木瓜早实丰产栽培管理技术

<正>木瓜(Chaenomeles sinensis)亦称榠樝,蔷薇科落叶小乔木。它适应性强,在陕西、河南、山东等长江流域省份均有栽培,是一种以药用为主的特用经济林树种。木瓜具有舒筋祛湿的功效,果实成熟后色泽金黄,气味芳香宜人,极具收藏性和观赏性。果片经蒸煮或制成蜜饯后可食用,是高档宾馆、酒店一道深受人们喜爱的药膳。以木瓜果为原料还可以提取香精,制作美容化妆品和木瓜药酒,目前原料市场缺口很大,具有非常广阔的发展前景。     

木瓜花期管理的关键技术

木瓜Chaenomeles sinensis（Touin）koehne是蔷薇科Rosaceae木瓜属Chaenomeles Lindl.落叶植物,全世界共有5个种,其中4种原产于中国,1种产于日本。木瓜果实中富含蛋白质、糖类、有机酸类、多种维生素和矿物质元素,是1种果中珍品,果实不仅是医药工业的重要原料     

木瓜栽培与管理技术

木瓜（Chaenomeles speciosa）蔷薇科木瓜属,落叶乔木、小乔木或灌木。     

皱皮木瓜育苗技术

皱皮木瓜[Chaenomelesspeciosa(sweet)Nakai]是蔷薇科木瓜属植物,其适应性强,花色艳丽,果实芳香,俗有“杏一益,梨十益,木瓜百益”之说,是一种集食用、药用、观赏于一体,具有很大开发潜力和广阔发展前景的珍贵经济观赏树种。笔者在广泛调研和试验的基础上,就皱皮木瓜优良品种的育苗技术作一探讨。     

木瓜种类及其用途

文中介绍了木瓜属植物的种类、性状特征、分布区及主要用途。木瓜属植物集药用、食用、观赏与一体，它的经济价值随着其应用潜力的不断开发日益提高；研究领域、栽培面积都在不断扩大，品种日益剧增。但人们对其了解的不多，名、物及用途相互混杂的现象时有发生。这给木瓜的研究、栽培、检验及应用造成一定的影响。现将自己查阅到的蔷薇科Rosaceae，木瓜属Chaenomeles的几种“木瓜”介绍如下，供参考。     

木瓜栽培技术

木瓜 [Chaenomeles sinensis( Thouin)Koehne]属蔷薇科苹果亚科木瓜属植物 ,又名木李、光皮木瓜 ,主产我国 ,是珍贵的经济植物。木瓜具有较高的经济价值 ,是名贵的中药材和良好的观赏绿化树种 ,果实可制成各种食品。为使这一珍贵植物资源得到更好地开发利用 ,现将其丰产栽培技术介绍如下。1　苗木繁育1 .1　种子处理秋季将成熟的木瓜采摘后剖开取出种子 ,淘洗干净后晒干 ,然后贮藏于阴凉干燥处。 1 2月下旬将种子沙藏 ,种子与河沙的比例约为 1∶ 5～ 1∶ 1 0 ,河沙湿度以手握不滴水 ,松手略散为宜 ,混合均匀后 ,埋在室外背阴处深 2 0～ 30…     

资丘木瓜果实采收与晒制环节技术初探

资丘木瓜（皱皮木瓜）Chaenomeles speciosa（sweet）Nakai,又名贴梗海棠、贴梗木瓜,属蔷薇科Rosaceae,是我国传统名贵中药材。中国药典所载＂中国资丘木瓜＂即为长阳土家族自治县的＂资丘皱皮木瓜＂。     

木瓜主要病虫害及综合防治技术

木瓜（Chaenomeles speciosa）属蔷薇科木瓜属,落叶乔木、小乔木或灌木。在全世界共有5个种,其中4种原产于我国,有光皮木瓜和皱皮木瓜之分。木瓜果实富含有机酸、维生素、胡萝卜素、氨基酸、果胶、黄酮类和钾、镁、钙、锌、铁、锰、磷等多种元素和营养物质,具有很高的食用加工和医疗保健价值。木瓜常见的病虫害主要有梨小食心虫、桃蛀螟、蚜虫、轮纹病等。大量发生时会造成大量的虫果、烂果,严重影响木瓜的产量和质量,甚至造成绝收。其危害特征和综合防治方法是：     

光皮木瓜播种育苗技术

木瓜[Chaenomeles sinensis（Thouin）Koehne]为蔷薇科落叶小乔木,单叶互生,花期4月,果熟9-10月。木瓜树姿优美,春花亮丽,秋果芬芳,是珍贵的园林绿化树种,也是制作盆景的好材料。     

华北地区贴梗海棠栽培养护技术

<正>贴梗海棠(Chaenomeles speciosa)属蔷薇科木瓜属植物,别名铁脚海棠、皱皮木瓜、贴梗木瓜,原产于我国陕西、甘肃、四川、贵州、云南、广东等省市,缅甸也有,现北京以南各地均有栽培,在北京地区只有在小气候良好处方可安全越冬。贴梗海棠因花朵似海棠,花梗短而粗,开花时花朵好似贴附在枝条上而得名,又因其花瓣光洁剔透,开花时红花艳丽,白花雅观,格外引人入目,所以有花中神仙之美称,是华北地区重要的春季观花园林植物。河北任丘华北石油工矿区的土壤     

曹州木瓜果实香气物质的研究

利用顶空固相微萃取法提取芳香物质,气相色谱-质谱联机定性定量分析,测定曹州木瓜狮子头、剩花、豆青和玉兰的挥发性物质,并对木瓜不同品种的香气组分进行分析探讨.共测定出145种香气组分,曹州木瓜狮子头、剩花、豆青和玉兰分别为70、70、69和70种,各自占总峰面积的99.88%、99.7%、99.97%、99.37%,以醇类、醛类、烯烷类、酮类、酯类、杂环类等为主,其中又以C6醇(如1-己醇、2,4-己二烯-1-醇、反式-2-甲基-环戊醇等)、C6醛[(E)-2-己烯醛、2-己烯醛、E,E-2,4-己二烯醛等]居多.结果表明:狮子头、剩花、豆青和玉兰不同品种香气组分存在一定的差异,但大部分主要组分相同;主要组分含量差异是曹州木瓜不同品种间香气不同的主要原因.     

Three new triterpenoid saponins from root of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis

Three new compounds (Gardeniside A–C), 11α,12α-epoxy-3β-[(O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside-6′-O-methly ester)oxy]olean-28,13-olide (1), siaresinolic acid 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside-6′-O-methly ester (2), and 3-O-β-D- glucuronopyranoside-6′-O-methly ester-siaresinolic acid-28-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (3), with seven known compounds oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D- glucuronopyranoside-6′-O-methly ester (4), oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D- glucuropyranoside (5), hederagenin 3-O-β-D- glucuronopyranoside-6′-O- methly ester (6), chikusetsusaponin IVa methyl ester (7), chikusetsusaponin (8), chikusetsusaponin IVa butyl ester (9), siaresinolic acid 28-o-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester (10) were isolated from the root of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Six compounds (1, 4–7, and 9) showed cytotoxic activities against HeLa, A549, MCF-7 and A354-S2 cell lines.     

Antituberculosis activity of natural and semisynthetic azorellane and mulinane diterpenoids

The antituberculosis activity of 14 natural azorellane and mulinane diterpenoids isolated from Azorella compacta, Azorella madreporica, Mulinum crassifolium, and Laretia acaulis, together with eight semisynthetic derivatives, was evaluated against two Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. The natural azorellanes azorellanol (3) and 17-acetoxy-13-α-hydroxyazorellane (6), and the semisynthetic mulinanes 13-hydroxy-mulin-11-en-20-oic-acid methyl ester (13) and mulinenic acid methyl ester (23), showed the strongest activity, with MIC values of 12.5 μg/mL against both strains. The methylated derivatives 13-hydroxy-mulin-11-en-20-oic-acid methyl ester (13), mulin-11,13-dien-20-oic acid methyl ester (15) and mulinenic acid methyl ester (23) proved to be more active than the parent compounds.     

The biological efficacy of pear ester on the activity of Granulosis virus for codling moth

Ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) is an adult and larval kairomonal attractant for Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The possibility of using a microencapsulated formulation of pear ester (DA-MEC, a.i. 5%, Trécé Inc.) to interfere with the host location behaviour was evaluated. Laboratory leaf disc bioassays and field efficacy trials were carried out on apple to determine the potential of improving the insecticidal performance of the granulovirus of C. pomonella (CpGV) by co-mixing with pear ester in a sprayable formulation. In laboratory bioassays, adding DA-MEC at low doses of CpGV insecticide increased the larval mortality as a function of time. The field tests performed revealed a significant effect of the blank DA-MEC formulation in reducing fruit injury compared to an unsprayed control.     

荔波连蕊茶肌动蛋白基因全长cDNA的克隆及其表达分析

根据植物肌动蛋白(Actin)基因编码区的保守序列设计引物,以山茶属植物荔波连蕊茶幼嫩茎段为材料,提取总RNA,进行RT-PCR。采用RACE技术扩增获得1 631 bp的Actin基因全长cDNA序列,命名为ClActin1(GenBank登录号KF366912)。序列分析表明,ClActin1开放阅读框(ORF)为1 134 bp,编码377个氨基酸,5’非编码区90 bp,3’非编码区407 bp。预测的ClActin1蛋白分子量为41.69 kD,理论等电点为5.31,具有Actin超基因家族的保守结构域和肌动蛋白家族特有的特征信号序列。ClActin1与GenBank中收录的其它植物肌动蛋白核苷酸序列的相似性在82%以上,氨基酸序列的相似性在97%以上。与其它植物肌动蛋白比较并构建系统进化树,结果显示山茶肌动蛋白与茶树和杨树的肌动蛋白的亲缘关系最为密切。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,该基因在荔波边蕊茶不同组织器官及不同发育时期的表达量稳定,表明ClActin1基因可作为内参基因。     

New antioxidant and antiglycation active triterpenoid saponins from the root bark of Aralia taibaiensis

Four new oleanane type triterpenoid saponins (1-4) and a known saponin (5) were isolated from the root bark of Aralia taibaiensis Z.Z. Wang et H.C. Zheng. The structures of the four new compounds were elucidated as 3-O-{β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-β-d-glucurono-pyranosyl}-olean-11,13(18)-diene-28-oic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester (1), 3-O-{β-d-gluco-pyranosyl-(1 → 3)-[α-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl}-olean-11,13(18)-diene-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (2), 3-O-{β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[α-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl}-oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (3) and 3-O-{β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl}-oleanolic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester (4), on the basis of extensive spectral analysis and chemical evidence. Compounds 1-5 exhibited moderate effects on antioxidant and antiglycation activities, which correlated with treatment of diabetes mellitus.     

Ursane triterpenoids from the bark of Terminalia arjuna

Five ursane type triterpene glucosyl esters including a new one, 2α,3β-dihydroxyurs-12,18-dien-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (1) were isolated from the bark of Terminalia arjuna, along with two known phenolic compounds. It is the first report of ursane type triterpenoids from this species.     

模拟酸雨对广西4个树种苗木生长的影响研究

采用盆栽试验,设置4个水平(pH3.0、pH4.0、pH5.0、pH5.6)、一个对照(pH6.0),共5种处理,测定4个树种在不同pH值酸雨处理下其苗高、地径和生物量变化情况,分析不同pH值及处理方式的酸雨对广西地区速生及珍贵树种幼苗生长的影响。研究结果表明,随酸雨pH值的降低,4个树种的苗高相对生长量和地径相对生长量总体均呈下降趋势;巨尾桉9号在模拟酸雨pH3.0时,其地上生物量显著大于对照,在pH5.0时,其地下生物量、总生物量略大于对照,在pH5.6时,其根冠比最大;格木在模拟酸雨pH5.6时,其苗高相对生长量显著大于对照,根冠较对照大;降香黄檀在模拟酸雨pH5.0时,其苗高相对生长量显著高于对照,根冠比最大;在不同浓度酸雨处理下,土沉香各生长指标均显著小于对照。     

A new triterpene glycoside from Centella erecta

A new (2α,3β)-23-sulphonyl-2,3-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester (1) together with eighteen known compounds were isolated from Centella erecta (L.f.) Fern. Their structures were elucidated mainly by NMR and HRESIMS, as well as on comparison with the reported data.     

Relative susceptibility of four species of African mahogany to the shoot borer Hypsipyla robusta (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the moist semideciduous forest of Ghana

We examined the relative susceptibility of four mahogany species, Khaya ivorensis, Khaya anthotheca, Entandrophragma angolense, and E. utile, to Hypsipyla robusta attack. Seeds were obtained from one to three parent trees for each species. The research was conducted in the moist semideciduous forest zone in Ghana and used a randomized complete block design. Tree height and diameter and height to first branch were measured until 24 months after out-planting in the field. H. robusta damage was assessed by counting the numbers of shoots attacked, branches, and dead shoots. Khaya spp. grew better but experienced more attack than Entandrophragma spp. The relative susceptibility to H. robusta attack, from most to least, of the four species was: K. anthotheca > K. ivorensis > E. angolense > E. utile. At 24 months, the mean number of shoots attacked per tree ranged from 1.0 for an E. utile seed source to 3.6 on for a K. anthotheca seed source. At 15 months, K. anthotheca and K. ivorensis started branching at about 1.5 m, but height of clear trunk increased over time due to self-pruning. As K. anthotheca grew taller, the number of H. robusta attacks per tree declined. This suggested that selection of genotypes and species that are tolerant of H. robusta attack based on infestation of young plants may not be appropriate. Genetic factors more completely reflecting the response of different species and genotypes to H. robusta attack may manifest themselves at later growth stages.