记的农药厂家219个,登记的农药品种5309个,其中杀虫剂1310个,杀菌剂1280个,杀虫杀菌剂(复配)475个,除草剂1310个,农药肥料44个,杀鼠剂44个,…     

蔬菜农药残留超标原因和控制对策

在蔬菜的农药残留、重金属、硝酸盐、有害病原微生物等指标中,农药残留问题是最能直接地反映出蔬菜的质量,也是当前部分蔬菜不符合卫生指标规定的重要因素。2001年调查,蔬菜生产过程中杀虫剂占农药成本的56.4％,杀菌剂占28％,除草剂占15.6％,导致了部分蔬菜的农药残留限量超过了“我国无公害蔬菜上的卫生指标规定”。     

美国农业部开展水果用药情况调查

正据美国农业部国家农业统计局(NASS)调查结果显示,2017年美国苹果种植者使用杀菌剂、杀虫剂和其他化学药品处理了近90%的果树。2015年的调查结果显示,施用过杀菌剂及其他化学药品的果树约为80%,施用过杀虫剂的果树约为91%,而两次调查中除草剂使用面积均在40%左右。     

日本农药登记及应用状况分析

本文概述了日本在农药登记管理方面的法律依据、登记基本资料要求、农药登记品种、使用情况和存在问题等,重点介绍了农药登记的新品种,包括杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂、植物生长调节剂、生物杀虫剂、天敌、杀鼠剂及信息素类新型农药等较好的品种,生测资料、残留资料要求,杂草抗药性最新情况等。日本在农药登记、管理、科学使用及农民协会等方面的风险控制经验值得借鉴。     

Latest generation of halogen‐containing pesticides

Agriculture is confronted with enormous challenges, from production of enough high‐quality food to water use, environmental impacts and issues combined with a continually growing world population. Modern agricultural chemistry has to support farmers by providing innovative agrichemicals, used in applied agriculture. In this context, the introduction of halogen atoms into an active ingredient is still an important tool to modulate the properties of new crop protection compounds. Since 2010, around 96% of the launched products (herbicides, fungicides, insecticides/acaricides and nematicides) contain halogen atoms. The launched nematicides contain the largest number of halogen atoms, followed by insecticides/acaricides, herbicides and fungicides. In this context, fungicides and herbicides contain in most cases fluorine atoms, whereas nematicides and insecticides contain in most cases ‘mixed’ halogen atoms, for example chlorine and fluorine. This review gives an overview of the latest generation of halogen‐containing pesticides launched over the past 6 years and describes current halogen‐containing development candidates. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

360种农药制剂对斑马鱼的急性毒性研究

采用半静态法测定了360种常用农药制剂(包括135种有效成分)对斑马鱼的急性毒性,其中杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂、植物生长调节剂等不同类别农药所占的比例分别为67.5%、16.1%、13.6%、2.8%。结果表明:49%的制剂对斑马鱼表现高毒或剧毒,涉及25种农药有效成分,主要为杀虫剂,杀菌剂和除草剂的毒性相对较低,微生物农药对斑马鱼的急性毒性较低,而部分植物源农药的急性毒性较高;相同有效成分的不同制剂之间由于有效成分含量、剂型及加工工艺的不同,会出现毒性存在差异的情况。     

Effect of reduced risk pesticides for use in greenhouse vegetable production on Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

BACKGROUND: Bumble bees [Bombus impatiens (Cresson)] are widely used for supplemental pollination of greenhouse vegetables and are at risk of pesticide exposure while foraging. The objective of this study was to determine the lethal and sub‐lethal effects of four insecticides (imidacloprid, abamectin, metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole) and three fungicides (myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate and cyprodinil + fludioxonil) used or with potential for use in Ontario greenhouse vegetable production to B. impatiens. RESULTS: Imidacloprid, abamectin, and metaflumizone were harmful to worker bees following direct contact, while chlorantraniliprole and all fungicides tested were harmless. Worker bees fed imidacloprid‐contaminated pollen had shortened life spans and were unable to produce brood. Worker bees consumed less pollen contaminated with abamectin. Metaflumizone, chlorantraniliprole and all fungicides tested caused no sub‐lethal effects in bumble bee micro‐colonies. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the new reduced risk insecticides metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole and the fungicides myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate and cyprodinil + fludioxonil are safe for greenhouse use in the presence of bumble bees. This information can be used preserve greenhouse pollination programs while maintaining acceptable pest management. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

蔬菜蚜虫抗药性现状及抗性治理策略

蚜虫是为害蔬菜作物的一类重要害虫,如不防治会给蔬菜生产造成重大经济损失。长期以来主要依靠使用农药防治蔬菜蚜虫,但由于化学农药的不合理使用,蔬菜蚜虫对有机磷、拟除虫菊酯、氨基甲酸酯、新烟碱等多种类型的杀虫药剂均产生了不同程度的抗性。本文对常见的蔬菜蚜虫的抗药性现状、抗药性机理以及治理策略进行了论述,以期为该类害虫的可持续控制提供参考。     

An economic comparison of pesticide application regimes for processing tomatoes

In a field experiment aimed at the management of pests, diseases and weeds in tomato agroecosystems using a recommended range of pesticide applications compared with lower chemical input systems, the economics of pesticide use on processing tomatoes in Ohio, USA, was evaluated in 1994 and 1995. The pesticide regimes used included: (i) full-spectrum recommended pesticide use, based on a comprehensive pesticide application schedule including insecticides (carbaryl, endosulfan and esfenvalerate), a fungicide (chlorothalonil) and herbicides (trifluralin and paraquat); (ii) insecticides only, based on applications of the same insecticides and doses used in (i); (iii) fungicides and herbicides only, based on applications of the same fungicides and herbicides used in (i); and (iv) control plots, which received no pesticide applications. All of the costs involved in applying pesticides (chemicals, machinery, labor) were recorded for all treatments for the economic analysis. Overall, the fungicide treatments resulted in higher yields than either the control or the insecticides-only regime, and the profits from the full-spectrum pesticide and fungicide & herbicide regimes were greater than those from the insecticide-only regime and controls in 1994. The yields and profits from all pesticide regimes were substantially less in 1995 than in 1994. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 17, 2002.     

Small-scale vegetable producers’ perception of pests and pesticide uses in East Shewa zone,Ethiopia

Vegetable growers’ knowledge of pest and their control method was assessed in 2014 in East Shewa zone, Ethiopia. Vegetable growers were well aware of key pests of vegetables, although some of them did not consider pests as constraint to vegetable production. All respondents scouted their vegetables for pests and used presence or absence of pest as criterion for spraying. About 76% of the respondents read pesticide label before buying pesticides, while the rest 24% of the respondents did not read pesticide labels. All vegetable growers sprayed insecticide, whereas fungicides and herbicides were applied by 90% and 7% of the respondents, respectively. About 72% of the respondents washed their sprayer after each application day and discharged the washings onto the soil. Moreover, the majority (62%) of the respondents threw empty pesticide containers around the field. Also, it was found that 71% of the respondents did not use personal protective equipment (PPE) while spraying pesticides, but a few used one or two types of PPE. More than half of the respondents sprayed pesticides on mature crops and sold the produce within three to five days.     

杀菌剂、除草剂和杀虫剂的先导筛选规则

为了寻找适合于农药的先导筛选规则,对242个杀菌剂、512个除草剂和399个杀虫剂的5个描述符: 疏水常数(LogP)、相对分子质量(MW)、氢键给体数(NHD)、氢键受体数(NHA)、分子极性表面积(PSA)和毒性进行了计算和分析,提出了杀菌剂、除草剂和杀虫剂先导化合物的筛选规则。测试结果显示:杀菌剂、除草剂和杀虫剂的先导筛选规则总体正确率分别为73.3%、 53.3%和63.3%。     

Effects of selected pesticides and adjuvants on germination and vegetative growth of Phomopsis amaranthicola, a biocontrol agent for Amaranthus spp.

Phomopsis amaranthicola, a bioherbicide agent for Amaranthus spp., was tested in vitro for its compatibility with commercial formulations of 16 adjuvants, 24 herbicides, nine fungicides and four insecticides at 2X, 1X (highest labelled product dose rate), 0.75X, 0.5X and 0.25X concentrations. These chemicals were tested for their effects on spore germination. Selected herbicides and fungicides at 1X were also tested for their influence on colony growth and sporulation. All tested compounds were finally categorized in compatibility classes regarding germination, mycelial growth and sporulation such as low, medium and high compatibility. High compatibility in terms of germination and fungal colony growth was only observed with the herbicide bentazone. Many of the adjuvants tested were highly compatible in the germination studies. Most fungicides and insecticides had medium and low compatibility with P. amaranthicola. Effects of pesticides on spore germination did not fully correspond with their effects on colony growth. Thus, it is possible to integrate the use of P. amaranthicola with some herbicides, fungicides, insecticides and adjuvants but not others. A case‐by‐case selection of application methods, such as tank‐mix or sequential application, along with proper timing of applications of the fungus and the chemical agents will be necessary.     

Susceptibility of the spider Theridion impressum to 17 pesticides

Susceptibility of immature individuals of the spider Theridion impressum to 17 pesticides (6 insecticides, 4 acaricides, 4 fungicides and 3 herbicides) was tested in the laboratory. The pesticides were applied at recommended rates in a Potter tower. Mortality was evaluated for 4 subsequent days. Broad-spectrum insecticides, cypermethrin+chlorpyrofos (Nurelle), -cypermethrin (Vaztak), and deltamethrin (Decis), were toxic to spiders. Selective insecticides, pirimicarb (Pirimor), Bacillus thuringiensis (Novodor), and triazamate (Aztec), were harmless. All tested acaricides, pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic), flufenoxuron (Cascade), -fluvalinate+thiometon (Mavrik), and bifenthrin (Talstar) showed high toxicity. Of the fungicides, dithianon (Delan), benomyl (Fundazol), iprodione (Rovral), and dodine (Syllit), only dithianon was slightly harmful, while the remaining fungicides were harmful. All herbicides, metazachlor (Butisan), clomazone (Command), and clopyralid (Lontrel), were harmless to T. impressum. Three selective insecticides, 3 fungicides and 3 herbicides are recommended for use in plant protection.