遮光对松属3个树种幼树光合特性和荧光参数的影响

通过搭建遮光棚模拟空旷地(不遮光对照)、林隙(46%遮光)、林下(81%遮光)等3种光照环境,研究了黑松Pinus thunbergii,油松Pinus tabuliformis,赤松Pinus densiflora等幼树叶片光合特性和叶绿素荧光动力学特征随梯度光照强度的变化规律,以期了解3个树种对不同光环境的适应性对策,为华北地区人工林的天然更新及长期经营提供理论依据。结果表明:随着光照强度的降低,黑松幼树净光合速率(P_n),蒸腾速率(T_r),水分利用效率(E_WUE),性能指数(I_abs),质体醌库的面积(S_m),PSⅡ捕获的能量从Q_A传递到Q_B的效率(Ψ_O),PSⅡ捕获的能量从Q_B传递到PSⅠ的效率(Ψ_RE),单位反应中心吸收(ABS/RC)、捕获(TRo/RC)、用于电子传递(ETo/RC)的能量均减小。油松幼树净光合速率(P_n),水分利用效率(E_WUE),性能指数(I_abs),PSⅡ捕获的能量从QA传递到QB的效率(Ψ_O),PSⅡ捕获的能量从QB传递到PSⅠ的效率(Ψ_RE),单位反应中心吸收(ABS/RC)、捕获(TRo/RC)、用于电子传递(ETo/RC)的能量在46%遮光条件下达到最大值。赤松幼树光合特征参数及叶绿素荧光参数在不同遮光条件下差异不显著(P>0.05)。因此,赤松对弱光的利用能力最强,能够适应不同的光照环境;黑松在光照充足的环境中生长状况较好;油松适宜在轻度遮光的林隙环境中生长。     

硼调控干旱胁迫下马铃薯生长发育及抗性的生理机制

为了探讨叶面喷施硼（Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O溶液）对马铃薯植株在干旱胁迫下生长发育及抗性的影响及其生理机制,在甘肃省景泰县条山集团马铃薯种植基地,对中度干旱和轻度干旱处理的两垄地,每隔3 m进行一个硼浓度（Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O）喷施处理,浓度依次为0、10、20、30、40、60 g·L^-1,每个浓度（3 m长）的喷施量为166.7 ml。结果表明：叶面喷施硼相对增加了干旱胁迫下马铃薯的块茎产量及生物量,使干旱胁迫下叶片含水量和色素含量下降幅度减小;叶面喷施硼还从整体上表现为抗氧化酶活性的提高,并抑制了超氧阴离子产生速率的增加。通过去花与不去花植株生长发育的比较,发现去花后马铃薯植株地上部分重和地下部分重均有所下降,但施硼相对提高了块茎产量及地下部分重。可见,叶面喷施硼能促进马铃薯植株在干旱胁迫下的生长发育,提高其抗旱性及块茎产量,且这种变化可能与其促进光合产物向地下部分输送密切相关。     

覆草对苹果叶片显微结构及光系统功能的影响

【目的】探究渤海湾北部冷凉苹果产区,果园覆草管理措施对苹果叶片光合机构及生理功能的影响机制,为果园有机覆盖措施提供理论依据。【方法】以2年生‘寒富’苹果/GM256/山定子为试材,当地自然生长的马唐草(Digitaria sanguinalis(L.)Scop.)为覆盖材料,设覆草处理(1 kg草/盆,C1N0),施用氮肥处理(3.4g尿素/盆,C0N1),覆草+氮肥处理(1 kg草+3.4 g尿素/盆,C1N1)和对照(CK)4个处理,通过盆栽试验模拟果园覆草的土壤管理措施,研究覆盖草残体及配施氮肥各处理对苹果叶片的显微结构、光合色素含量、叶片气体交换参数及光合机构整体功能的影响。【结果】与对照相比,盆栽条件下覆草配施氮肥各处理对苹果叶片显微结构产生影响,其中单独覆草处理及施氮肥处理均可以增加栅栏组织的厚度和栅栏组织/海绵组织的比值,但两处理叶片的海绵组织厚度、叶片厚度与对照差异不显著;覆草+氮肥处理的苹果叶片栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度和叶片厚度分别较对照增加8.45%、12.91%和19.34%,明显提高了叶片栅栏组织/海绵组织的比值。覆草处理可改变叶片的叶绿素含量、叶绿素组分比例和光合气体交换参数,其中叶绿素a含量、总叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b和叶片净光合速率(Pn)分别提高22.67%、12.71%、23.42%和22.83%;施氮肥处理与覆草+氮肥处理的叶片光合色素含量和光合生理参数高于覆草处理及对照水平,后者的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量和总叶绿素含量分别是对照的1.42、1.04和1.37倍,叶片的净光合速率(Pn)和水分利用效率(WUE)也分别较对照增加41.71%和21.99%。各处理叶片的叶绿素荧光诱导动力曲线和820 nm光吸收曲线出现较为明显变化,经JIP-test荧光数据分析表明,最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中QA下游其他电子受体的概率(ψo)和PSⅡ反应中心吸收的光能用于电子传递的量子产额(φEo)表现为C1N1C0N1C1N0CK,叶片光合性能指数(PIABS)、光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)最大氧化还原能力(ΔI/Io)也均高于对照水平。各处理均提高了苹果植株的生长发育水平,单独覆草处理的叶片长度与对照无显著差异,而施氮肥处理的叶片长度较对照增加10.63%,覆草处理及施氮肥处理均可明显增加叶片的宽度和叶片面积,苹果植株的干周也分别较对照增加8.82%和12.35%,覆草+氮肥处理的苹果植株叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶面积和干周则分别是对照的1.14、1.19、1.44和1.21倍。【结论】盆栽试验条件下,模拟果园覆草和施用氮肥复合处理可显著提高叶片光合效能,有效促进苹果树生长。     

结实期水分胁迫对两系杂交稻产量及品质的影响

以6个两系杂交水稻为材料,研究结实期水分胁迫处理(-50kPa)对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响。结果表明;大多数品种的结实率、千粒重和产量处理都显著低于对照(浅水层)。剑叶的叶绿素含量和光合速率灌浆初期处理与对照无明显差异．但灌浆中后期明显比对照下降快．且籼型两系杂交稻比粳型两系杂交稻下降更快;根系活力在灌浆初期处理高于对照,灌浆中后期下降趋势与叶绿素和光合速率一致。干物质积累量处理低于对照．而茎鞘物质输出率和转换率都高于对照．成熟期茎、鞘中可用性糖的含量明显低于对照,说明水分胁迫处理加快了植株衰老,减少了抽穗后干物质积累,但促进了茎鞘储藏非结构性碳水化合物的输出。水分胁迫处理对稻米品质的影响表现为对出糙率、长宽比、糊化温度、直链淀粉和蛋白质含量无显著影响．精米率和整精米率表现因品种而异,垩白米率、垩白度和胶稠度均高于对照。     

Beneficial effects of silicon on photosynthesis of tomato seedlings under water stress

Silicon can improve drought tolerance of plants,but the mechanism still remains unclear.Previous studies have mainly concentrated on silicon-accumulating plants,whereas less work has been conducted in silicon-excluding plants,such as tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.).In this study,we investigated the effects of exogenous silicon(2.5 mmol L~(–1))on the chlorophyll fluorescence and expression of photosynthesis-related genes in tomato seedlings(Zhongza 9)under water stress induced by 10%(w/v)polyethylene glycol(PEG-6000).The results showed that under water stress,the growth of shoot and root was inhibited,and the chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations were decreased,while silicon addition improved the plant growth and increased the concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoid.Under water sterss,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as PSII maximum photochemical efficiency(F_v/F_m),effective quantum efficiency,actual photochemical quantum efficiency(Ф_(PSII)),photosynthetic electron transport rate(ETR),and photochemical quenching coefficient(q_P)were decreased;while these changes were reversed in the presence of added silicon.The expressions of some photosynthesis-related genes including PetE,PetF,PsbP,PsbQ,PsbW,and Psb28 were down-regulated under water stress,and exogenous Si could partially up-regulate their expressions.These results suggest that silicon plays a role in the alleviation of water stress by modulating some photosynthesis-related genes and regulating the photochemical process,and thus promoting photosynthesis.     

现蕾期干旱胁迫对烟草光合与抗氧化特性的影响

为明确不同烟草品种对现蕾期干旱胁迫的响应,以NC89和云烟97为材料,通过盆栽试验,在现蕾期进行干旱胁迫,分析不同处理光合指标、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD)活性和叶绿素、蛋白质、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量等指标变化。结果显示,干旱胁迫下,各指标较对照变化大,但仅叶绿素和Pro含量两个品种处理间均达到显著水平,MDA含量仅NC89达到显著水平,GSH含量仅云烟97达到显著水平。可见,现蕾期干旱胁迫下,烟草的蒸腾速率、气孔导度、净光合速率降低,胞间CO2摩尔分数先降后升,SOD活性、叶绿素、蛋白质、Pro含量上升,而POD活性、MDA、GSH含量在不同烟草品种上响应不同。总体来讲,NC89现蕾期抗旱性高于云烟97。     

Overexpression of a Cytosolic Ascorbate Peroxidase Gene,OsAPX2, Increases Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Alfalfa

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important forage crop in the world and it is of great significance for the improvement of its salt tolerance. To improve salt tolerance in alfalfa, a rice ascorbate peroxidase gene (OsAPX2) was introduced into alfalfa using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation with marker gene bar. The different T-DNA insertions in T₁ transgenic alfalfa were identified by Southern hybridization. Three independent T₂ transgenic lines were selected for stress analysis and the results showed that all of them were salt tolerant compared with wild-type plants. The transgenic plants had low levels of H₂O₂, malondialdehyde and relative electrical conductivity under salt and drought stresses. Moreover, the contents of chlorophyll and proline, and APX activity were high in transgenic plants under salt and drought stresses. Taken together, the overexpression of OsAPX2 enhances salt tolerance in alfalfa through scavenging reactive oxygen species.     

氮肥对糜子籽粒灌浆期农田小气候及产量的调控效应

为研究旱地条件下氮肥对糜子灌浆期农田小气候、植株光合特性及产量的影响,以榆糜2号为试验材料,在陕西榆林小杂粮示范基地设置4个氮肥处理,分析糜子灌浆期农田小气侯指标、光合生理指标及产量构成要素。试验结果表明,与不施肥对照相比,氮肥处理显著降低糜子株间光照度和株间气温,减少漏光损失的同时又增加株间相对湿度;整个籽粒灌浆期,随着氮肥水平的提高,糜子不同节位叶片的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)和净光合速率(Pn)均呈增加趋势。其中,以N4处理(纯氮195kg/hm2)对糜子籽粒灌浆期农田小气候特性及光合特性的影响最大。N3处理(纯氮150kg/hm2)的糜子产量可达到4 605.8kg/hm2,比对照增加了44.7%,是该地区糜子生产适宜的施氮量。     

华北驼绒藜和四翅滨藜对干旱胁迫的生理反应

为研究引种小灌木在干旱胁迫下的生理光合特性,以1a生华北驼绒藜、四翅滨藜2种扦插苗为试验材料,研究土壤水分[土壤水分为田间持水量的85%~90%(CK)、65%~70%(T_1)、50%~55%(T_2)和35%~40%(T_3)]对2种灌木光合生理指标的影响。结果表明:随着水分胁迫程度的增加,2种灌木根冠比、电解质外渗率呈现CKT_1T_2T_3的变化规律;丙二醛质量摩尔浓度与CK相比,各水平下均显著增加,且都在T_2水平下达最大;过氧化物酶活性在T_1水平下达到最大,分别为340.83U·mg~(-1)·min~(-1)、862.93U·mg~(-1)·min~(-1);在T_2水平下,四翅滨藜脯氨酸质量分数较CK增加28倍;华北驼绒藜叶片蒸腾速率(T_r)、净光合速率(P_n)均呈现出CKT_1T_2T_3的变化特征;在T_1水平下,四翅滨藜叶绿体色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b及类胡萝卜素)增加,光合能力增强。     

Nitrogen Dioxide-Induced Responses in Brassica campestris Seedlings： The Role of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Modulation of Antioxidative Level and Induced Resistance

This article investigates the responses of Brassica campestris seedlings to an acute level of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) exposure in a plant growth chamber, and examines whether pretreating plants with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) will alleviate NO₂-caused injury. Twenty-eight-day-old B. campestris plants sprayed with 10 mmol L⁻¹ H₂O₂ aqueous solution (corresponding to approximate 1.0 mg H₂O₂ per single plant) were exposed to different concentrations of NO₂ (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 μL L⁻¹, respectively) for 24 h under controlled environment. To measure the plant biomass, the plants were fumigated with the same NO₂ concentrations as mentioned above for 7 h per day (8.00-15.00) for 7 days. As a control, charcoal filtered air alone was applied. Data were collected on plant biomass, total chlorophyll, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, nitrate and nitrate reductase (NR), antioxidative enzymes, ascorbate (ASA), and malondialdehyde (MDA), immediately after exposure. The results showed that exposure to a moderate dose of NO₂ (e.g., 0.25 μL L⁻¹) had a favorable effect on plants, and the dry weight of the above-ground part increased, whereas the exposure to high NO₂ concentrations (e.g., 0.5 μL L⁻¹ or higher) caused a reduction in the plant biomass and the total chlorophyll, when compared with the control. In addition, at 0.5 μL L⁻¹ or higher NO₂ concentrations, prominent increases in the MDA level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and NR activities were observed. Exposure to 1 μL L⁻¹ and higher NO₂ resulted in necroses appearing on older leaves, and an increase in catalase (CAT) activity, decrease in ASA content, increased accumulation of NO₃, and reduction in photosynthesis, when compared with the controls. No changes were detected in stomatal conductance under NO₂ fumigation. The pretreatment with 10 mmol L⁻¹ H₂O₂ alleviated significantly NO₂-caused biomass decrease and photosynthetic inhibition when compared with H₂O₂-untreated plants. Under NO₂ fumigation, further induction in SOD and CAT activities occurred in H₂O₂ treated plants when compared with H₂O₂-untreated plants. The effect of NO₂ on the ASA and MDA contents was also absent in H₂O₂-treated plants. However, the H₂O₂ treatment did not alter the nitrate content and NR activity in plants under NO₂ fumigation. The H₂O₂ treatment caused a lower rate of stomatal conductance. Taken together, these data suggest that fumigation with an acute level of NO₂ causes oxidative damage to B. campestris seedlings. The H₂O₂ pretreatment markedly protects plants against NO₂ stress and this may be associated with inducible antioxidative level. NO₂ fumigation contributes, at least in part, to the enhanced levels of nitrate in B. campestris leaves.     

不同施钾量对冬小麦几个光合特性和产量的影响

 1992～1994年,在滇中山原红壤上所作的田间试验中,冬小麦在3种NP施用水平下施用不同用量的钾肥.研究的初步结果表明,在配施NP肥的基础上,随着施钾量的增加,小麦叶片的气孔阻力减少,提高叶片胞间CO₂浓度和叶绿素含量,增加净光合速率,籽粒产量也有不同程度的增加.     

氮素缓解春小麦花后高温早衰的荧光特性研究

【目的】 为了研究高温条件下氮素对春小麦荧光特性影响机制,阐明氮素调控光反应中心的内在机理,从而制定缓解高温危害的氮肥运筹措施。【方法】 于2019年和2020年开展田间试验,采用裂区试验设计,主区为5个施氮量,依次为0（N0）、75 kg·hm^-2（N1）、150 kg·hm^-2(N2）、225 kg·hm^-2（N3）、300 kg·hm^-2（N4）,副区为温度,分别为25℃±2℃（CK）和35℃±2℃（HT）。分析花后不同温度处理下施氮量与叶片含氮量、叶绿素、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ）反应中心活性参数、PSⅡJ相可变荧光（V_J）、PSⅡ能量分配率、PI、F_v/F₀和F_v/F_m之间的相互关系。【结果】 施氮量与温度对叶片含氮量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、ABS/RC、DI₀/RC、V_J、φE₀、φD₀和产量的影响显著。2年结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,产量均呈先增后降的趋势,且在施氮量为N3（225 kg·hm^-2）时产量最高,2年平均产量分别为9.51t·hm^-2（CK）和8.73 t·hm^-2（HT）。同一氮肥处理下,高温与常温间各指标差异明显,高温处理后叶绿素a、ABS/RC、ET₀/RC、TR₀/RC、PI、F_v/F₀、F_v/F_m和产量均有所降低,说明高温对荧光参数和PSⅡ活性的影响具有负效应。同一温度处理下,随着施氮量增加,春小麦叶绿素含量、ABS/RC、ET₀/RC、PI、F_v/F₀和F_v/F_m等均呈先增后降趋势,DI₀/RC和V_J呈先降后增趋势,且在N3时达到峰值,说明施氮量对叶绿素荧光参数和PSⅡ活性的影响具有补偿效应,适宜的施氮量可以有效增强其活性。温度对ABS/RC、TR₀/RC、ET₀/RC、F_v/F₀和F_v/F_m的影响不显著,而施氮量与温度对ABS/RC、TR₀/RC、ET₀/RC、F_v/F₀和F_v/F_m的交互影响达到显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）水平。【结论】 施氮量和温度对春小麦荧光特性和产量的影响存在交互作用,其中主导因素为温度,而施氮量对其存在补偿效应。合理的施氮量能有效增加小麦旗叶氮含量、叶绿素含量和PSⅡ反应中心活性,提高植物对光能的捕获、吸收、转化及最大光化学效率,并降低能量耗散率,从而抵御高温胁迫对春小麦光合系统造成的损伤。本试验条件下,选用宁春50号,采用N3（225 kg·hm^-2）的施氮量能有效抵御高温胁迫,并提高春小麦的产量,可为当地春小麦高产稳产提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

缺锌胁迫对苹果叶片光合速率及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

【目的】研究不同程度的缺锌胁迫对大田苹果树叶片的叶绿素含量、光合速率、叶绿素荧光特性等的影响,进一步揭示缺锌对叶片光系统的伤害机理。【方法】以大田盛果期‘红富士/平邑甜茶’正常树和缺锌小叶病树为试材,对叶片锌含量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、荧光参数等指标进行测定。【结果】缺锌胁迫下,苹果叶片叶绿素含量下降,单叶面积、比叶重显著减小;气孔导度降低,胞间CO2浓度升高,净光合速率和水分利用效率下降。随缺锌程度加重,叶片初始荧光Fo上升,PSⅡ潜在活性Fv/Fo 、PSⅡ实际光化学效率ΦPSⅡ、光化学淬灭系数qP及PSⅡ天线转化效率Fv’/Fm’显著下降;J点相对可变荧光VJ和K点的相对变化Wk上升,电子传递的量子产额ETo/ABS和单位面积有活性的反应中心数量RC/CSo下降,光合性能指数PIABS显著降低。【结论】缺锌时非气孔限制是导致苹果叶片光合速率降低的原因之一;缺锌时首先引起放氧复合体（OEC）的破坏,进而使PSⅡ反应中心受损,PSⅡ供体侧、受体侧电子传递受抑制,影响叶片对光能的吸收、传递与利用。     

脱水方式对单叶蔓荆叶绿素荧光特性的影响

[目的]分析比较光照和黑暗两种脱水条件下单叶蔓荆叶绿素荧光特性的变化。[方法]以野生单叶蔓荆（Vitex trifolia L.var.simplicifolia Cham）叶片为试验材料,利用便携式植物效率仪测定脱水过程中快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线及参数变化。[结果]脱水胁迫条件下,初始荧光（Fo）、J点的相对可变荧光（VJ）、单位反应中心吸收的光能（ABS/RC）、最大荧光（Fm）、可变荧光（Fv）、光系统II潜在活性（Fv/Fo）、原初光能转化率（Fv/Fm）以及性能指数（PIABS）和Fo与Fm曲线之间的面积（Area）均发生大幅度的变化,且光照处理的变幅更大。[结论]脱水胁迫造成单叶蔓荆光合机构的损伤和光合系统性能的降低,且光照处理的损伤更为严重。     

盐胁迫下德景天叶片超微弱发光与光合作用的关系

以德景天(Sedum hybridum)为材料,分析NaCl胁迫及活性氧调控NaCl胁迫下德景天叶片UWL与光合作用的变化及两者之间的关系。结果表明,在盐胁迫过程中,对照和盐胁迫下景天叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i)和叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和叶绿素总量(Chl)均呈下降趋势,同时UWL强度下降;盐胁迫下以上光合指标均低于对照,同时UWL强度也低于对照。进一步采用H_2O_2和苯甲酸钠处理盐胁迫过程中,NaCl处理(对照)、NaCl+H_2O_2处理和NaCl+苯甲酸钠处理下景天叶片的P_n、T_r、G_s、C_i、Chla、Chlb和Chl均下降,同时UWL强度下降;H_2O_2处理的以上光合指标均低于对照,UWL强度也低于对照;苯甲酸钠处理的光合指标和UWL强度均高于对照。相关性分析也表明,盐胁迫下及活性氧处理盐胁迫下UWL强度均与各光合指标呈明显正相关。结果说明,盐胁迫下及活性氧处理盐胁迫下,UWL强度随着景天叶片光合作用的下降而降低,光合作用与UWL的产生有关。     

Responsibility of non-stomatal limitations for the reduction of photosynthesis—response of photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme characteristics in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedlings to water stress and rehydration

Water stress by polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 solution (ψ _s = 0.2 MPa, stress time: 48 h, rehydration time: 48 h) was performed in leaves of two alfalfa cultivar (Long-Dong and Algonquin) seedlings. Gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, activity of antioxidant enzyme and photosynthetic pigment concentrations were measured to investigate the available photosynthetic and antioxidant enzyme response to variable water conditions as well as stomatal and non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis. The results showed that non-stomatal limitations were responsible for the reduction of photosynthesis during water stress. At the beginning of water stress (12 h), water was lost and then the stomata closed rapidly, which resulted in a decrease of transpiration, net photosynthesis and CO₂ diffusion. Therefore, when intercellular CO₂ concentration and carboxylation efficiency decrease, water use efficiency and value of stomatal limitation would increase. However, the decline of net photosynthetic rate was faster than transpiration rate. At the same time, the maximal photochemical efficiency, potential activity of PSII reaction center and photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence declined significantly, the activity of antioxidant enzyme increased rapidly and the photosynthetic pigment concentrations changed slightly. The results also indicated that, at the initial period of stress, neither oxidative stress nor membrane lipid peroxidation was induced, nor were photosynthetic structures damaged, but photosynthetic functions were partly inhibited. Therefore, the stomatal limitation and non-stomatal limitations had the same responsibility for the reduction of photosynthesis. At the mid-late stage of water stress, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, maximal photochemical efficiency, potential activity of PSII reaction center and photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence decreased linearly with the decline of the relative water content. And the relative electron transport rate, the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry and photosynthetic pigment concentrations declined continually. The activity of antioxidant enzymes maintained at a higher level but malondialdehyde accumulated gradually with prolonging of water stress. Simultaneously, the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence increased obviously after water stress for 24 h. The remarkable decline of light saturated point of photosynthetic electron transport, that is, the initial point of photo-inhibition, was observed in advance. Therefore, non-stomatal limitations dominated the changes of a series of physiological and biochemical reactions during mid-late period of water stress. After 48 h rehydration, all the parameters except intercellular CO₂ concentration in Long-Dong recovered obviously but incompletely, which resulted from severe oxidative injury and photo-inhibition induced by water stress even though photo-protection was triggered during water stress in alfalfa leaves. Alfalfa seedlings were sensitive to water stress and there were certain differences between cultivars.     

Irrigation mitigates the heat impacts on photosynthesis during grain filling in maize

Elevating soil water content (SWC) through irrigation was one of the simple mitigation measures to improve crop resilience to heat stress. The response of leaf function, such as photosynthetic capacity based on chlorophyll fluorescence during the mitigation, has received limited attention, especially in field conditions. A two-year field experiment with three treatments (control treatment (CK), high-temperature treatment (H), and high-temperature together with elevating SWC treatment (HW)) was carried out during grain filling with two maize hybrids at a typical station in North China Plain. Averagely, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) was improved by 20%, and the canopy temperature decreased by 1–3°C in HW compared with in H in both years. Furthermore, the higher SWC in HW significantly improved the actual photosynthetic rate (Phi2), linear electron flow (LEF), variable fluorescence (F_v), and the maximal potential quantum efficiency (F_v/F_m) for both hybrids. Meanwhile, different responses in chlorophyll fluorescence between hybrids were also observed. The higher SWC in HW significantly improved thylakoid proton conductivity (gH⁺) and the maximal fluorescence (F_m) for the hybrid ZD958. For the hybrid XY335, the proton conductivity of chloroplast ATP synthase (vH⁺) and the minimal fluorescence (F_o) was increased by the SWC. The structural equation model (SEM) further showed that SWC had significantly positive relationships with P_n, LEF, and F_v/F_m. The elevating SWC alleviated heat stress with the delayed leaf senescence to prolong the effective period of photosynthesis and enhanced leaf photosynthetic capacity by improving Phi2, LEF, F_v, and F_v/F_m. This research demonstrates that elevating SWC through enhancing leaf photosynthesis during grain filling would be an important mitigation strategy for adapting to the warming climate in maize production.     

Effects of potassium deficiency on photosynthesis,chloroplast ultrastructure,ROS, and antioxidant activities in maize (Zea mays L.)

Potassium(K)deficiency significantly decreases photosynthesis due to leaf chlorosis induced by accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).But,the physiological mechanism for adjusting antioxidative defense system to protect leaf function in maize(Zea mays L.)is unknown.In the present study,four maize inbred lines(K-tolerant,90-21-3 and 099;K-sensitive,D937 and 835)were used to analyze leaf photosynthesis,anatomical structure,chloroplast ultrastructure,ROS,and antioxidant activities.The results showed that the chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate(P_n),stomatal conductance(G_s),photochemical quenching(q_P),and electron transport rate of PSII(ETR)in 90-21-3 and 099 were higher than those in D937 and 835 under K deficiency treatment.Parameters of leaf anatomical structure in D937 that were significantly changed under K deficiency treatment include smaller thickness of leaf,lower epidermis cells,and vascular bundle area,whereas the vascular bundle area,xylem vessel number,and area in 90-21-3 were significantly larger or higher.D937 also had seriously damaged chloroplasts and PSII reaction centers along with increased superoxide anion(O_2~-·)and hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2).Activities of antioxidants,like superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and ascorbate peroxidase(APX),were significantly stimulated in 90-21-3 resulting in lower levels of O_2~-·and H_2O_2.These results indicated that the K-tolerant maize promoted antioxidant enzyme activities to maintain ROS homeostasis and suffered less oxidative damage on the photosynthetic apparatus,thereby maintaining regular photosynthesis under K deficiency stress.     

花后干旱对西藏青稞叶片水势、光合生理、籽粒表型和产量的影响

【目的】探索高原环境下青稞花后干旱胁迫响应模型及青稞受旱程度的快速、有效的检测方法,为青稞节水高产栽培提供理论依据和技术参考。【方法】利用干旱棚进行青稞盆栽模拟花后干旱,设轻度(对照灌水量的75%,LD)、中度(对照灌水量的50%,MD)和重度(对照灌水量的25%,HD)干旱胁迫处理,采用WP4C水势仪、LI-6400XT和OS5P便携式脉冲调制叶绿素荧光仪,分别测定叶水势(LWP)、叶蒸发冷却值(ΔT)、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光变量;成熟后获取产量数据;利用数字图像法对籽粒表型进行定量分析,并依粒二维面积大小将籽粒划分大、中、小3个粒级。【结果】干旱水平与叶水势呈线性正相关,而与叶蒸发冷却值(ΔT)呈线性显著负相关(P0.05),两者均能灵敏反映青稞受旱程度。LD、MD和HD处理与CK相比,干旱胁迫导致旗叶净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、最大荧光(F_m)、PS II的最大量子效率(F_v/F_m)、PS II的实际光量子产量(ΦPSII)、光化学淬灭(qP)、光合电子传递的相对速率(ETR)呈降低趋势,而气孔限制(L_s)、初始荧光(F_o)、非光化学淬灭(NPQ)呈上升趋势,且MD和HD处理较CK对以上参数差异明显。随着干旱胁迫的加重,青稞千粒重、籽粒产量、单株粒重、干物质积累量和经济系数降低趋势愈明显。相关分析表明,干旱胁迫诱导gs降低,直接导致?T上升,间接引起FWP下降,使得Fo、NPQ上升,F_m、F_v/F_m、ΦPSII、ETR、qP和P_n降低,进而引起粒二维面积、粒周长、粒长和粒宽减小,而粒圆度值增大;小粒占比明显增加,而大粒占比明显下降。【结论】LWP和?T对青稞花后干旱胁迫反映灵敏,可作为评价其受旱的指标。随着干旱胁迫加重,青稞旗叶光合和叶绿素荧光参数的变化加大,并造成5个籽粒表型性状值及粒级逐渐减小,最终导致千粒重、单穗粒重、籽粒产量、干物质积累量和经济系数下降。