有机农业虫害管理策略及方法

为进一步推动害虫绿色防控新理念,解决有机农业中的虫害问题,基于Web of Science核心合集数据库（SCI-Expanded数据库）和中国科学引文数据库收集整理了近年来国内外有机农业虫害发生现状及绿色有效的虫害管理策略及方法。结果表明： 有机农业呈现持续增长态势,但农田系统中害虫种类及数量不断增加,为害程度逐年加重,带来了严重的经济损失,越来越多的科研工作者加入到有机农业虫害防治的队伍中,并在有机农业虫害防治方面获得了一批新技术,取得了一些新成果。本研究综述了我国有机农业主要害虫发生现状,提出了有机农业虫害的管理策略和绿色防治技术,为有机农业虫害治理提供了参考。     

Crop diversity and pest management in sustainable agriculture

Large-scale crop monocultures facilitate the proliferation and increasing prevalence of diseases and pest insects. Many studies highlight the impacts of plant diversification upon pathogens, and the population dynamics of insects and beneficial organism in agricultural ecosystems. These studies provide evidence that habitat manipulation techniques such as intercropping, relay, and rotation can significantly improve disease and pest management. This review introduces the concept of crop diversity, considers recent insights and mechanisms underlying crop diversity, and discusses its potential for improving sustainable agricultural practices. Recently, the phytobiomes resulting from increased crop diversity are increasingly recognized for their contribution to disease and pest control. Further, understanding the interactions between pathogens or pests with their host phytobiome may lead to novel options for the prevention of pests. Recent advances in the agricultural systems include:(i) a better understanding of the mechanisms of interactions between crop species and genotypes;(ii) ecological progress including a better understanding of the context-dependency of those interactions; and(iii) the role of microtopographic variation in agricultural systems for priming basal resistance to multiple pests and pathogens by intercropped crops. We also highlight recent progress in China and the potential options for habitat management and design that enhance the ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems.     

Modern insecticides for potato pest control

The results are given of the past five years’ investigations to assess the biological efficacy of new insecticides from the chemical classes of pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and anthranilamides in controlling a complex of potato pests in different potato-growing zones of the country. Ecologically low-hazard use regulations and technologies of using these insecticides are determined.     

从农业可持续发展谈害虫的生态治理

几千年、人类一直与病虫害作斗争,无论是先人的防治经验或现代科学技术都没有根本解害虫的为害;而年复一年的防治,带来人类发展面临着许多问题,其中包括环境污染与害虫暴发失控等。上万种昆虫办调共存。天敌昆虫是大害虫的克星;人类赖以生存的经济植物是由昆虫传播花粉的;昆虫是人类美味佳肴和医病良药;有些昆虫是重要的工业原料。所以人类要合理利用昆虫资源。对于农林害虫要尽可能谋求自然控制;提倡利用植物的抗害性、利用害虫的天敌、利用昆虫生长发育调节剂、种间信息物质、昆虫辐射不育技术控制害虫。尽量利用植物性杀虫剂控制害虫,尽量采用不杀伤或少杀伤天敌、不污染环境的化学杀虫剂或方法防治害虫。我们创造了很多行之有效的利用农业技术防治害虫的方法。     

丰县地区洋葱病虫害综合防治技术

该文阐述了丰县地区洋葱常发的病虫害及其发生规律等情况,提出了综合防治技术。     

无公害防治技术在林业病虫害防治中的应用研究

病虫害的发生对于林业生产会造成较大影响,加强林业病虫害的防治,运用无公害防治技术,体现了先进的病虫害防治思想,具有较高的应用和推广价值,有利于减少病虫害对苗木的侵袭,确保苗木的健康茁壮生长,创造更为可观的经济效益和生态效益,人与自然和谐共生的理念也能由此得以实现。本文将探讨无公害防治技术的应用意义及林业病虫害发生的主要原因,并阐述无公害防治技术在林业病虫害防治中的有效应用策略,旨在充分发挥出无公害防治林业病虫害的价值,维持林业生态平衡,从而推动我国林业的可持续健康发展。     

皂荚虫害防治技术

通过对襄汾县北西城村害虫马铃薯瓢虫和双条合欢天牛危害皂荚林的调查,采用呋喃 丹溶液注射树干和聚酯类喷雾交替用药防治效果好,能有效的控制虫害。     

Transforming extension for sustainable agriculture: The case of integrated pest management in rice in Indonesia

Investment in agricultural extension, as well as its design and practice, are usually based on the assumption that agricultural science generates technology (“applied science“), which extension experts transfer to “users“. This model negates local knowledge and creativity, ignores farmers' self-confidence and social energy as important sources of change, and, in its most linear expression, does not pay attention to information from and about farmers as a condition for anticipating utilization. In practice, farmers rely on knowledge developed by farmers, reinvent ideas brought from outside and actively integrate them into complex farming decisions. Effective extension seems based on checks and balances that match intervention power with farmers' countervailing power, and mobilize farmers' creativity and participation in technology development and exchange. Alternative models for informing extension investment, design, and practice stress adult learning and its facilitation. The farmer is seen as an expert and farm development as driven by farmers' energy and communication. The article is a case study of a rare large scale attempt to use such an alternative model. It suggests that a shift to knowledgeintensive sustainable practices requires a learning process based on participation and empowerment.     

RNAi及其在害虫防治中的应用

RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)是一种由非编码的小分子双链RNA引发的序列特异性转录后基因沉默现象,普遍存在于线虫、真菌、昆虫和动植物等多种生物中。近年来,RNAi技术在昆虫中的成功应用为一系列新颖的、环境友好的害虫防治策略提供了理论依据。文章综述了RNAi技术的作用机制、dsRNA吸收机制及在害虫防治等领域的研究成果,并展望了该技术的应用前景。     

森林有害生物防治管理电子数据交换标准研究

为实现森林有害生物防治管理的数字化,基于森林有害生物防治管理信息系统的开发经验,参照医疗信息交换标准HL7,初步建立了森林有害生物防治管理电子数据交换标准。本标准采用可扩展标记语言对森林有害生物防治管理的相关信息进行描述,适于在森防机构内部、森防系统之间以及森防系统与其它系统之间交换森林有害生物的监测、发生、预防与除治、灾害、森林植物调运等森防相关数据,也适于远程诊断系统,森防网站,森林有害生物数据自动采集产品,森林有害生物数据处理产品与其它系统的数据交换。     

国兰病虫害综合防治

中国栽培兰花历史悠久,早在唐宋时期,就有资料记载兰花的栽培,到目前为止,各类有关兰花栽培、鉴赏及病虫害防治的书籍层出不穷,为兰花产业的发展提供了理论指导.本文根据近年来兰花栽培中病虫害发生情况,结合多年实践,就兰花病虫害综合防治技术提一些建议,与广大养兰者交流.     

昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治上的应用

文章就昆虫病原真菌及其所产生的真菌毒素类等具有杀虫活性的物质在农业害虫防治上的应用作了简要的论述。     

Pheromones: background and potential for use in insect pest control

Pesticides have not been a satisfactory solution to the control of insect pests. Pheromones show promise as a component of integrated pest management.     

甘薯主要病虫生态调节防治技术研究初报

根据甘薯对土壤环境的要求和产品无公害目标，增加农田生态系统多样性，适应病菌、害虫与天敌在区域生态系统内的发生、扩散、转移特点，将病虫害管理与土壤管理有机结合，组成对主要病虫防治的生态调节技术。实施结果表明，生态调节防治技术对甘薯细菌性黑腐病、蔓割病相对防效达100％，虫生菌等天敌昆虫寄生率比化学调控防治增加34．7％；土壤有机质略有提高，污染物的总汞比处理前降低17．3％；对协调甘薯库源关系、提高商品产量具有良好效应，单株大中薯重比对照增加9．7％，比化学调控防治技术增加3．0％，鲜薯Vc含量比对照提高43．6％。     

防虫网技术在有害生物综合治理中的应用

防虫网是继农膜、遮阳网之后出现的一种新型农用覆盖材料。防虫网的应用技术是国内近年来借鉴国外经验而发展起来的一项设施栽培新技术,防虫网覆盖栽培具有明显的防虫、抗灾作用,为实现园艺作物（蔬菜、花卉、果树）的无公害安全生产开辟了一条新途径。防虫网技术在有害生物综合治理中将占有越来越重要的地位。     

宿州市地下害虫的演变及防治

本文简述了蛴螬、蝼蛄、金针虫、小地老虎等地下害虫在宿州市优势类群发生为害的演变概况,分析了近年蛴螬发生危害加重的原因,并从种植业结构布局及花生等经济作物发展前景,提出了今后防治的对策及措施.     

RNAi在防治作物病虫害中的研究现状

作物病虫害每年都对作物产生危害,并造成巨大的经济损失。RNAi是目前最有可能应用于害虫绿色防控的新技术。本文就RNA干扰技术在作物病虫害中的研究现状及发展趋势进行分析,以期为RNAi技术在作物病虫害防治中的应用提供参考。     

云南省马铃薯害虫综合防治现状与展望

马铃薯害虫一直是影响马铃薯生产的重要因素,尤其是在云南省马铃薯与烟草混种较为广泛的地区,害虫的直接危害及传毒媒介害虫传播的病毒病引起的间接危害越来越成为马铃薯生产的制约因素之一。我们对云南省滇东北地区、滇中地区、滇西北及滇东南地区春薯、夏薯和秋薯三季马铃薯主要害虫的分布及其危害情况的调查结果进行了总结,同时就云南省马铃薯生长期及储藏期害虫的防治现状进行了分析,对今后云南省马铃薯害虫的综合防治策略进行了展望,以期为马铃薯害虫的综合防治提供依据。     

CO2气调技术防治害虫研究进展与展望

综述了CO2气调技术防治害虫的主要影响因素CO2气体浓度、处理时间、温度、湿度和压强等及在仓储和植物检疫处理方面的研究进展和商业应用成果.指出在一定温度等环境条件下,CO2气调技术可作为有效防治密闭环境中害虫的溴甲烷等熏蒸剂的替代品或补充方法,在粮食、水果和蔬菜仓储、害虫防治和检疫处理等领域具有很好的应用推广价值.