现代温室黄瓜产量规律及环境因子分析

对现代温室无土栽培的水果型小黄瓜进行了两年4茬的产量测定。结果表明,不同年份和季节,黄瓜产量变化趋势基本一致,但年度总产量相差很大。正常情况下,秋冬茬始采期在定植后的30d,产量高峰在定植后的50多天,春夏茬始采期在定植后的45d左右,产量高峰在定植后的60～70d,而且峰值高,高产期持续时间长,年度产量的60%以上在春夏茬。不同品种的产量变化趋势基本一致,但总产量和适宜生长季节不同。deltastar适合于春、夏、秋季种植,condesa冬季生长旺盛,适合温室越冬栽培。Printo抗逆性强,任何季节均可种植。正常年份,产量与温度在冬季呈显著正相关,在夏季呈负相关。产量与湿度在不同年份、不同季节表现不一。产量与光照时数均呈正相关,暖冬极显著,寒冬和夏季不显著。温度与湿度在秋冬茬呈极显著负相关,在春夏茬呈正相关。温度与光照在春夏茬呈极显著正相关,在秋冬茬相关不显著。湿度与光照多数呈不显著负相关。     

Evaluation of ultrasonic sensor for variable-rate spray applications

Automatic variable-rate sprayers require accurate measurement of canopy size. An estimate of canopy size is made by measuring the distance to the canopy at several elevations above the ground; an ultrasonic sensor was used to determine canopy distance in this study. It is sometimes necessary to conduct spray operations during harsh operating conditions. In this study ultrasonic sensors were subjected to simulated environmental and operating conditions to determine their durability and accuracy. Conditions tested included exposure to extended cold, outdoor temperatures, cross winds, temperature change, dust clouds, travel speeds and spray cloud effects. The root mean square (RMS) error in a series of measurements of the distance to a simulated plant canopy was used to test for significant difference among treatments. After exposure to outdoor cold conditions for 4 months, the RMS error in distance measured by the ultrasonic sensor increased from 3.31 to 3.55 cm, which was not statistically significant. Neither the presence of dust cloud nor the changes in cross-wind speeds over a range from 1.5-7.5 m/s had significant effects on the mean RMS errors. Varying sensor travel speed from 0.8 to 3.0 m/s had no significant influence on sensor detection distances. Increasing ambient temperature from 16.7 to 41.6 °C reduced the detection distance by 5.0 cm. The physical location of the spray nozzle with respect to the ultrasonic sensor had a significant effect on mean RMS errors. The mean RMS errors of sensor distance measurements ranged from 2.3 to 83.0 cm. The RMS errors could be reduced to acceptable values by proper controlling the sensor/spray nozzles spacing on a sprayer. In addition, multiple-synchronized sensors were tested for their measurement stability and accuracy (due to possible cross-talk errors) when mounted on a prototype sprayer. It was found that isolating the pathway of the ultrasonic wave of each sensor reduced detecting interference between sensors during multiple sensor operation. Test methods presented herein may be useful in the design of standardized testing protocols for field use distance sensors.     

鲜食玉米种质抗病鉴定及其产量分析

2008-2011年,在田间自然条件下系统调查比较了27个鲜食玉米自交系对玉米小斑病、茎腐病和纹枯病3种主要病害的抗病性,同时分析了不同杂交组合的产量差异.结果表明,不同鲜食玉米自交系间抗病性存在差异,其中甜玉米自交系HJT1211、糯玉米自交系YZ22、WN48、FN7和30m抗病性最强,均兼抗玉米小斑病、茎腐病和纹枯病;在14个杂交组合中,有4个高抗兼抗3种玉米病害;不同杂交组合产量差异显著,其中以甜玉米组合“Z132-2×HJT1211”产量最高.     

温室传感器技术的研究进展与应用展望

【目的】智能温室是设施农业未来的发展趋势,传感技术和物联网技术是智能温室的 基础,分析温室传感器技术的研究进展与应用展望很有意义。【方法】温室传感器根据应用 领域可划分为环境因素传感器和植物体信息传感器,从传感器的精度、特点、适用范围、发 展趋势等方面对两类传感器进行了分析。【结果】环境因素传感器包括光照传感器、空气温 湿度传感器、CO 2 传感器和土壤相关的传感器,植物体信息传感器包括植物温度传感器、植 物水分传感器和植物营养元素传感器。光照传感器以硅光电池使用最广,空气温度传感器中 最具应用前景之一的是半导体 PN 结型温度传感器,空气湿度传感器中的电阻式、电容式感 湿材料都有应用,CO 2 传感器以红外线应用原理为主。在土壤和植物体信息传感器中,光谱 学扮演着越来越重要的角色。【结论】未来温室专用传感器领域会进一步细分,土壤和植物 体信息传感器继续成为未来的研究热点。温室传感器总体上会朝着体积更小、精度更高、非 接触式、实时检测的方向不断发展,传感器的信息融合趋势会愈加明显。传感器和物联网技 术在智能温室发展中将会发挥越来越重要的作用。     

农田污染生态环境损害鉴定评估方法及案例研究

生态环境损害赔偿制度改革是贯彻落实习近平生态文明思想和习近平法治思想的重要举措,生态环境损害鉴定评估则是推进该项改革工作的重要支撑。本文针对当前我国农田污染案件频发,缺少科学统一、系统规范鉴定评估技术体系的现状,提出了一种基于污染环境行为确认、损害调查确认、因果关系分析、损害实物量化、损害价值量化等关键环节的农田污染生态环境损害鉴定评估技术方法,并利用典型农田污染案例对其进行验证分析,结果显示该鉴定评估方法合理可行,具备一定的科学性和可行性,这对于完善我国生态环境损害鉴定评估技术体系具有借鉴和参考作用。     

温室越冬茬茄子嫁接高产栽培技术

文章从越冬茬茄子嫁接育苗、温室栽培、肥水管理、温度调控、植株调整、病虫害防治等几方面对温室茄子越冬栽培进行了阐述,可为种植户提供有效的技术指导。     

茶树冬暖式大棚高产高效栽培技术

日照市东港区巨峰镇现有茶园2000hm2.自1993年开始进行茶树保护地栽培,经过连续多年的试验、示范和生产实践,栽培技术不断改进,生产水平不断提高.目前全镇大棚茶叶面积已发展到200hm2,666.7m2年产大棚茶24kg,收入1.5万元,大棚茶生产已发展成为该镇新的经济增长点.现将大棚茶栽培技术要点介绍如下:     

基于无线传感器网络的温室环境监测系统研究

温室环境监删采用基于ZigBee技术的无线传感器网络有着明显的优势.ZigBee网络容量大、功耗低、易于扩充并且支持自组织组网.设计了一种基于ZigBee的温室环境监测系统,简述了ZigBee的特点及温室环境监测系统的特点,包括网络协调器节点和传感器节点的硬件和软件设计.该设计可构架一个较大范围的无线传感器网络,对温室...     

肥料减施对设施番茄产量和品质的影响

针对设施番茄追肥量过高,蔬菜品质下降等问题,在参考前人研究结果的基础上,研究了肥料减施对番茄产量、品质、养分含量及经济效益的影响。结果表明:60%CF(Conventional fertilization)处理下的番茄产量显著高于其他各施肥处理,较CK增加25.82%;80%CF处理可有效降低番茄硝酸盐含量,40%CF处理下的番茄可溶性糖含量最高,60%CF处理下的番茄Vc含量显著高于其他各施肥处理。综合考虑番茄N、P、K养分含量可以得出,60%CF处理下的番茄果实N、P、K养分含量最高,有利于促进养分吸收。减量施肥在满足作物需求的前提下不但节约成本,而且可有效提高番茄产量,改善番茄品质。     

Assessment of forage mass from grassland swards by height measurement using an ultrasonic sensor

The non-destructive assessment of forage mass in legume-grass mixtures as a tool for yield mapping in precision farming applications has been investigated in two field experiments. An ultrasonic sensor was used to determine sward heights. Forage mass-height relationships were evaluated by carrying out static measurements on binary legume-grass mixtures of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) with perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne L.) across a wide range of sward heights (5.0-104.2 cm) and forage mass (0.15-11.25 t ha⁻¹). Mobile measurements, hereafter referred to as “on-the-go” were conducted by mounting the ultrasonic sensor in combination with a high-precision Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) on a vehicle. Data were recorded along experimental plots consisting of perennial rye grass and grass-clover mixtures similar to the mixtures that were used for the static experiment. The static experiment revealed a relationship between ultrasonic sward height and forage mass explaining 74.8% of the variance with a standard error (SE) of 1.05 t ha⁻¹ in a common dataset. The type of legume species, weed proportion, and growth period had a significant impact on the above mentioned relationship. Legume-specific regression functions had higher R²-values of up to 0.855 (white clover mixture). Datasets including legume-specific mixtures and pure swards of both components reached comparable R² values between 0.799 and 0.818 but exhibited higher SE values. The abundance of weeds resulted in increased ultrasonic sward heights for the same levels of forage mass. On-the-go measurements across experimental field plots yielded a sward height range of 1.4-70.4 cm. Abrupt forage mass changes at the transition from treatment plots to cut interspaces resulted in a significant deviation from stubble height within a distance of 50 cm to plot borders. When legume-specific equations derived from static measurements were applied to sward heights, forage mass was overestimated by 21.4% on average. Mean residuals from predicted forage mass ranged between 0.893 (pure grass) and 1.672 (red clover mixture) and increased significantly if the point sampling distance along the track was increased to more than 0.82 m on average across all plots. The prediction accuracy of forage mass from ultrasonic height measurements is promising; however, further modifications to the technique are necessary. One such improvement can be the use of spectral reflectance signatures in combination with the ultrasonic sensor.     

钾肥对大棚番茄产量和品质的影响

针对大棚蔬菜种植时农民对钾肥应用存在的问题 ,本文总结了大棚番茄的钾肥试验结果。结果 表明 ,在大棚种植番茄情况下 ,施钾肥对番茄有增产作用 ,施用氯化钾用量为Ｋ2 Ｏ 2 2 5ｋｇ/ｈｍ2 的增产效果最显著 ,增产幅度为 2 9 0 %。施用氯化钾用量为Ｋ3 Ｏ 450ｋｇ/ｈｍ2 增产作用不显著 ,说明已过量。在施钾量相同的情况下 ,氯化钾的增产优于硫酸钾。施用钾肥能改善番茄的品质 ,提高番茄Ｖｃ含量 ,对总酸的含量影响不大 ;施钾能明显提高番茄的还原糖和可溶性固形物的含量 ,并且在试验的氯化钾用量范围内 ,两品质指标的增加量与施钾量有明显的线性关系 ,相关系数分别为 0 9693和 0 9680。在同等施钾量的情况下 ,硫酸钾与氯化钾对各品质指标的影响差异不大     

A B cell-based sensor for rapid identification of pathogens

We report the use of genetically engineered cells in a pathogen identification sensor. This sensor uses B lymphocytes that have been engineered to emit light within seconds of exposure to specific bacteria and viruses. We demonstrated rapid screening of relevant samples and identification of a variety of pathogens at very low levels. Because of its speed, sensitivity, and specificity, this pathogen identification technology could prove useful for medical diagnostics, biowarfare defense, food- and water-quality monitoring, and other applications.     

大棚黄瓜病害的病原鉴定与诊断

于2009 ～ 2013年对漳州市南靖县山城镇山边村大棚黄瓜病害进行调查及鉴定,结果表明：大棚黄瓜病害种类主要有靶斑病、霜霉病、疫病、角斑病、灰霉病、菌核病、炭疽病、病毒病与黑星病,其中靶斑病在福建省为首次记录.猝倒病、枯萎病、白粉病、根结线虫病、白绢病有不同程度发生.     

腐乳毛霉高产蛋白酶菌株的分离与鉴定

从贵州各地风味较好的腐乳样品中分离到20株疑似毛霉菌株,经理化鉴定。并采用福林-酚试剂法检测产蛋白酶活力,获得1株发酵风味良好且蛋白酶活性较高的腐乳毛霉菌株MGC317。鉴定为雅致放射毛霉Actinomucor elegans（Eid）Benjam et Hesseh。将MGC317菌株接种麸皮培养基,28℃培养48h。其蛋白酶活性为57．26μL;对其16SrDNA的ITS序列进行克隆和分析,其分子长为711bp,与雅致放射毛霉比较。序列同源性为96％-97％。前发酵结果显示,MGC317菌株的菌丝高度为3．1cm。48h时蛋白酶活性为13.82μL。     

沼肥对温室草莓产量和品质的影响

种植草莓施用沼肥(沼液和沼渣),能促进温室草莓幼苗健壮生长,提高草莓单果重量进而提高单产,改善草莓果实的品质和商品性;还能改善土壤理化性状,培肥地力,达到对土壤的种养有机结合.草莓种植施用沼肥是一项简单易行的措施,是发展无害化生产的有效途径.     

不同施肥水平对日光温室番茄产量和品质的影响

【目的】研究不同施肥水平对日光温室春茬番茄果实产量和品质的影响,为日光温室番茄的高产优质栽培确定合理的施肥指标。【方法】以“金棚一号”番茄为试材,以当地常规施肥为对照,设定3个不同的施肥水平（T1.每小区的施肥量为尿素 711.1 g、过磷酸钙1 511.1 g、硫酸钾462.2 g、牛粪46.67 kg;T2.每小区的施肥量为尿素1 066.7 g、过磷酸钙2 266.7 g、硫酸钾693.3 g、牛粪70.00 kg;T3.每小区的施肥量尿素1 422.2 g、过磷酸钙3 022.2 g、硫酸钾924.3 g、牛粪93.33 kg,小区面积4.68 m²）处理,测定番茄果实产量及果实中NO₃^--N、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、有机酸、V_C、番茄红素的含量。【结果】与对照相比,T1、T2、T3处理的番茄产量分别提高了11.5%,43.4%和25.5%,其中T2处理的单果质量、小区果数、产量均高于T1和T3处理。随着施肥量的增加,NO₃^--N、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比减小,番茄红素和有机酸含量呈上升趋势,V_C含量呈先上升后下降趋势。【结论】综合考虑产量和品质因素,T2处理的施肥量最佳。推荐的施肥量为：每hm²施N 1 182.0 kg、P₂O₅ 655.5 kg、K₂O 835.5 kg、牛粪168.75 t,在此施肥条件下,番茄可得到较高的产量和较好的品质。     

品种、密度、施肥三因素对日光温室黄瓜产量的影响

日光温室品种比较试验和正交试验结果表明,选用早熟性好、早期产量高的济优8号、济优9号,在中等以上肥力条件下,每666.7m2种植3 700~4 000株,基施优质有机肥10 000 kg,追肥以氮磷钾复合肥120~150 kg为宜。     

不同秸秆生物反应堆对日光温室黄瓜生长环境及产量的影响

【目的】对4种秸秆生物反应堆技术在日光温室黄瓜上的应用效果进行比较,筛选出最适合延安地区温室黄瓜种植的秸秆生物反应堆技术。【方法】选取延安地区最常用的行间内置式、行下内置式、外置式和外置式+行间内置式4种秸秆生物反应堆技术,分别测定其对日光温室内CO2体积分数、室内气温、地温及黄瓜农艺性状、产量和抗病性等指标的影响,以不用秸秆生物反应堆技术为对照,对其效果进行综合评价。【结果】与对照相比,4种秸秆生物反应堆技术均能增加温室内CO2体积分数,提高室温和地温,改善农艺性状,提高黄瓜产量。其中,外置式+行间内置式反应堆在提高温室内CO2体积分数(09:00和11:30)及黄瓜株高、茎粗、产量和缩短收获时间方面表现最为明显,温室内CO2体积分数分别较对照提高了160.0%(09:00)、170.8%(11:30),黄瓜株高、茎粗、产量分别提高了13.8cm,1.1mm和34.6%,收获时间缩短了6d;该技术在提高室温、黄瓜根部10cm地温及降低白粉病和霜霉病病情指数等方面也有较好表现,室温、黄瓜根部10cm地温分别较对照提高了1.9和2.9℃,白粉病和霜霉病病情指数分别降低1.4和1.7。【结论】在延安地区黄瓜日光温室栽培中,外置式+行间内置式秸秆生物反应堆技术综合表现最为突出,可以进行示范推广。     

Use of fluorescence indices as predictors of crop N status and yield for greenhouse sweet pepper crops

Precision Agriculture - To increase nitrogen (N) use efficiency and reduce water pollution from vegetable production, it is necessary to optimize N management. Fluorescence-based optical sensors...     

不同有机基质配方对设施番茄产量及品质的影响

为提高农业废弃物综合利用率及降低农业生态污染,研究了不同体积比腐熟菌渣、稻壳、牛粪复配河沙制成的5种配方基质(T1=6∶0∶1∶1,T2=4∶2∶1∶1,T3=3∶3∶1∶1,T4=2∶4∶1∶1,T5=0∶6∶1∶1)对‘STP-F318’番茄光合速率、果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明,T3处理番茄叶片净光合速率显著高于其他处理,T3、T2处理番茄平均产量分别为157 825.65、150 733.26 kg/hm~2,显著高于其他处理。各配方处理对早春茬番茄维生素C含量影响不显著,而对秋冬茬维生素C含量影响显著。番茄红素含量变化趋势与维生素C含量趋势类似。两茬T5处理番茄可溶性糖含量均最高,与其他处理间差异显著。早春茬T2和T3处理番茄糖酸比为8.43、8.30,秋冬茬T3和T4处理糖酸比为8.16、8.45,口感较佳。综上所述,T3、T2处理番茄叶片净光合速率高,果实品质佳,产量高,适宜在设施土壤退化严重地区推广应用。