Fatty acids profile,sterols, tocopherol and squalene content in Fagopyrum tataricum seed milling fractions

There is no data on the lipid profile of Fagopyrum tataricum grain and its milling products. Therefore, we aimed to assess the phytosterol and tocopherol content and fatty acid profile of the samples of F. tataricum. Grain was milled, then the milling product separated to hull, bran, and two flour fractions, differing in particle size. The highest level of lipids (total fatty acids – 83%, with dominant oleic acid – 40%) was observed in the bran fraction (380 μm > GA > 180 μm). All samples contained some natural cis fatty acids, such as vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7; ~2.8%) and tocopherol (α-, β-, δ- and γ-tocopherol). The highest content of total tocopherol was also detected in the bran fraction (0.1% of lipids). The content of lipid soluble bioactive substances was different and depended on the size of obtained fraction, therefore properly designed grain processing technology can be used to produce food with high nutritional value.     

Selected Uncommon Legumes as a Source of Essential Fatty Acids,Tocopherols, Tocotrienols,Sterols, Carotenoids,and Squalene

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - The seeds of nine species belonging to the Fabaceae family (Cassia alata, Cassia uniflora, Cassia obtusifolia, Cassia tora, Crotalaria albida, Crotalaria juncea,...     

乙烯对豆科植物生长发育和根瘤形成的影响

乙烯是一种重要的植物激素,在植物生长和发育以及对外界环境信号的响应中发挥重要作用。乙烯调控了豆科植物的黄化苗的三重反应和光下幼苗的生长,能够促进叶片和花的衰老和脱落。豆科植物能与根瘤菌形成互利共生关系,在根部形成一种特异的固氮器官——根瘤。在结瘤过程中,由于豆科植物结瘤习性或遗传背景的不同,乙烯能够抑制或者促进根瘤的形成。乙烯与其它植物激素的互作也调控了豆科植物根瘤的形成。文章对乙烯信号途径调控豆科植物的生长发育和根瘤形成的相关研究做了综述和分析,并就未来关于豆科植物乙烯信号转导的研究进行了探讨和展望。     

Effect of Cultivar, Year Grown, and Cropping System on the Content of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Grains of Hulled and Hulless Barley

In a three-year period (2000–2002) total tocols (tocopherols and tocotrienols), content of vitamin E and its isomers (α-, β+γ-, δ-tocopherols and tocotrienols) were assessed in grain of 13 barley genotypes. The highest content of tocols (60.3–67.6 mg kg⁻¹) and content of vitamin E (Vitamin E equivalent—18.0–20.1 mg kg⁻¹) were determined in the waxy varieties Wanubet, Wabet, and Washonubet. Standard varieties, i.e. of a malting type (Krona and Kompakt), had statistically significantly lower content of tocols (49.9 and 53.6 mg kg⁻¹) and vitamin E (15.7–16.1 mg kg⁻¹) compared to the waxy varieties. The hulless waxy variety Washonubet had statistically significantly higher total content of tocols (67.6 mg kg⁻¹) and α- tocotrienols isomer (42.1 mg kg⁻¹) versus all other genotypes in the set. Chemical treatment and fertilization statistically significantly increased the content of tocols (by 4.7 mg kg⁻¹), vitamin E (by 1.9 mg kg⁻¹), isomer α-tocopherol (by 0.9 mg kg⁻¹) and isomer α- tocotrienols (by 3.3 mg kg⁻¹). The average values of α-tocopherols and α-tocotrienols in the set were 6.7 mg kg⁻¹ and 29.7 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Some of the reciprocal lines created by us from the malting and waxy varieties are suitable for food use for high contents of all tocopherols and α-tocotrienols.     

豫南茶树种质资源籽实脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成分析

以豫南地区42份茶树种质资源的茶籽为研究对象,分析了茶籽含仁率及茶籽仁的脂肪含量,范围分别在33.53%~71.60%、17.77%~38.39%。利用气-质联用技术（GC-MS）检测了茶籽仁中的脂肪酸组成和含量,共检测到21种脂肪酸,其中主要成分棕榈酸、硬脂酸、顺-油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸的含量分别在2.64%~5.70%、0.21%~1.11%、7.33%~17.29%、0.09%~8.44%和0.01%~0.15%;相关性分析显示,顺-油酸与十三碳酸、十四碳酸和顺-二十碳二烯酸的含量呈极显著负相关,亚油酸与反-油酸、顺-二十二碳六烯酸含量呈极显著负相关;除了水仙7202茶籽仁中的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量比值为3.08∶12.16∶1,其余茶树种质资源茶籽仁中,这三类脂肪酸的比值均约为1∶2.69∶1.37。中黄1号、农抗早、迎霜、鄂茶11号、龙井43、中选8号、崂山3号和黄金叶8个茶树品种,不仅含仁率和脂肪含量较高,而且茶籽仁脂肪酸的组分和含量丰富、均衡,可初步筛选出来作为豫南地区叶籽两用茶园的候选品种。     

Amino Acid, Mineral and Fatty Acid Content of Pumpkin Seeds (Cucurbita spp) and Cyperus esculentus Nuts in the Republic of Niger

Dried seeds and nuts are widely consumed by indigenous populations of the western Sahel, especially those who inhabit rural areas. In light of the need for quantitative information regarding the content of particular nutrients in these plant foods, we collected dried pumpkin (Cucurbita spp) seeds and nuts of Cyperus esculentus in the Republic of Niger and analyzed them for their content of essential amino acids, minerals and trace elements, and fatty acids.On a dry weight basis, pumpkin seed contained 58.8% protein and 29.8% fat. However, the lysine score of the protein was only 65% relative to the FAO/WHO protein standard. The pumpkin seed contained useful amounts of linoleic (92 μg/g dry weight) and the following elements (on a μg per g dry weight basis): potassium (5,790), magnesium (5,690), manganese (49.3), zinc (113), selenium (1.29), copper (15.4), chromium (2.84), and molybdenum (0.81), but low amounts of calcium and iron. Except for potassium (5,573 μg/g dry weight) and chromium (2.88 μg/g dry weight), the C. esculentis nuts contained much less of these same nutrients compared to pumpkin seeds.In conclusion, pumpkin seeds represent a useful source of many nutrients essential to humans. The data in this report should of practical value to public health officials in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa.     

Seasonal Variation of the Proximate Composition,Mineral Content,Fatty Acid Profiles and Other Phytochemical Constituents of Selected Brown Macroalgae

The main objective was to determine the chemical, phytochemical, fatty acid and mineral profiles of three commercially relevant brown macroalgae (Laminaria digitata, Laminaria hyperborea and Ascophyllum nodosum) collected each season for two years off the west coast of Ireland. All the chemical, phytochemical, fatty acid and minerals analysed varied significantly depending on the macroalgal species, season and year of collection. Overall, the protein contents of macroalgae were negatively correlated with carbohydrate content. Protein (2–11%) was at its highest during winter and/or spring, decreasing to a minimum during summer and/or autumn. The three macroalgal species analysed in this study had clearly differentiated fatty acid profiles. The concentration of fatty acids was higher in A. nodosum compared with both Laminaria species. The mineral profile of the three macroalgal species was rich in essential metals, particularly Ca, Mg and P, while the levels of I were approximately 9- to 10-fold higher in both Laminaria spp. compared with A. nodosum. The levels of toxic metals (Cd, Hg and Pb) in all the macroalgal species studied were low in the current study; while the levels of total As were high (49–64 mg/kg DW macroalgae) compared with previous reports.     

水杨酸浸种对甜玉米种子萌发及生理特性的影响

用不同浓度(0.25、0.5、0.75、1.0、1.25、1.5 mmol/L)的水杨酸(SA)溶液浸泡处理甜玉米种子进行发芽试验,统计种子萌发情况,分析幼苗相关生理指标的变化。结果表明,较低浓度的水杨酸溶液(0.25～0.75 mmol/L)处理有利于甜玉米种子的萌发,能有效提高种子发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数,提高可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,增强幼苗中过氧化物酶(POD)活性,降低淀粉酶活性;较高浓度的水杨酸溶液(1.25～1.5 mmol/L)抑制甜玉米的萌发,与对照相比降低幼苗可溶性糖含量,增强淀粉酶活性,1.5 mmol/L水杨酸溶液处理降低POD活性及脯氨酸含量。综合各指标,在生产中建议使用0.25～0.75 mmol/L水杨酸溶液处理种子,可促进种子萌发,调节酶活性,提高植物对逆境的抗性。     

糯玉米鲜子粒和熟子粒叶酸含量分析及评价

以8个不同糯玉米品种为材料,利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法,测定糯玉米适采期鲜子粒叶酸含量和蒸煮后熟子粒叶酸含量。结果表明,糯玉米品种间鲜子粒叶酸含量存在显著差异,京科糯928含量最高,为305.43μg/100 g;农科玉368、兆玉18、京科糯2016叶酸含量在200～300μg/100 g;京科糯2010、垦粘1号、中航糯3号和万糯2000等4个品种叶酸含量较低,为100～200μg/100 g。蒸煮后熟子粒叶酸含量呈降低趋势,品种间熟子粒叶酸含量和叶酸流失率存在显著差异。京科糯928、农科玉368、京科糯2016、京科糯2010和兆玉18的叶酸流失率低于25.52%。综合表明,京科糯928和农科玉368鲜子粒和熟子粒叶酸含量较高且稳定,属于高叶酸营养强化型鲜食糯玉米品种,适合大面积推广种植。     

Fatty Acids, Sterols, Phenols and Antioxidant Activity of Phoenix theophrasti Fruits Growing in Crete, Greece

In the present study we report the chemical composition of the Cretan Phoenix theophrasti Gr. fruits, in comparison with dates, from its close relative Phoenix dactylifera L. for their nutritional value and their potential exploitation as a source of bioactive components such as phytosterols, lipids and polyphenols. The non polar dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂) extract of the fruits was analysed by several techniques (TLC, CC, GC and GC-MS) and was found to consist mainly from fatty acids, hydrocarbons and phytosterols. Palmitic acid was the most abundant fatty acid, 12.49% of total saponifiables, while β-sitosterol was the most prevalent phytosterol, 29.46% of total unsaponifiable lipid fraction. The polar methanolic extract was examined for its total phenolic content, by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay, as well as for its antioxidant activity through DPPH assay, in comparison with previous studies on the fruits of several Phoenix dactylifera varieties. This fraction was found to possess strong antioxidant activity despite its lower content of phenolic compounds in comparison with previously studied Phoenix dactylifera specimens.     

Fatty Acid Profile,Total Carotenoids,and Free Radical-Scavenging from the Lipophilic Fractions of 12 Native Mexican Avocado Accessions

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - Mexico is the world’s largest producer, exporter, and consumer of avocados. “Hass” avocado is the most commercialized cultivar, while the native...     

Microalgae as Sustainable Bio-Factories of Healthy Lipids: Evaluating Fatty Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity

The demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly food sources and food ingredients is increasing, and microalgae are promoted as a sustainable source of essential and bioactive lipids, with high levels of omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA), comparable to those of fish. However, most FA screening studies on algae are scattered or use different methodologies, preventing a true comparison of its content between microalgae. In this work, we used gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) to characterize the FA profile of seven different commercial microalgae with biotechnological applications (Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorococcum amblystomatis, Scenedesmus obliquus, Tetraselmis chui, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Spirulina sp., and Nannochloropsis oceanica). Screening for antioxidant activity was also performed to understand the relationship between FA profile and bioactivity. Microalgae exhibited specific FA profiles with a different composition, namely in the ω-3 FA profile, but with species of the same phylum showing similar tendencies. The different lipid extracts showed similar antioxidant activities, but with a low activity of the extracts of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Overall, this study provides a direct comparison of FA profiles between microalgae species, supporting the role of these species as alternative, sustainable, and healthy sources of essential lipids.     

氮肥用量对小麦籽粒粒重及淀粉含量的影响

为明确氮肥对小麦强、弱势粒粒重及淀粉品质的影响与调控,以强筋小麦烟农21和中筋小麦鲁麦21为材料,研究了三个氮肥水平(120、240、360 kg N/ha,分别用N1、N2、N3表示)下小麦籽粒增重过程及直、支链淀粉含量的变化规律。结果表明,随氮肥施用量的增加,强、弱势粒千粒重均降低,且灌浆后期处理间差异显著。两个品种强势粒千粒重均高于弱势粒;随氮肥施用量的增加,烟农21强、弱势粒灌浆速率均降低。两个品种强势粒灌浆速率均高于弱势粒;随氮肥使用量的增加,两品种强、弱势粒直链淀粉含量降低。支链淀粉从花后7 d开始积累,花后35 d含量达到最大值。当氮肥施用量为240 kg N/ha时,鲁麦21强、弱势粒支链淀粉含量较高,分别为48.73%和45.03%;烟农21对氮肥的反应与鲁麦21基本一致,强、弱势粒支链淀粉含量分别为57.04%和55.94%。     

种子芥酸和硫苷含量对甘蓝型油菜遗传转化的影响

选取低硫苷低芥酸含量的甘蓝型油菜品种“湘油15号”和“Westar”,高硫苷高芥酸含量的甘蓝型油菜品系“GX-272”和“GX29”,利用农杆菌介导法,以pFGC5941为目标载体,分别对其进行遗传转化。以磷化麦黄酮（PPT）作为筛选剂,分别对4个油菜品种（系）的子叶柄分化率和转化率进行统计。结果表明,双低油菜“湘油15号”、“Westar”的子叶柄分化率高于高硫苷高芥酸油菜“GX-272”和“GX29”;而高硫苷高芥酸油菜“GX-272”和“GX29”的转化率则高于双低油菜“湘油15号”、“Westar”。初步认为种子中硫苷和芥酸含量对甘蓝型油菜子叶柄遗传转化的分化率和转化率有一定影响。     

氮、磷、锌营养对水稻籽粒植酸含量的影响及与几种矿质元素间的相关性

以协青早、秀水110及其辐射诱变获得的低植酸突变系（HIPi1和HIPj1）为材料,通过水培试验对不同氮、磷、锌浓度处理下水稻籽粒植酸含量差异及与几种矿质元素间的相关性进行了比较分析。高水平氮、磷、锌浓度处理的籽粒植酸含量较同一品种的低氮、磷、锌处理均有所降低,但在水稻生育期间,籽粒植酸含量对磷、锌处理浓度变化的敏感性,则因品种的植酸类型特征而异;氮、磷浓度增加能分别提高铁或降低铜在籽粒中的积累,但在高锌处理下,籽粒铁含量明显降低、而钾和镁的含量等却有所升高; 籽粒植酸含量一般与K、Mg、Fe、Cu 4种矿质元素含量呈正相关、与籽粒Zn含量呈负相关,但统计显著水平因品种而异。低植酸突变体籽粒中的K、Mg、Fe、Zn等含量虽略有下降,但可以通过适当的介质营养条件来调节有关矿质营养在水稻籽粒中的积累。     

Influence of Moisture Content,Variety and Parboiling on Milling Quality of Rice Grains

The effects of moisture content （8%, 10%and 12%）, variety （Tarom and Fajr） and parboiling on milling quality of rice as a function of milling recovery （MR）, head rice yield （HRY）, degree of milling （DOM） and whiteness were investigated. The parboiled grains was prepared with three soaking temperatures of 25 oC, 50 oC and 75 oC and three steaming times of 10, 15 and 20 min. As a result of parboiling, the increasing rates of MR and HRY values were 7.8%and 14.3%for Tarom and 9.8%and 10.0%for Fajr, respectively, and the decreasing rates for DOM and whiteness were 6.6%and 10.8%for Tarom and 6.8% and 10.5% for Fajr, respectively. Moreover, decreasing moisture content to 8%maximized MR （75.8% for Tarom and 74.3% for Fajr） and HRY （65.8% for Tarom and 57.0% for Fajr） while increasing that to 12%revealed maximum values of DOM （6.1%for Tarom and 6.2%for Fajr） and whiteness （24.8%for Tarom and 28.2%for Fajr）.     

20个小麦品种（系）籽粒LOX活性和类胡萝卜素含量及全麦粉色泽的研究

为给小麦粉营养品质与商品性的协同改良提供参考,以20个小麦品种(系)为试材,分析了不同角质类型的籽粒中脂肪氧化酶(LOX)活性和类胡萝卜素含量的变化,并初步探讨了LOX活性和类胡萝卜素含量的高低与全麦粉白度、黄度间的相关性。结果表明,不同品种(系)间LOX活性、类胡萝卜素含量、全麦粉白度、全麦粉黄度均存在极显著差异;LOX活性与类胡萝卜素含量呈极显著负相关,与全麦粉白度呈显著正相关,与全麦粉黄度相关性不显著;类胡萝卜素含量与全麦粉黄度呈显著正相关,与白度相关性不显著。采用欧式最长距离法对供试小麦品种(系)的LOX、类胡萝卜素以及全麦粉白度、黄度进行聚类分析,结果,LOX活性和白度较高、类胡萝卜素含量和黄度较低的周麦19和偃展4110聚为一类;LOX活性和白度较低、类胡萝卜素含量和黄度较高的烟农21、皖麦47等9个品种聚为一类;上述性状值居中的其他9个品种聚为一类。