水洗和酸洗蛭石样本的离子吸附性能比较分析

分析比较了水洗蛭石和酸洗蛭石样本吸附pb2+、Cd2+、Zn2+的差异.试验结果表明,水洗和酸洗样本中测试离子的吸附存在明显的离子浓度和吸附剂浓度效应.水洗样本测试离子的吸附量显著高于酸洗样本的吸附量,其原因是酸洗样本体系存在大量的H+离子参与吸附竞争,降低了吸附剂的离子吸附容量.在水洗和酸洗蛭石体系中,测试离子被吸附的毫克量差异显著,顺序为Pb2+＞ Cd2+≥Zn2+.水洗蛭石体系中所有测试离子的去除率都很高,说明水洗蛭石样本可作为构建人工湿地吸附缓冲系统的基质填料.     

硅藻土对重金属离子Mn2+的吸附研究

以硅藻土为吸附剂,采用静态吸附试验考查了吸附剂浓度、离子初始浓度、吸附质溶液温度、吸附质溶液初始pH值、时间等因素对硅藻土吸附模拟废水中Mn2+的影响.研究表明,硅藻土对Mn2+的最大吸附量可达到4.0486 mg·g-1,效果较好,可被用于去除重金属锰.适当增加吸附剂用量、离子初始浓度、控制吸附温度(＜50)、pH值(＜6)、延长吸附时间都能提高硅藻土对Mn2+的吸附效果.Langmuir吸附等温式相比Freundlich吸附等温式能更好的描述硅藻土对Mn2+的吸附过程.硅藻土吸附M2+的吸附动力学则符合二级动力学方程.     

天然沸石和蛭石的离子吸附性能研究

以天然沸石和蛭石为吸附剂,采用等温吸附方法,研究其对Cu2+的吸附性能.结果表明,天然沸石对Cu2+的去除率略高于蛭石.天然沸石和蛭石的吸附容量p值分别为8.85 mg/g和6.99 mg/g.在实际应用中,天然沸石的单价低,吸附容量大,单位处理成本低,因此,天然沸石是人工湿地吸附缓冲单元理想的介质填料.     

改性蛭石对对硝基苯酚吸附特性的研究

用溴化十六烷基三甲铵（CTMAB）对蛭石进行改性,并研究了改性蛭石对水中对硝基苯酚的吸附特性．结果表明：改性蛭石的层间距明显变大,对硝基苯酚的去除率可达90％以上;对硝基苯酚的等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir方程;改性蛭石对对硝基苯酚的吸附既有水相与有机相之间的分配过程,又有物理吸附、静电吸附和离子交换吸附等吸附过程;改性蛭石的脱附率为80％．     

板栗壳对废水中 Pb2＋吸附性能的研究

以板栗壳作为吸附剂吸附废水中的P b2＋,实验研究了吸附时间、吸附剂用量、P b2＋初始浓度以及废水pH值对吸附过程的影响;采用扫描电镜（SEM ）分析吸附剂的主要物理特性,对Pb2＋吸附过程进行了动力学分析,通过等温吸附模型对实验结果进行了拟合,探讨了废水中P b2＋的吸附性能。研究结果显示：板栗壳吸附Pb2＋吸附平衡时间为80min ,Pb2＋初始浓度为50mg／L时,吸附剂最佳投加量为3g／L ,最佳pH值为6,吸附平衡时Pb2＋去除率可达到94．65％;吸附过程以准二级动力学方程拟合效果最好,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。     

液/固离子吸附体系中的强度因子

在离子质量浓度25~500 mg.L-1和吸附剂(蛭石)质量浓度10~150 g.L-1范围内分析测试了平衡固液体系中Zn、Cd离子等温吸附量.试验数据表明:平衡离子吸附密度qe(离子吸附量与吸附剂量的比值)唯一由C0/W0(起始点液相离子浓度C0与吸附剂浓度W0的比值)与Ce/W0(平衡液相离子浓度Ce与W0的比值)的差屿来决定,与离子、吸附剂的浓度及吸附反应过程无关.重复测试证实:给定C0/W0时,qe与Ce/W0具有唯一对应的值.指出液/固相离子吸附体系中的强度因子不是离子的浓度而是离子量与吸附剂量的比值,离子吸附反应的方向与速率取决于系统中离子量与吸附剂量的相对水平,离子吸附反应达到平衡的条件是离子与吸附剂化学势之和在液、固相之间的差异为0.     

羟甲基脲改性氧化石墨烯材料的制备及吸附Cu2+和Ni2+的性能

针对当前氧化石墨烯材料存在的吸附后固液分离困难的问题,采用化学接枝法制备了一种新型的氧化石墨烯/羟甲基脲复合材料(UF-GO),并用于水中重金属离子的去除。探讨了pH、时间及初始浓度对重金属离子去除能力的影响。结果表明:UF-GO复合材料保持了GO对重金属离子优异的吸附能力,吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温式,室温下对Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺的饱和吸附容量分别为96.9、94.1 mg·g^-1。在循环利用8次后,UF-GO复合材料对Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺两种离子的吸附容量仍保持有初次吸附容量的60、58%,表明UF-GO复合材料的回用性能较好,且能稳定存在。与GO相比,UF-GO复合材料吸附后的固液分离更加方便,有望成为一种具有较好应用前景的吸附材料。     

蛭石与人造沸石氨氮平衡吸附--基本关系式与二次方程的解

在给定pH值(pH=7.0)和温度(T=25℃)的条件下,采用纳氏试剂比色法(GB7479-87)测定了NH4Cl溶液中蛭石和人造沸石的氨氮平衡吸附量.在平衡吸附量Qe与溶液离子浓度C和介质有效吸附势P关系基础上建立了平衡吸附量Qe与溶质起始浓度C0、吸附介质用量W0的一元二次方程.测试结果证明.这一方程可在较大的C0和W0变化范围内用以描述蛭石和人造沸石的氨氮等温平衡吸附过程.     

天然蛭石对污水中氨氮吸附去除率的影响

研究了蛭石对污水中氨氮的吸附容量及水中pH、温度、浓度、蛭石用量对氨氮去除率的影响.结果表明,当蛭石的饱和吸附量为20.83 mg/g,pH在2.0～6.0范围内时,蛭石吸附量随pH值升高而增大,而在pH6.0～9.0范围内随pH升高而降低;温度在10～35℃范围内对氨氮吸附具有负影响;氨氮初始浓度在小于50 mg/L时,其去除率随着蛭石用量的增加而增大.为蛭石作为一种新型填料提供了基础数据和理论依据.     

酸洗处理对生物炭性质及其吸附生物油的影响

为了研究酸洗处理对生物炭性质的影响及其对生物油浆体系中生物炭吸附生物油的影响,笔者采用HCl酸洗处理,分别制备了对松木原料酸洗和对热解炭化料酸洗的生物炭,同时在相同的热解条件下制备了仅水洗处理的生物炭作为实验对照。采用傅里叶红外光谱、比表面积及孔径分析、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱等手段对上述3种生物炭进行表征,并利用3种生物炭吸附生物油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用分析被不同生物炭样品吸附的生物油的成分差别。实验结果表明,松木原料酸洗对热解炭的性质影响更大,炭表面的C=O和C—O含量增加,比表面积也更大,而晶体结构和石墨化程度变化不大。3种生物炭均对生物油有较好的吸附性能,对糖类、酚类、酸类、酮类、醛类都有较强的吸附力。由于酸洗预处理松木原料的生物炭具有较高含量的C=O和C—O、较大的比表面积,对生物油有更高的吸附能力,也对生物油中酸类、酮类的吸附选择性更好。生物炭能够通过氢键和静电作用吸附易促进结焦的酸类、酮类,通过π-π相互作用吸附易结焦的酚类,有利于抑制生物油浆的结焦,推动生物油浆的广泛应用。     

4种矿物填料吸附锌、镉离子能力比较研究

为了人工湿地污水处理系统选择吸附填料提供基础数据,比较了人工沸石、膨胀蛭石、天然沸石、硅藻土4种矿物吸附Zn2+和Cd2+离子的能力.结果表明:4种矿物吸附Zn2+和Cd2+离子的容量大小顺序为人工沸石天然沸石>膨胀蛭石>硅藻土;给定废水锌、镉离子去除率目标,4种矿物使用成本大小的顺序为硅藻土>人工沸石>膨胀蛭石>天然沸石.说明在比较的矿物吸附剂中,天然沸石与膨胀蛭石是最佳的人工湿地填料.     

枯叶蛱蝶非滞育成虫和越冬成虫水份含量比较

为了进一步了解枯叶蛱蝶滞育机理,利用重量法,测定了非滞育成虫和越冬成虫不同发育阶段水份含量。结果表明,非滞育成虫水份含量在在59．6363％～62．5388％之间,变化幅度相对较小,为2．9％;成虫羽化初期水量含量较高,后期含量下降。越冬成虫水份含量在54．9866％～67．6164％之间,变化幅度较大,达12．63％。枯叶蛱蝶成虫水份含量可能与取食和不同发育阶段有关。     

Comparison between modulus of elasticity values calculated using 3 and 4 point bending tests on wooden samples

Several data banks on wooden properties of different species contain mechanical characteristics of which the bending modulus of elasticity. This modulus can be calculated using different test methods, the more ordinary used are the 3 point and 4 point bending tests. The values obtained by one method cannot be directly compared with those of other methods. So the bending properties read in a data bank have to be converted before using them and correctly compared with other data from different references. The aim of this study is to make an analytic formula of a crossing coefficient between 3 point and 4 point bending concerning the longitudinal modulus of elasticity measured following the French standards (NF 1942; NF 1987). This formula includes a study of the shear force influence, and a study of supports and loading head indentation effect, in a 3 point bending test. The analytical study and the experiences have shown that the supports and loading head indentation effect are not negligible but have the same influence as the shear effect. The indentation is the result of the competition between two physical phenomena which are the wood stiffness and the load level applied on the piece of wood during a bending test. The practical result of this study is the development of a crossing analytic formula from a 3 point bending modulus of elasticity to a 4 point bending one, verified by the experimentation. Received 26 June 2000 The C.I.R.A.D.-Forêt team and especially M. Bernard Thibaut, M. Gilles Calchera, and M. Joseph Grill from Laboratoire de Mécanique et de Génie Civil (L.M.G.C.) are gratefully acknowledged for their precious help during this research.     

Statics and kinetics of water vapor sorption of small loblolly pine samples

A better understanding of the sorption behavior of different wood structures could be useful in protecting wood against wood deterioration and fungal attack. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of differences among earlywood, latewood, and tree ring location within the stem cross-section of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) on the sorption kinetics and statics of water vapor under ambient conditions. The water vapor sorption of earlywood and latewood in different tree rings was recorded using a dynamic contact angle analyzer under relative humidity changes from 11 to 89%, as provided by saturated salt solutions. Earlywood had higher sorption rates and diffusion coefficients than latewood, while outer tree rings had higher sorption rates and diffusion coefficients than inner tree rings. The sorption isotherms of earlywood, latewood, and different tree ring locations within the stem cross-section were fitted very well by a Hailwood–Horrobin model.     

The effect of brown-rot decay on water adsorption and chemical composition of Scots pine heartwood

? The effect of brown-rot (Coniophora puteana) decay on the water adsorption capacity and concentration of extractives of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) heartwood were studied by comparing corresponding properties of decayed and undecayed wood samples.

? The samples derived from 39 felled trees having a large between-tree variation in the extractive concentrations, and subsequently in the mass loss in the decay test. The water adsorption capacity, expressed as equilibrium moisture content (EMC), was measured at a high relative humidity (RH ～100%, 21 °C).

? In contrast to the widely held belief, the water adsorption capacity of brow-rotted heartwood appeared to be significantly higher than that of undecayed heartwood.

? The chemical composition of heartwood was changed radically by the fungus: the concentration of stilbenes, resin acids and free fatty acids decreased, while the concentration of soluble sugars increased as a result of decay. In addition, fungal sugars were found in the decayed samples. The concentration of total phenolics increased, which obviously reflected chemical changes in cell wall constituents other than extractives.

? As a conclusion, the information concerning the hygroscopicity of brown-rotted wood might be valuable e.g. when carrying out repairs on buildings damaged by advanced decay.

     

Effects of soil water content and initial root volume on the nutrient status of 2+0 Douglas-fir seedlings

Two-year-old bareroot Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco.) seedlings were graded on the basis of four root-volume categories and transplanted to four moisture-stress treatments (6, 12, 18, and 24% soil water content) in pots. Macronutrient concentrations and contents of both old and new foliar tissue were determined. Decreasing soil water content resulted in higher concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, and particularly nitrogen in both old and new foliar tissue. This can be attributed to reduced growth, translocation, metabolic activity, and nutrient requirement in response to moisture stress. Seedlings with relatively higher root volumes exhibited higher nutrient concentrations and contents, as well as increased growth. Thus, increased total root biomass per unit of soil area with increasing seedling root volume may have resulted in greater nutrient use, supply, uptake, and storage.