Chemical composition and organoleptic evaluation of juice from steamed cashew apple blended with orange juice

Fully riped cashew apples (yellow variety) were steamed for 7 minutes prior to juice extraction. The extracted juice was blended with various proportions of sweet orange juice. Chemical composition and organoleptic evaluation were carried out on both the blended and unblended juices. The ascorbic acid content of unsteamed cashew apple juice was 287 mg/100 ml. Steaming of the cashew apple prior to juice extraction resulted in a decreased (230 mg/100 ml) content of ascorbic acid. It also led to slight decreases in soluble solids and titratable acidity. A comparison of the chemical composition of the two juices showed that the orange juice contained more sugars, titratable acidity and soluble solids but less ascorbic acid than cashew apple juice. Consequently, the soluble solids, titratable acidity, reducing and total sugars of the blends increased with increase in the proportions of orange juice while the content of ascorbic acid was decreasing. In spite of the decrease in ascorbic acid content of the blends, results showed that blended juice would no doubt be a very good source of ascorbic acid. Result of the organoleptic evaluation revealed that a 60% cashew apple and 40% orange juice gave a good quality juice in terms of flavor, after taste and overall acceptability.     

Proteins of high-yielding varieties of cashew (Anacardium occidentale)

Salts (NaCl and KCl) at 250 mM and alkali (NaOH and KOH) at 50 mM concentrations extracted proteins from defatted cashew kernel flour to an extent of 54 to 68 per cent and 80 per cent respectively. Electrophoresis of salt extracted proteins both under native and denatured conditions did not reveal any varietal difference. Zn²⁺ at 1 mM concentration specifically precipitated the slow moving fraction of cashew proteins. Defatted cashew kernel flour from varieties M 76/1 and Tr.273.Bla had highest (73.14 µg/mg proteins) and lowest (35.98 µg/mg protein) lysine contents respectively. Extraction of protein from defatted kernel flour at pH 4 was almost one-tenth compared to pH 10. Lysine content in protein extracted at pH 10 was highest (63.3 µg/mg protein) in variety M 6/1 and lowest (35.12 µg/mg protein) in variety Tr.56.Bla.CPCRI Contribution No. 549     

油菜抗菌核病的部分生理生化机制

中感品种甘油5号植株组织中的钙含量高16.4%。油菜植株组织中的铁含量高，感病性强。而锰、锌、铜的含量与抗菌核病没有相关性。单宁含量与抗病性的关系，试验结果表明，各供试品种，接种处理比对照（不接种）的单宁含量高，品种间相比，无论对照还是处理，抗性强的品种单宁含量均高于高感品种（98C40）。丙二醛的含量与油菜对菌核病的抗病性没有明显的关系。油菜植株的内源草酸含量与品种的抗病性有关，高抗品种比感病病对照，其内源草酸含量高22.2%。苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）酶活性品种间无显著差异。SOD酶酶活性与抗病性的关系，不同类型的品种在接种菌核菌后，叶片中SOD活性变化不同。感病品种受到菌核菌侵染后，叶片中SOD酶活性增加值大于抗病品种。呼吸强度与抗病性的关系，接种后呼吸强度下降快的品种抗性强。 矿质元素、单宁、内源草酸含量，超氧物歧化酶（SOD）的活性及呼吸强度均与油菜品种（系）的抗病性有关。矿质元素中钙含量与抗病性有关。三个抗病品种（M004、中R-888、085）组织中的钙含量均高于中感品种（甘油5号）和高感病品种98C40；高抗品种中R-888比     

Nutrient composition of groundnut cultures (Arachis hypogaea L.) in relation to their kernel size

Seven varieties of groundnuts of varying kernel size were selected to study the relation between kernel size and nutritional quality. Results indicated that no significant (r=0.22) difference was found in oil contents among the various varieties which ranged from 46–52 percent. Protein contents ranged from 17–25.2 percent. Protein content of small seed varieties was high compared to bold seeded varieties, whereas sugar content of bold seeded varieties was higher. No significant differences in amino acid and fatty acid compositions were observed among the varieties tested. In vitro digestibility of protein tended to be slightly less but not significantly so in bold seeded varieties compared to small and medium size varieties. Niacin content of bold seeded varieties was slightly higher compared to other varieties.     

腰果品种DUS测试指南的研制

从19世纪60年代开始,经过多年的调查、收集和筛选,农业农村部乐东腰果种质资源圃已收集和保存了400余份腰果种质资源,这些腰果种质资源主要来自我国海南省和云南省,以及巴西、莫桑比克、坦桑尼亚、越南、泰国等地,具有丰富的多样性,但目前国内外尚无腰果品种DUS测试指南,难以有效保护腰果种质资源和腰果育种者的合法利益。在参考腰果相关文献的基础上,通过对农业农村部“乐东腰果种质圃”的资源进行性状测试调查,收集了丰富的腰果种质资源各类性状数据,研制了腰果品种DUS测试指南。本研究详细介绍了指南的研制过程和主要内容,包括适用范围、繁殖材料的要求、测试性状的选择、DUS判定标准、性状表和技术问卷等,其中性状表是本测试指南的核心内容。腰果品种DUS测试指南仅适用于目前世界热区大规模商业化种植的腰果（Anacardium occidentale L.）一个种。腰果的繁殖材料一般为嫁接苗,有时为了缩短测试时间,也可将接穗作为繁殖材料。测试性状总共41个,包括35个基本性状和6个选测性状。叶片、果梨和坚果是测试性状的主要来源,其测试性状分别为11个、11个和10个,分别占性状总数的26.8%,26.8%和24.4%。植株、枝条、花、果仁和物候的测试性状均较少,分别只有1个、2个、2个、3个和1个。分组性状6个,包括植株类型、叶片形状、果梨形状、果梨颜色、坚果基部形状和坚果缝合线突出部与顶点相对位置。标准品种共20个,其中优良腰果品种FL30和HL2-21的使用频次较高,分别为13次和10次。指南还提供了55张实物图和11张示意图,可为腰果品种DUS测试提供帮助。腰果品种DUS测试指南的研制填补了国内外空白,为申请腰果新品种权保护提供了技术支撑。     

Chemical composition and protein quality of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

The chemical composition and protein quality of two varieties of buckwheat were measured and compared with the values of wheat. The protein quality was based on amino acid composition and true protein digestibility, biological value, net protein utilization, and utilizable protein obtained in N-balance experiments with rats. The protein content in buckwheat was approximately 12% and thus very much the same as in wheat. The fat content in buckwheat was close to 3% whereas the crude fiber concentration was very high (12.7 and 17.8%, respectively, for two varieties). The high fiber content caused a low concentration of soluble carbohydrates with the lowest value of 48.7%. Both buckwheat varieties had a high tannin content (1.76 and 1.54%, respectively). The protein quality was very high, with biological values above 90%. This can be explained by a high concentration of most essential amino acids, especially lysine, threonine, tryptophan, and the sulphur-containing amino acids. However, due to the high contents of crude fiber and tannin, the true protein digestibility was slightly below 80%.     

Chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of the less known pulses,Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal andVigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich.

The seeds ofVigna aconitifolia andVigna vexillata were analysed for proximate composition, minerals, seed protein fractions, amino acids, fatty acids, and antinutritional factors. Both the pulses were found to be rich sources of proteins and minerals like Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn.Vigna aconitifolia seeds exhibited fairly high levels of crude lipid. The most limiting essential amino acids in both the pulses were the sulphur-amino acids, cystine, and methionine. Threonine inV. aconitifolia and phenylalanine and tyrosine inV. vexillata occurred in higher quantities when compared with WHO/FAO requirement pattern. Oleic acid and palmitic acid inV. aconitifolia and linoleic acid and palmitic acid inV. vexillata lipids were found to be the predominant fatty acids. The tannin content of both the pulses was negligible compared with the domesticated legumes. The other antinutritional factors like total free phenols, L-DOPA and haemagglutinating activity were also analysed/assayed.     

Content and Quality of Protein in Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) Varieties

Proso millet belongs to the oldest cereals that human is using. Eight varieties of proso millet were cultivated in Ceske Budejovice from1998 to 2000 and Cerveny Dvur from 1999 to 2000. The crude protein content was determined according to Kjehladl method and amino acid content was determined chromatographically after acid and oxidative acid hydrolysis. Although the protein content of proso (11.6% of dry matter) was similar to wheat, the grain of proso was significant richer in essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, methionine) then wheat. Hence, the protein quality of proso (Essential Amino Acid Index) was higher (51%) compared to wheat. The proso grain contained about 3.3 g kg⁻¹ of the limiting amino acid-lysine. Significant differences in protein and its quality were found among the evaluated proso varieties. The varieties Toldanskoe and Lipetskoe were the most different from the others in protein and amino acid content and Amino Acid Score of individual acids. They had the lowest content and quality of protein. The seed coat of these varieties was red. The amino acid and protein content was significantly influenced by weather during the year. Dry conditions caused an increase of protein but its quality was decreased.     

茶树品种抗茶橙瘿螨的形态与生化特征

不同抗螨性的茶树品种间存在着形态学和生物化学方面的差异。扫描电镜的观测结果表明,抗性品种在叶面形态上具有茸毛密度高、上表皮角质化程度强和气孔密度低的特点。鲜叶生化分析结果表明,抗性品种的氨基酸总量及组成中的茶氨酸、谷氨酸和天冬氨酸含量比感性品种高;此外,抗性品种还有较高的咖啡碱含量、低的还原糖和水溶性糖含量及较高的谷氨酸脱氢酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的生化特征。从抗螨机制的角度来说,形态学特征主要构成了螨取食行为的障碍因子,受遗传控制;而化学特征为一抗生性机制,易受环境条件的影响     

扁形名茶氨基酸含量的影响因素

对影响扁形名茶氨基酸含量的因素初步研究结果表明，茶树品种是其主要的原因，７个品种鲜叶氨基酸总量存在着较大的差异，尤其是游离氨基酸组分含量差异更加悬殊，高低可达１．５倍至２０几倍；其次是鲜叶摊放，鲜叶摊放至含水量约７０％时，由于蛋白质的水解作用，氨基酸总量及多数氨基酸组分含量均达到最大值，但摊放过度，其含量又会下降；第三是制茶工艺，与炒青和烘青工艺比较，半烘炒工艺的成茶中的多数游离氨基酸含量较高，炒青工艺次之，但３种工艺对氨基酸总量的影响不大。     

46份国外腰果种质经济性状分析

连续2年在海南省乐东县冲坡镇测定46份国外腰果种质植株的坚果产量、坚果重量、坚果大小、坚果出仁、尧果仁重量、果仁大小尧果仁质量等级等，并进行综合比较。结果表明，30份种质的经济性状较优异，可进一步开展种质比较试验，筛选出高产、稳产、优质的腰果新品系。     

Fatty acid,carbohydrate and amino acid composition of pistachio (pistacia vera) Kernels

The fatty acid, carbohydrate and amino acid composition of dried pistachio kernels was determined. On a dry weight basis they contained about 55% oil. The unsaturated fatty acids oleic and linoleic constituted about 80% of this oil. Carbohydrate analysis of a hydrolysed sample showed the predominant sugar to be glucose followed by galactose and mannose with traces of fucose, arabinose and xylose. The total amino acid content was about 25% by weight. Nine essential amino acids were present with only cystine in a limiting amount and with a high level of lysine.     

不同品种柱花草中单宁含量的比较

采用F-D法测定10个柱花草品种营养期单宁的含量。结果发现,所测10个柱花草品种中单宁含量均小于1%,907柱花草中单宁含量最高,为0.853%,CIAT11362柱花草中单宁最低,为0.405%。实验数据在单宁含量方面可为以柱花草为主的饲料营养配方提供参考依据。     

Lipids of high-yielding varieties of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)

Cashew kernel lipids from high-yielding varieties have been characterised. Neutral lipid accounted for 96% while glycolipid and phospholipid accounted for the remaining 4%. Triglycerides were very rich in unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic) while glycolipids were rich in saturated fatty acids (lauric and myristic). Varietal difference was noticed with respect to the composition of neutral and glycolipids. Composition of phospholipid did not differ among high-yielding varieties.     

鲜食甜糯玉米子粒氨基酸含量的研究

以异隐纯合体杂交法培育的9个甜糯玉米杂交组合及其15个隐性纯合体亲本自交系为材料,在适宜鲜食期测定子粒中的氨基酸含量。结果表明,TN43-4的赖氨酸、必需氨基酸总量和氨基酸总量最高。不同甜糯玉米组合间的必需氨基酸总量和氨基酸总量存在一定的差异,但其必需氨基酸的相对含量并没有大的差别。多数甜糯玉米组合的必需氨基酸总量和氨基酸总量介于双亲之间或高于双亲。秋种、春种两次试验氨基酸含量的测定结果不同,春种试验的氨基酸含量普遍高于秋种试验,表明存在环境的影响。7种必需氨基酸间的简单相关和偏相关分析表明,苏氨酸与缬氨酸、异亮氨酸,亮氨酸与苯丙氨酸、异亮氨酸间存在真实的相关关系。     

3个不同木薯品种的代谢产物解析

本研究以3种木薯品种（‘KU50’‘SC205’和‘SC9’）块根为实验材料,采用色谱-质谱联用非靶向代谢组学技术,对8月龄木薯块茎的代谢物进行差异性分析。通过鉴定共获得77个差异代谢物,主要涉及糖及其衍生物、氨基酸、有机酸等,‘KU50’和‘SC205’两个品种的优势代谢产物（相对含量>15%）均为蔗糖,且二者含量基本相当,‘SC9’的优势代谢产物为蔗糖与果糖;‘SC9’中蔗糖、柠檬酸相对含量显著低于‘KU50’和‘SC205’,但果糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖高于二者。利用主成分分析（PCA）发现,3个木薯品种块根代谢物组成结构差异性显著,获得差异显著的33种代谢物中主要涉及糖类及其衍生物、有机酸及其衍生物、生物碱、核苷酸及其衍生物、氨基酸及其衍生物等5个类别。通过GO、KEGG、通路富集分析共注释到14个差异显著性代谢途径,其中,共有16个代谢物富集于氨酰tRNA生物合成途径,9个富集于精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢途径,3个富集于氰基氨基酸代谢途径。本研究通过对3个木薯品种块根代谢物的种类、相对含量、主要代谢物和显著差异代谢物进行分析,阐明了不同木薯品种淀粉品质形成的物质基础。可为后期更好地进行木薯品种改良、品种选育及木薯食品加工提供参考。     

Chemical,nutritional and technological characteristics of buck wheat and non-prolamine buckwheat flours in comparison of wheat flour

Chemical, nutritional, and technological characteristics of buckwheat and non-prolamine buckwheat flours in comparison to wheat for celiac patients use have been studied. The results suggested the following conclusions: the 56.5% extraction value for flour obtention is considered good; the buckwheat flour presents methionine and cystine as first limiting amino acids followed by threonine as the second limiting amino acid; the buckwheat flour presents higher content of lysine amino acids than the wheat flour; the buckwheat flour is superior to the wheat flour regarding iron, copper, and magnesium minerals; the buckwheat flour does not present haemagglutinin activity and the tannin content is negligible. Rheological assays indicate that the buckwheat flour does not contain gluten.     

花生品质的影响因素研究Ⅰ.花生品种因素

研究证明，花生品种类型间和同一类型不同品种间以及同一品种不同成熟度的籽仁，其品质均存在显著差异。粗脂肪含量，最高58．7％，最低43．66％，粗蛋白质含量，最高34．75％，最低21．06％；油亚比（O／L），最高2．173，最低0．807；人体必需氨基酸含量，最高8.93g/100g.最低6.57g/100g；人体必需脂肪酸含量，最高40.68%,最低29．16％，总糖含量，最高6．78％，最低4．56％，VC含量，最高7.38mg/kg，最低2.42mg/kg；VB1含量，最高14.84mg/kg,最低7.96mg/kg;硒含量，最高0.086mg/kg，最低0.072mg/kg。说明影响花生品质首先是品种本身的遗传因子，通过正确运用育种手段可以选育出优质综合和优质专用型花生新品种。     

大豆属(Glycine)亚属间和种间种子氨基酸组成的比较分析

比较了大豆属14个种的种子蛋白氨基酸的组成。结果表明:①不同亚属的各种均以谷氨酸含量最高,天门冬氨酸次之,其它氨基酸含量的位次也基本一致。②大豆属中亚属间种子蛋白的氨基酸含量存在明显的差异,Soja亚属各种氨基酸含量最高,Glycine亚属均低,而Wighlii最低。③亚属内种间、以及种内地理来源不同、或染色体基数不同,氨基酸含量也有差异。④Glycine亚属中latrobeana种的种子蛋白的氨基酸含量明显高于其它种。讨论了Glycine属、亚属间氨基酸含量与进化的可能联系,以及Wighlii的归属问题。     

Content and quality of protein in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) varieties

Proso millet belongs to the oldest cereals that human is using. Eight varieties of proso millet were cultivated in Ceske Budejovice from 1998 to 2000 and Cerveny Dvur from 1999 to 2000. The crude protein content was determined according to Kjehladl method and amino acid content was determined chromatographically after acid and oxidative acid hydrolysis. Although the protein content of proso (11.6% of dry matter) was similar to wheat, the grain of proso was significant richer in essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, methionine) then wheat. Hence, the protein quality of proso (Essential Amino Acid Index) was higher (51%) compared to wheat. The proso grain contained about 3.3 g kg(-1) of the limiting amino acid-lysine. Significant differences in protein and its quality were found among the evaluated proso varieties. The varieties Toldanskoe and Lipetskoe were the most different from the others in protein and amino acid content and Amino Acid Score of individual acids. They had the lowest content and quality of protein. The seed coat of these varieties was red. The amino acid and protein content was significantly influenced by weather during the year. Dry conditions caused an increase of protein but its quality was decreased.