Exogenous GSH protects tomatoes against salt stress by modulating photosystem Ⅱ efficiency,absorbed light allocation and H_2O_2-scavenging system in chloroplasts

The effects of exogenous GSH(reduced glutathione)on photosynthetic characteristics,photosystem Ⅱ efficiency,absorbed light energy allocation and the H_2O_2-scavenging system in chloroplasts of salt-stressed tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)seedlings were studied using hydroponic experiments in a greenhouse.Application of exogenous GSH ameliorated saline-induced growth inhibition,the disturbed balance of Na~+ and Cl~- ions and Na~+/K~+ ratios,and the reduction of the net photosynthetic rate(P_n).GSH also increased the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ(F_v/F_m),the electron transport rate(ETR),the photochemical quenching coefficient(q_P),and the non-photochemical quenching coefficient(NPQ).In addition,GSH application increased the photochemical quantum yield(Y(Ⅱ))and relative deviation from full balance between the photosystems(β/α–1)and decreased the PSⅡ excitation pressure(1–q_P)and quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation(Y(NO))in leaves of salt-stressed tomatoes without BSO(L-buthionine-sulfoximine,an inhibitor of key GSH synthesis enzymeγ-glutamylcysteine synthetase)or with BSO.Further,the addition of GSH depressed the accumulation of H_2O_2 and malondialdehyde(MDA),induced the redistribution of absorbed light energy in PSⅡ reaction centers,and improved the endogenous GSH content,GSH/GSSH ratio and activities of H_2O_2-scavenging enzymes(including superoxidase dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD)and key enzymes in the AsA-GSH cycle and Grx system)in the chloroplasts of salt-stressed plants with or without BSO.Therefore,GSH application alleviates inhibition of salt-induced growth and photosynthesis mainly by overcoming stomatal limitations,improving the PSⅡ efficiency,and balancing the uneven distribution of light energy to reduce the risk of ROS generation and to mediate chloroplast redox homeostasis and the antioxidant defense system to protect the chloroplasts from oxidative damage.Thus,GSH may be used as a potential tool for alleviating salt stress in tomato plants.     

The mitigation effects of exogenous dopamine on low nitrogen stress in Malus hupehensis

Dopamine plays numerous physiological roles in plants. We explored its role in the regulation of growth, nutrient absorption, and response to nitrogen (N) deficiency in Malus hupehensis Rehd. Under low N condition, plant growth slowed, and the net photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll contents, and maximal quantum yield of PSII (F_v/F_m) decreased significantly. However, the application of 100 μmol L⁻¹ exogenous dopamine significantly reduced the inhibition of low N stress on plant growth. In addition to modifying root system architecture under low N supply, exogenous dopamine also changed the uptake, transport, and distribution of N, P, and K. Furthermore, exogenous dopamine enhances the tolerance to low nitrogen stress by increasing the activity of enzymes (nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamic acid synthase and glutamine synthetase) involved in N metabolism. We also found that exogenous dopamine promoted the expression of ethylene signaling genes (ERF1, ERF2, EIL1, ERS2, ETR1, and EIN4) under low N stress. Therefore, we hypothesized that ethylene might be involved in dopamine response to low N stress in M. hupehensis. Our results suggest that exogenous dopamine can mitigate low N stress by regulating the absorption of mineral nutrients, possibly through the regulation of the ethylene signaling pathway.     

Effect of low-nitrogen stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with different low-nitrogen tolerances

Nitrogen(N) is a critical element for plant growth and productivity that influences photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. We investigated the effect of low-N stress on leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with difference in tolerance to low N levels. The low-N tolerant cultivar ZH311 and low-N sensitive cultivar XY508 were used as the test materials. A field experiment(with three N levels: N0, 0 kg ha–1; N1, 150 kg ha–1; N2, 300 kg ha–1) in Jiyanyang, Sichuan Province, China, and a hydroponic experiment(with two N levels: CK, 4 mmol L–1; LN, 0.04 mmol L–1) in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China were conducted. Low-N stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content and rapid light response curves of the maximum fluorescence under light(Fm′), fluorescence instable state(Fs), non-photochemical quenching(qN), the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry under dark-adaption(Fv/Fm), potential activity of PSII(Fv/Fo), and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(ΦPSII) of leaves. Further, it increased the chlorophyll(Chl) a/Chl b values and so on. The light compensation point of ZH311 decreased, while that of XY508 increased. The degree of variation of these indices in low-N tolerant cultivars was lower than that in low-N sensitive cultivars, especially at the seedling stage. Maize could increase Chl a/Chl b, apparent quantum yield and light saturation point to adapt to N stress. Compared to low-N sensitive cultivars, low-N tolerant cultivars maintained a higher net photosynthetic rate and electron transport rate to maintain stronger PSII activity, which further promoted the ability to harvest and transfer light. This might be a photosynthetic mechanism by which low-N tolerant cultivar adapt to low-N stress.     

Effects of Root-Zone Temperature on Growth,Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics and Chlorophyll Content of Greenhouse Pepper Plants Grown under Cold Stress in Southern China

In Southern China, plants are usually exposed to cold stress during winter in an unheated greenhouse, but due to the high energy consumption and costs, most of the greenhouses remain unheated. In an attempt to find a simple and affordable solution to this problem, this study was undertaken. In this research, Capsicum frutescens L. plants were studied to investigate the effect of different root zone temperatures on its growth and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics under cold stress. The plants were cultivated under cold stress conditions in a root zone temperature (RZT) control system where the roots were subjected to four different root-zone temperature treatments of 20°C-T20, 25°C-T25, 45°C-T45 and a control CK group. Growth characteristics studied included plant height, stem diameter, plant width, root length, biomass accumulation. Whilst fluorescence characteristics investigated were chlorophyll fluorescence ratio F_v/F_m, photochemical quenching (qL), efficiency of Photosystem II (Y[II]) and electron transport rate (ETR). Chlorophyll content in the leaves of the plants was also investigated. The findings demonstrated that plants in the CK group suffered a detrimental effect on the growth characteristics registering the lowest values in the measured variables. Conversely, the highest values were observed in T25 RZT treatment. In fluorescence characteristics, values of F_v/F_m were maintained at between 0.8 and 0.83 but also suffered a photo-inhibitory depression in CK and T45 RZT treatments to F_v/F_m values of <0.79. This depicted that root zone heating protected the PS II of these plants from photoinactivation induced by cold stress. Similar trends were seen in the qL, Y[II], ETR values with the T20 and T25 treatments registering the highest values. Chlorophyll content was significantly higher in the leaves of the plants in the T20 and T25 group. The lowest chlorophyll content was recorded in the CK group. Plants in all the treatments accumulated more biomass in the shoot than in the roots as depicted by a significantly lower shoot to root ratio values with the exception of those in the CK group. The findings of this study suggest that pepper plants can successfully be grown in an unheated greenhouse in the Yangtze River Delta area of Southern China during winter by heating the root zone of the plants to a RZT value of 25°C, thereby providing a simple, affordable and cost-effective technique.     

外源亚精胺对高温胁迫下生姜叶片内源激素及叶绿体超微结构的影响

【目的】生姜具喜温怕热的特性,生产中极易遭受高温伤害。本文旨在通过研究高温胁迫条件下外源亚精胺（Spd）与内源激素的关系,以及对叶绿体的保护作用,探讨外源Spd缓解生姜高温胁迫的生理机制。【方法】以砂培莱芜大姜为试材,置光周期12 h/12 h、昼夜温度28℃/18℃和38℃/28℃的光照培养箱内,分别采用0.5 mmol·L^-1Spd处理生姜根系,在处理后0、5、10、15和20 d时测定功能叶片的相对含水量、叶绿素含量、MDA含量、电解质渗透率、叶绿素荧光参数、活性氧（ROS）和内源激素代谢等相关指标,并于处理后第20 天观察叶绿体及类囊体超微结构。【结果】高温胁迫导致生姜叶片叶绿体和类囊体严重受损,叶绿素含量降低;随着高温胁迫时间的延长,叶片F_v/F_m、Ф_PSII、F_v′/F_m′、q_P和P持续降低,NPQ、β/α-1和D显著升高;主要表现为PSII反应中心的光化学活性降低,致使光能过剩,诱发 和H₂O₂大量积累,导致叶片MDA含量和电解质渗透率升高。高温胁迫下SOD活性、ABA含量和脯氨酸含量先升后降;APX活性、CTK含量和KT含量持续下降。外源添加Spd可恢复叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量,降低MDA含量和电解质渗透率,维持叶绿体和类囊体结构的完整性,促使叶绿素荧光参数趋于正常水平,提高高温胁迫下抗氧化酶活性及内源激素水平,进而降低ROS水平,缓解高温对生姜幼苗产生的伤害。【结论】38℃/28℃的高温胁迫导致生姜叶片受损,叶绿体和PSII功能紊乱,活性氧和内源激素水平异常;外源添加0.5 mmol·L^-1Spd可降低高温胁迫下生姜叶片损伤程度,维护叶绿体的正常生理功能,维持内源激素的正常代谢,进而提高生姜植株的耐热性。     

水分胁迫下外源ABA对甘蔗叶绿素荧光特性的影响（英文）

以抗旱甘蔗品种ROC 22与不抗旱品种ROC 16为材料,研究水分胁迫条件下外源ABA对2个甘蔗品种叶片叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,水分胁迫下,ROC 16的叶绿素降解程度高于ROC 22,而外源ABA能够缓解这种降解作用;随着水分胁迫的加剧,两个甘蔗品种叶片的基础荧光（Fo）显著升高,PSⅡ原初光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）和PSⅡ的潜在活性（Fv/Fo）显著下降,光适应下PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv’/Fm’）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（ΦPS2）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）显著下降,表明水分胁迫使甘蔗叶片PSⅡ反应中心受到伤害,施加外源ABA能部分减轻这种伤害,以对ROC 22作用尤为显著。     

硅酸盐提高番茄抗盐性的效应与生理机制

研究了盐胁迫下外源硅对盐敏感番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)中杂9号和耐盐番茄金鹏朝冠幼苗生长、根系特征、光合作用、渗透调节及抗氧化酶活性的影响,以探讨硅提高番茄抗盐性的生理机制。结果表明,在150 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫下,两个番茄品种的生物量、净光合速率、抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶)活性、可溶性蛋白含量及渗透势均显著降低,而H2O2和丙二醛含量显著升高;外源硅可显著改善盐胁迫下番茄的生长、提高光合和蒸腾作用及抗氧化酶活性、促进根系生长、降低膜脂过氧化;不同浓度硅对盐胁迫的缓解效果不同,两个品种均在硅酸盐浓度为2.0 mmol·L-1左右时缓解效果最好。硅可通过促进番茄根系的生长和水分吸收、提高叶片的光合作用及降低植株的氧化损伤来提高其抗盐性,而渗透调节与降低蒸腾失水不是本试验条件下硅诱导番茄抗盐的机理。     

Responsibility of non-stomatal limitations for the reduction of photosynthesis—response of photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme characteristics in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedlings to water stress and rehydration

Water stress by polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 solution (ψ _s = 0.2 MPa, stress time: 48 h, rehydration time: 48 h) was performed in leaves of two alfalfa cultivar (Long-Dong and Algonquin) seedlings. Gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, activity of antioxidant enzyme and photosynthetic pigment concentrations were measured to investigate the available photosynthetic and antioxidant enzyme response to variable water conditions as well as stomatal and non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis. The results showed that non-stomatal limitations were responsible for the reduction of photosynthesis during water stress. At the beginning of water stress (12 h), water was lost and then the stomata closed rapidly, which resulted in a decrease of transpiration, net photosynthesis and CO₂ diffusion. Therefore, when intercellular CO₂ concentration and carboxylation efficiency decrease, water use efficiency and value of stomatal limitation would increase. However, the decline of net photosynthetic rate was faster than transpiration rate. At the same time, the maximal photochemical efficiency, potential activity of PSII reaction center and photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence declined significantly, the activity of antioxidant enzyme increased rapidly and the photosynthetic pigment concentrations changed slightly. The results also indicated that, at the initial period of stress, neither oxidative stress nor membrane lipid peroxidation was induced, nor were photosynthetic structures damaged, but photosynthetic functions were partly inhibited. Therefore, the stomatal limitation and non-stomatal limitations had the same responsibility for the reduction of photosynthesis. At the mid-late stage of water stress, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, maximal photochemical efficiency, potential activity of PSII reaction center and photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence decreased linearly with the decline of the relative water content. And the relative electron transport rate, the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry and photosynthetic pigment concentrations declined continually. The activity of antioxidant enzymes maintained at a higher level but malondialdehyde accumulated gradually with prolonging of water stress. Simultaneously, the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence increased obviously after water stress for 24 h. The remarkable decline of light saturated point of photosynthetic electron transport, that is, the initial point of photo-inhibition, was observed in advance. Therefore, non-stomatal limitations dominated the changes of a series of physiological and biochemical reactions during mid-late period of water stress. After 48 h rehydration, all the parameters except intercellular CO₂ concentration in Long-Dong recovered obviously but incompletely, which resulted from severe oxidative injury and photo-inhibition induced by water stress even though photo-protection was triggered during water stress in alfalfa leaves. Alfalfa seedlings were sensitive to water stress and there were certain differences between cultivars.     

Effects of sodium benzoate on growth and physiological characteristics of wheat seedlings under compound heavy metal stress

In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous sodium benzoate on wheat seedlings(Yangmai 16) grown under heavy metal stress. The results showed that 2.4 mmol kg~(–1) of heavy metals significantly inhibited growth and delayed emergence of wheat seedlings. Under compound heavy metal stress, application of 2–4 g L~(–1) sodium benzoate significantly increased(P0.01) chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters F_v/F_m and F_v/F_o of wheat, compared to the control(water treatment). Further analysis showed that application of 2–4 g L~(–1) sodium benzoate alleviated osmotic stress by promoting the accumulation of osmolytes such as soluble proteins and free proline, increased the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and reduced malondialdehyde content(MDA). In contrast, higher concentrations of sodium benzoate solution(6 g L~(–1)) inhibited the growth of wheat seedlings and even caused damage to seedlings. Correlation analysis showed that when the sodium benzoate concentration was in the range of 1.97–3.12 g L~(–1)(2016) and 1.58–3.27 g L~(–1)(2017), values of chlorophyll and its components, root activity, SOD activity, soluble protein, and free proline content were the highest. When the sodium benzoate concentration was raised to 2.59 g L~(–1)(2016) or 3.02 g L~(–1)(2017), MDA content was the lowest. Ultimately, exogenous sodium benzoate(2–4 g L~(–1)) facilitates root development and improves the root activity of wheat seedlings grown under compound heavy metals stress, thereby effectively alleviating the damage of compound heavy metal stress in wheat seedlings.     

模拟酸雨对番茄光合作用和病害发生的影响及油菜素内酯对其缓解效应

[目的]在全球气候变化大背景下,酸雨沉降日益加剧,严重影响蔬菜等农作物的产量、品质和抗性.油菜素内酯(brassinosteroid,BR)是一类植物体中广泛存在的植物激素,具有广谱调控植物抗性的作用.研究外源油菜素内酯对模拟酸雨环境下蔬菜作物光合作用和病害发生的影响,明确其对酸雨条件下蔬菜危害的缓解效应,对蔬菜作物安...     

Features and applications of a field imaging chlorophyll fluorometer to measure stress in agricultural plants

Most non-destructive methods for plant stress detection do not measure the primary stress response but reactions of processes downstream of primary events. For instance, the chlorophyll fluorescence ratio F_v/F_m, which indicates the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, can be employed to monitor stress originating elsewhere in the plant cell. This article describes the properties of a sensor to quantify herbicide and pathogen stress in agricultural plants for field applications by the F_v/F_m parameter. This dedicated sensor is highly mobile and measures images of pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) chlorophyll fluorescence. Special physical properties of the sensor are reported, and the range of its field applications is defined. In addition, detection of herbicide resistant weeds by employing an F_v/F_m-based classifier is described. The PAM-imaging sensor introduced here can provide in-field estimation of herbicide sensitivity in crops and weeds after herbicide treatment before any damage becomes visible. Limitations of the system and the use of a classifier to differentiate between stressed and non-stressed plants based on sensor data are presented. It is concluded that stress detection by the F_v/F_m parameter is suitable as an expert tool for decision making in crop management.

     

全基因组分析低氮胁迫下水稻剑叶光合相关基因表达变化

 【目的】研究水稻剑叶叶绿素和光合特性及相关基因对低氮胁迫的响应,为提高水稻对氮肥的吸收和利用效率奠定分子基础。【方法】利用Agilent 4×44K芯片全基因组研究低氮胁迫处理下,2个不同叶绿素含量水稻齐穗期剑叶的光合相关基因表达的变化。【结果】SN19-6和丰锦剑叶的叶绿素含量和净光合速率在低氮胁迫下均有所下降,但SN19-6 2个指标下降的幅度明显较小。低氮胁迫处理与对照处理相比,超绿水稻SN19-6剑叶共有41个光合相关基因表达发生变化(14个在转录水平上下调表达,27个在转录水平上上调表达)。丰锦剑叶有29个光合相关基因表达发生变化(15个在转录水平上下调表达,14个在转录水平上上调表达)。低氮胁迫响应光合相关基因表现出品种特异性,超绿水稻SN19-6有29个为特异响应的,丰锦有17个特异响应的。2水稻品种(系)低氮胁迫响应的光合相关基因有12个重叠的,其中,5个在转录水平上上调表达,7个下调表达。【结论】在低氮胁迫下,水稻剑叶光合相关基因的表达发生变化,不同叶绿素含量水稻品种(系)中的表达既表现特异性,也存在部分重叠。     

草酸对高温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片光合机构和叶黄素循环的影响

 在40℃高温胁迫条件下，研究了外源草酸对黄瓜叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数和叶黄素循环的影响。结果表明，在高温胁迫前3 d用5 mmol·L-1草酸处理叶片减小了高温胁迫下净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、原初光能转换效率（Fv/Fm）、光合电子传递量子效率（φPSⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）和非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）的下降幅度，而对气孔导度（Gs）没有影响。草酸处理可提高叶黄素循环库的大小和（A+Z）/（V+A+Z），并使高温胁迫下叶黄素循环库、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量的下降幅度和（A+Z）/（V+A+Z）在胁迫后期的下降幅度减小。这些结果说明，草酸对高温胁迫下黄瓜叶片光合机构的破坏具有保护作用。     

Irrigation mitigates the heat impacts on photosynthesis during grain filling in maize

Elevating soil water content (SWC) through irrigation was one of the simple mitigation measures to improve crop resilience to heat stress. The response of leaf function, such as photosynthetic capacity based on chlorophyll fluorescence during the mitigation, has received limited attention, especially in field conditions. A two-year field experiment with three treatments (control treatment (CK), high-temperature treatment (H), and high-temperature together with elevating SWC treatment (HW)) was carried out during grain filling with two maize hybrids at a typical station in North China Plain. Averagely, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) was improved by 20%, and the canopy temperature decreased by 1–3°C in HW compared with in H in both years. Furthermore, the higher SWC in HW significantly improved the actual photosynthetic rate (Phi2), linear electron flow (LEF), variable fluorescence (F_v), and the maximal potential quantum efficiency (F_v/F_m) for both hybrids. Meanwhile, different responses in chlorophyll fluorescence between hybrids were also observed. The higher SWC in HW significantly improved thylakoid proton conductivity (gH⁺) and the maximal fluorescence (F_m) for the hybrid ZD958. For the hybrid XY335, the proton conductivity of chloroplast ATP synthase (vH⁺) and the minimal fluorescence (F_o) was increased by the SWC. The structural equation model (SEM) further showed that SWC had significantly positive relationships with P_n, LEF, and F_v/F_m. The elevating SWC alleviated heat stress with the delayed leaf senescence to prolong the effective period of photosynthesis and enhanced leaf photosynthetic capacity by improving Phi2, LEF, F_v, and F_v/F_m. This research demonstrates that elevating SWC through enhancing leaf photosynthesis during grain filling would be an important mitigation strategy for adapting to the warming climate in maize production.     

Physiological evaluation of nitrogen use efficiency of different apple cultivars under various nitrogen and water supply conditions

Nitrogen(N) deficiency is a common problem for apple(Malus×domestica) production in arid regions of China. However, N utilization efficiency(NUE) of different apple cultivars grown under low N conditions in arid regions has not been evaluated. In this study, NUE was assessed for one-year-old seedlings of six apple cultivars, Golden Delicious, Qinguan, Jonagold, Honeycrisp, Fuji and Pink Lady, grafted onto Malus hupehensis Rehd. rootstocks. Four treatments were used, including control water with control N(CWCN), limited water with control N(LWCN), control water with low N(CWLN) and limited water with low N(LWLN). Our results showed that growth indices such as biomass, plant height and stem diameter, and photosynthetic rate of all cultivars decreased in the order CWCNCWLNLWCNLWLN. When subjected to LWLN treatment, Qinguan showed better growth and photosynthetic characters than other tested cultivars. Additionally, Qinguan and Pink Lady had higher NUE, while Honeycrisp and Jonagold had lower NUE, based on the determination of biomass, photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content, the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII(F_v/F_m), ~(15) N and N contents.     

不同磷水平下雷竹幼苗叶绿素荧光特性

 为了解不同磷水平下雷竹Phyllostachys violascens幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光特性的变化,试验以无性繁殖的雷竹幼苗作为试验材料,采用砂培试验方法,研究了不同磷水平（0,0.5,5.0,50.0,500.0 mg·L^－1）对雷竹幼苗叶绿素荧光参数和光通量密度?鄄光合电子传递速率（P_AR-E_TR）响应曲线的影响。结果表明,随着磷质量浓度的升高,幼苗叶片潜在光化学活性（F_o /F_m）呈逐渐降低趋势,最大光化学效率（F_v /F_m）在0~50.0 mg·L^－1磷质量浓度范围内逐渐下降。磷质量浓度为5.0 mg·L^－1时,初始荧光（F_o）,最大荧光（F_m）,适时最小荧光（F_t）和可变荧光（F_v）均达到最大值,电子传递速率（E_TR）和光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）实际光化学效率（Y）较大,光化学猝灭系数（q_P）和非光化学猝灭系数（q_N和N_PQ）相对较低,说明在5.0 mg·L^-1磷质量浓度下,雷竹幼苗叶片的光合能力较强,接近适宜雷竹幼苗生长的磷质量浓度。磷质量浓度过高（50.0和500.0 mg·L^-1）均导致雷竹幼苗叶片E_TR下降,热耗散增加,光化学效率和光量子产额降低。图1表3参20     

外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下番茄叶片光合作用的影响

【目的】褪黑素是一种广泛存在于高等植物体内的小分子物质,被认为是一种新的植物生长调节剂和生物刺激剂,对于提高植物抗逆性具有重要作用。探索外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下番茄叶片光合作用的影响,为揭示褪黑素调节植物抗逆性的机制打下基础。【方法】以番茄‘辽园多丽’为试材,首先采用叶片喷施和根施不同浓度褪黑素进行预处理:CK:叶片喷施清水、根施50 m L清水;R5、R50、R100、R150、R250:叶片喷清水,分别根施50m L 5、50、100、150和250μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素;L5、L50、L100、L150、L250:根施50 m L清水,叶片分别喷施5、50、100、150和250μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素;连续处理3 d后将植株移至温室中,以不浇水作为干旱处理(其中CK0:叶片喷施清水、根施50 m L清水预处理后正常浇水,CK1:叶片喷施清水、根施50 m L清水预处理后干旱处理)。干旱胁迫5 d后,通过比较暗适应下PSII最大光化学量子产量Fv/Fm和PSI最大氧化状态Pm,确定根施和叶片喷施的最佳浓度处理。然后利用光合荧光同步测量系统分析根施和叶片喷施褪黑素对干旱胁迫下番茄叶片气体交换参数,PSII和PSI的光能分配和电子传递速率,类囊体膜的完整性和ATP酶活性的调节。【结果】根施和叶片喷施不同浓度褪黑素均提高了干旱胁迫下番茄叶片的Fv/Fm和Pm,并且随浓度增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势,L100和R100处理下的Fv/Fm和Pm最大,显著高于对照。L100和R100显著缓解了干旱胁迫对气体交换参数的抑制,其中叶片净光合速率(Pn)分别为2.04和1.71μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),显著高于对照(CK1)(0.52μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1));蒸腾速率(E)分别为0.66和0.54 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),显著高于CK1(0.25 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),并且显著提高了番茄叶片气孔导度(GH2O)和最大水分利用效率(WUE),降低了气孔限制值(Ls),而L100优于R100处理。快速光响应曲线结果表明L100和R100处理提高了干旱胁迫下番茄幼苗PSII的光化学反应效率Fv'/Fm'及PSII光化学淬灭系数q P,表明褪黑素处理更利于干旱胁迫下番茄叶片PSII光化学反应的高效进行;干旱胁迫下番茄幼苗环式电子传递速率得到显著加强,而L100和R100处理降低了环式电子传递速率,但加强了线性电子传递速率,且L100处理下番茄叶片ETRI和ETRII均高于R100处理;L100、R100处理提高了干旱胁迫下番茄叶片的Y(I)、Y(II),表明褪黑素处理有利于干旱胁迫下番茄叶片吸收光能向光化学反应的方向分配;暗适应后,L100和R100处理番茄叶片P515诱导曲线均高于CK1,照光后,CK0处理番茄幼苗P515信号快速下降,其次是L100和R100处理,而CK1处理降低较慢,表明褪黑素具有保护叶绿体类囊体膜和ATP合成酶免受干旱胁迫伤害的作用。【结论】根施和叶片喷施外源褪黑素能缓解干旱胁迫对番茄幼苗光合性能的抑制,加强光合运转效率,而叶片喷施是一种更简单高效的处理方式;褪黑素能加强作物光合作用对环境胁迫的适应性,对于农作物的生长发育具有调节作用。     

NaCl胁迫对以茄子为砧木的番茄嫁接苗叶绿素含量及其荧光参数的影响

在NaC l胁迫下,对以茄子为砧木的番茄嫁接苗和番茄自根苗的叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数进行了比较。结果表明:以茄子为砧木的番茄嫁接苗叶片叶绿素含量(ch1)、PSⅡ的实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)均显著高于自根苗;最大光化学效率Fv/Fm高于自根苗;非光化学猝灭系数(qN)显著低于自根苗。以上结果表明,嫁接苗的耐盐性优于自根苗。     

Screening of drought resistance indices and evaluation of drought resistance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Sixteen cotton cultivars widely planted in China were sowed under five different drought concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%) using PEG₆₀₀₀ to screen the indices of drought resistance identification and explore the drought resistance of different cotton cultivars. Eighteen physiological indices including root, stem, and leaf water contents (RWC, SWC, and LWC), net photosynthetic rate (P_n), the maximum photochemical quantum yield (F_v/F_m), the actual photochemical quantum yield (ϕPSII), non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ), leaf water potential (LWP), osmotic potential (ψs), leaf relative conductivity (REC), leaf proline content (Pro), leaf and root soluble protein contents (LSPC and RSPC), leaf and root malondialdehyde (MDA) contents (LMDA and RMDA), root superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities (RSOD, RPOD, and RCAT) were measured. Results indicated the 18 physiological indices can be converted into five or six independent comprehensive indices by principal component analysis, and nine typical indices (F_v/F_m, SWC, LWP, Pro, LMDA, RSPC, RMDA, RSOD, and RCAT) screened out by a stepwise regression method could be utilized to evaluate the drought resistance. Moreover, the 16 cotton cultivars were divided into four types: drought sensitive, drought weak sensitive, moderate drought resistant, and drought resistant types. The resistance ability of two selected cotton cultivars (drought resistant cultivar, Dexiamian 1; drought sensitive cultivar, Yuzaomian 9110) with contrasting drought sensitivities were further verified by pot experiment. Results showed that the responses of final cotton biomass, yield, and yield composition to drought were significantly different between the two cultivars. In conclusion, drought resistant cultivar Dexiamian 1 and drought sensitive cultivar Yuzaomian 9110 were screened through hydroponics experiment, which can be used as ideal experimental materials to study the mechanism of different cotton cultivars with contrasting drought sensitivities in response to drought stress.