不同烟草品种幼苗对干旱胁迫的生物学响应

指出了烟草起源于热带,是中国重要的经济作物,喜温暖湿润的气候,整个生育期对水分的需求较高.干旱胁迫会影响烟株的生理代谢和生长发育,进而影响到烟叶的产量和品质.试验采用盆栽控水的研究方法,以2个不同烟草品种(亚布力旱烟、云烟87)为试验材料,通过对其丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、相对电导率、过氧化氢酶活性、可溶性糖含量...     

干旱胁迫对不同种源酸枣种子萌发的影响

为探究干旱胁迫对不同种源酸枣种子萌发的影响,筛选出抗旱性优良的酸枣种质资源,本研究以榆林市吴堡、横山、子洲、佳县等4个种源地酸枣种子为供试材料,不同PEG浓度下酸枣种子对发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、根长、芽长及活力指数等6个指标的测定,研究干旱胁迫对不同种源酸枣种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：随着PEG浓度的上升,4个种源酸枣种子的发芽率、发芽势、根长、芽长、发芽指数及活力指数均表现为下降趋势。除吴堡地区外,同一种源酸枣种子发芽率在PEG-6000质量浓度为0、30、60、90和120 g·L^-1共5个处理组间差异均显著(P<0.05)。佳县、吴堡、横山、子洲酸枣种子的抗旱性依次增强。本研究探讨酸枣种子萌发期的耐旱性,确定酸枣种子萌发和生长的耐旱范围,从而为榆林地区酸枣抗旱品种选育提供理论依据。     

盐胁迫和干旱胁迫条件下细胞内Ca2+水平的变化

Ca^2＋是植物必需的矿质元素之一，直接参与调节细胞内许多重要生理生化过程，同时Ca^2＋作为细胞内重要的第二信使，在植物感受和转导外界刺激等方面起着重要的作用。本文就国内外有关植物在盐胁迫和干旱胁迫条件下细胞内Ca^2＋水平的变化以及Ca^2＋与植物抗盐、抗旱性的关系作一慨述，并提出和讨论了有关该领域有待进一步探讨的问题。     

白花泡桐幼苗对盐、干旱及其交叉胁迫的生理响应

为探究白花泡桐幼苗在不同程度干旱、盐及盐旱交叉胁迫下的生长发育及适应机制,以白花泡桐幼苗为试验材料,设置不同盐胁迫浓度及干旱程度,研究白花泡桐幼苗株高、生物量、叶片光合色素含量、膜脂过氧化物、渗透调节物质以及抗氧化酶的响应变化.结果表明:(1)与对照(CK)相比,在盐、旱及其盐旱交叉胁迫下,白花泡桐幼苗的生物量、株高、...     

4个菊花品种对干旱胁迫的生理响应及抗旱性评价

以国内常见的4个菊花Dendranthema morifolium栽培品种为试验材料,研究干旱胁迫下不同品种菊花的抗旱能力。结果表明：干旱胁迫下,4个菊花的气孔面积差异不显著,气孔密度、叶片厚度、栅栏组织和角质层厚度存在着显著差异,叶片总含水量、自由水含量、相对含水量和束缚水含量也存在显著差异。随胁迫强度的增加,叶片质膜透性持续增大,而叶绿素含量持续下降,4个菊花品种叶片内过氧化物酶的含量都随着干旱胁迫的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,“梦幻”的MDA含量在干旱胁迫下的变化不大,“红星”、“雪雁”、“落金钱”的MDA含量一直增加。隶属函数法综合评价4品种菊花抗旱性大小顺序为“雪雁”>“落金钱”>“红星”>“梦幻”。     

低温、干旱和盐胁迫下沙冬青幼苗脯氨酸含量的变化

沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus.(Maxim)Cheng.f)为我国西北荒漠区唯一的常绿灌木,具有极强的抗性。本文对低温、干旱和盐胁迫下沙冬青幼苗中脯氨酸积累的变化进行研究,以期探讨不同胁迫下脯氨酸累积的共性和特异性,为进一步探讨逆境下脯氨酸积累的生理意义提供参考。     

酸、碱、盐胁迫下千层金幼苗的生理指标变化研究

以千层金实生苗为材料,采用盆栽模拟试验,研究不同浓度酸、碱、盐胁迫连续15天和30天对千层金幼苗的形态、叶片含水量、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量以及SOD活性的影响。结果表明,不同处理的植株与对照（ CK）相比,除了pH值为4和11条件下植株出现叶片枯萎脱落现象,叶片含水量呈下降趋势以外,其余的在形态上没有太大的变化,表明千层金幼苗对酸、碱胁迫有一定的抗性,在pH值为5～10浓度处理下的植株均能正常生长;随着胁迫时间的延长,叶绿素含量以pH值为8的居高,随着pH值的降低和升高,均呈现逐渐降低的趋势,而丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量以及SOD活性均明显高于对照（ CK）;用不同浓度混合盐碱对千层金幼苗进行胁迫处理,随着浓度的增大,脯氨酸含量和SOD活性呈先升后降的趋势,丙二醛含量不断增加,当pH值大于9, NaCl浓度在0.3％以上的盐碱混合胁迫处理15天以后,千层金幼苗植株受伤害程度不断加大。     

11个北高丛越橘品种对干旱胁迫的响应

【目的】揭示北高丛越橘对干旱胁迫的响应机制并筛选出耐旱性较强的越橘品种。【方法】以11个北高丛越橘品种1年生扦插苗为试材,分别为‘蓝丰’‘瑞卡’‘双迪’‘斯巴坦’‘卡拉’‘伊丽莎白’‘钱德勒’‘布里吉塔’‘公爵’‘甜心’‘埃利奥特’,研究干旱胁迫对光合生理特性的影响,并评价不同品种的抗旱性。【结果】干旱胁迫20 d后,北高丛越橘品种脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、过氧化氢酶活性、胞间CO₂浓度均显著升高,而净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、光系统Ⅱ实际光量子产量和电子传递速率均显著降低。通过主成分分析,将16项生理生化指标转化为3个互相独立的综合指标,累计贡献率达85.74%。主成分1主要反映叶片生理特性、抗氧化酶活性及主要的叶片荧光参数等信息,主成分2主要反映叶片气孔功能信息,主成分3主要反映叶片光合作用相关信息。通过聚类分析,将11个北高丛越橘品种划分为3个类型:‘甜心’‘公爵’和‘蓝丰’为抗旱型,‘布里吉塔’‘伊丽莎白’‘瑞卡’和‘埃利奥特’为中间型,‘钱德勒’‘双迪’‘斯巴坦’和‘卡拉’为不抗旱型。根据抗旱性综合评价值,11个北高丛越橘品种按照抗旱性由高到低排序依次...     

毛白杨叶片保护酶活性等对干旱胁迫的响应

通过盆栽控水试验研究了不同水分胁迫条件下毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)8个1(2)-O型无性系苗木叶片中膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的动态变化过程.结果表明,随干旱胁迫强度的增大,毛白杨无性系叶片的MDA含量、CAT活性呈递增...     

干旱胁迫下3个甜角品种幼苗的生理生化响应及抗旱性评价

在大棚模拟持续干旱条件下,测定了3个甜角品种PRAKAYTONG(闪金)、SRITONG(金色)、SRITONGBAO (轻金色)幼苗叶片的细胞质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、渗透调节物质含量、保护酶活性、叶片含水量和叶绿素含量,研究甜角对干旱胁迫的生理生化响应,并用抗旱系数法和隶属函数法进行抗旱性综合评价.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫时间的延长及胁迫程度的加重,幼苗叶片的细胞质膜透性、MDA含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量都呈增加趋势;SOD和POD活性则呈先上升后下降趋势;叶片水分含量和叶绿素呈减少趋势.经抗旱指数法和隶属函数法分析,3个品种的抗旱性从强到弱依次表现为PRAKAYTONG＞ SRITONGBAO＞ SRITONG.     

4个品种核桃砧木幼苗干旱生理响应及抗旱性评价

【目的】对4个品种核桃砧木幼苗进行抗旱性评价,旨在筛选适合干旱、半干旱核桃产区的优良抗旱核桃砧木。【方法】以4个常用核桃砧木品种为试材,研究干旱对其盆栽幼苗生长速率、水分利用效率、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,采用模糊数学隶属函数法对其抗旱性进行综合评价。【结果】干旱条件下,核桃砧木幼苗间存在显著的品种间差异,其中,‘鸡爪绵’的相对生长速率(R)、长期水分利用效率(R_LWUE)、净光合速率(P_n)和光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)最高,分别为0.92 mg/d、70.24 g/L、15.22 μmol/(m²·s)和0.79。干旱显著降低了核桃砧木幼苗的R、P_n和F_v/F_m,其中‘鸡爪绵’的降低幅度最小,分别为30.30%、22.78%和7.06%。干旱显著提高了核桃砧木幼苗的R_LWUE和瞬时水分利用效率(R_IWUE)。‘核桃楸’的R_LWUE     

5个枣树品种花粉量和花粉萌芽率测定

以冬枣、雪枣、鸡蛋枣、灰枣、梨枣等5个枣树品种的花粉为试材,采用纤维素酶法和离体培养法,测定花粉量和花粉萌芽率。结果表明:枣树不同品种间花粉量和萌芽率存在差异,冬枣、雪枣、鸡蛋枣、灰枣、梨枣等5个品种的单花药花粉量分别为1 775、789、1 072、953、864粒。花粉量多的枣树品种,其萌芽率不一定最高;在最佳培养基中,雪枣的花粉萌芽率高达33.6%,冬枣的为27.2%,而鸡蛋枣的仅为20.4%。蔗糖及硼酸浓度对花粉萌芽率影响显著。适宜花粉萌芽的最佳蔗糖浓度为15%;硼酸能够促进花粉萌芽,但是浓度过高时会抑制花粉萌芽,硼酸浓度为0.05 g/L时花粉萌芽率最高。枣树花粉萌芽的最佳培养基是0.05g/L硼酸+10%蔗糖+1%琼脂。     

Sclerophylly and leaf anatomical traits of five field-grown olive cultivars growing under drought conditions

Leaf-level morphological and structural adaptations to reduce water loss were examined in five olive (Olea europaea L.) tree cultivars (Arbequina, Blanqueta, Cobran?osa, Manzanilla and Negrinha) growing under field conditions with low water availability. Leaf measurements included leaf tissue thickness, stomatal density, leaf area, leaf mass per unit area, density of leaf tissue, relative water content, succulence, water saturation deficit, water content at saturation and cuticular transpiration rate. We found considerable genotypic differences among the cultivars. Negrinha, Manzanilla and Cobran?osa had more morphological and structural leaf adaptations to protect against water loss than the other cultivars. Manzanilla and Negrinha enhanced their sclerophylly by building parenchyma tissues and increasing protective structures like the upper cuticle and both the upper and lower epidermis. Cobran?osa exhibited good protection against water loss through high density of foliar tissue and by thick cuticle and trichome layers. Compared with the Negrinha, Manzanilla and Cobran?osa cultivars, Arbequina leaves had a thinner trichome layer, implying that the leaves were less protected against water loss; however, the development of smaller leaves may reduce water loss at the whole-plant level. Among cultivars, Blanqueta had the largest leaves and some anatomical traits that may lead to high water loss, especially from the adaxial surface. The mechanisms employed by the cultivars to cope with summer stress are discussed at the morpho-structural level.     

不同品种枣树果实的抗裂性及其抗裂机理

为给推广抗裂枣树品种提供参考依据,采用野外调查与人工控制条件下抗裂果测定法相结合的方法,对河北沧州金丝小枣产区主栽品种进行了抗裂性测定。结果表明:根据枣果的抗裂程度,可把枣品种分为抗裂、较抗裂、易裂3个类型;不同品种枣果表皮细胞厚度的变化幅度较大,抗裂品种的表皮细胞厚度大,而易裂枣果品种的表皮细胞厚度小;抗裂品种枣果果皮不同部位的蜡层和表皮层厚度均匀、表皮层细胞排列整齐紧密,而易裂品种枣果果皮不同部位的蜡层和表皮层不均匀、表皮层细胞排列散乱无序。     

枣抑制消减cDNA文库构建与分析

枣树具有独特的开花结果特性,为获得枣花发育基因,以金丝4号枣不同发育时期的花蕾和同时期的叶片cDNA互为试验方和驱动方,利用抑制消减杂交技术分别构建了枣花和枣叶抑制消减杂交cDNA文库(SSH文库)。枣花和枣叶SSH文库重组率分别是92.05%和90.26%,插入片段长度均介于200~2 000 bp之间,主要集中于1 000 bp左右。分别从枣花和枣叶SSH文库中随机挑选1 000个阳性克隆进行DNA测序、组装拼接,结果显示枣花SSH文库中获得96条unigene,其中contigs 43个,singletons 53个,96条unigene预测得到73个ORF,经过同源比对分析获得有注释的序列20条,按功能分为7类;枣叶SSH文库中获得86条unigene,其中contigs 45个,singletons 41个,86条unigene预测得到70个ORF,经过同源比对分析获得有23条注释的序列,按功能分为6类。     

Growth and physiological responses of Quercus brantii seedlings inoculated with Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Obolarina persica under drought stress

Charcoal canker of oak is a common disease in the western regions of Iran, which has widely spread due to climate change and increasing drought in recent years. Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Obolarina persica are known as two agents of oak charcoal canker in Zagros forests causing the dieback of oak trees. The effects of charcoal disease agent pathogens on the growth and physiological response of two‐year‐old seedlings of Quercus brantii were evaluated under drought stress in greenhouse over a period of nine months. Survival was 21.7% lower in seedlings inoculated with B. mediterranea subjected to drought stress compared with control treatment. The length of lesions on stems was 68% more under charcoal pathogens in drought stressed compared with the length of lesions caused by charcoal pathogens only. On the other hand, stem lesion length caused by B. mediterranea was 25% greater than those caused by O. persica. Some morphophysiological characteristics were affected by charcoal pathogens alone and/or in combination with drought. Diameter, height and biomass decreased the most in seedlings inoculated with charcoal pathogens under drought stress. Pathogenic agents alone and in combination with drought stress reduced photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration, the maximum Rubisco activity (V_cmax), maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F_v/F_m) and xylem water potential. In general, drought increased the aggressiveness of fungus and intensification of their destructive effects in Quercus brantii. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the effect of B. mediterranea and O. persica on the morphophysiological parameters studied.     

Establishing jujube trees in sub-Saharan Africa: response of introduced and local cultivars to rock phosphate and water supply in Burkina Faso, West Africa

In the Sahel zone, there is an increasing interest of farmers in conserving and enriching tree diversity on their farms as a source of food and income. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. is one of the tree species farmers maintain on their farms. Even though the local variety of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. was ranked as one of the most preferred species, it produces small fruit whereas farmers are interested in varieties producing bigger and tasty ones. A factorial experiment in a split split-plot design was carried out to assess the performance of three introduced cultivars of Indian jujube in Burkina Faso. Investigated factors were irrigation (irrigated with 30 l plant⁻¹ week⁻¹, non-irrigated), rock phosphate containing 25% P₂O₅ (0 and 150 g P plant⁻¹) and cultivar (Gola, Seb, Umran, and local variety as control). Eighteen months after planting, Umran responded positively to irrigation and rock phosphate treatments by displaying the tallest height (313 cm) and the biggest collar diameter (6.4 cm). Gola gave the largest crown diameter (316 cm) at 18 months and the highest fruit production at the first (15.3 kg tree⁻¹) and second (71.6 kg tree⁻¹) fruiting seasons in the irrigated and fertilized treatment. The local variety was less productive compared to the introduced cultivars. In terms of income generation irrigated and fertilized Gola and irrigated Umran showed the highest potential after two fruiting seasons with net revenues of F CFA 2,526,915 and F CFA 1,930,546 per hectare respectively. Therefore, Umran and Gola may be recommended in intensive sub-Saharan peri-urban systems while Seb needs further investigation to improve its water and nutrient use efficiency through either better timing of water and fertilizer application or symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.