气候变化下的农户适应性行为及其对粮食单产的影响

为探究农户适应性行为及其对农业产出的影响效应,基于河北、河南省等地粮食种植户的调查数据,采取处理效应模型,实证分析农户气候变化适应性行为对粮食单产的影响.研究表明:1)面对气候变化及其影响,近80％的农户会采取应对措施,而且农户倾向于采用成本较低的措施.2)农户是否采取适应性措施的行为决策受到内、外部因素的影响,气温、...     

农户与政府气候变化认知及适应措施比较研究——以河南省为例

基于河南省314家麦农和30个基层政府部门55名工作人员的实地调研数据,对农户和政府的气候变化认知与适应措施进行比较研究。结果显示,麦农和基层政府对气候变化及其对农业生产的影响具有较高的认知度。其中,对于气候系统的变化,麦农的认知度高于基层政府;对于气候变化的具体表现和气候变化对农业生产的影响,麦农的认知度低于基层政府。研究还发现,麦农和基层政府对气候变化适应措施的选择偏好不同。超过80%的小麦种植户采取了气候变化适应措施,但主要是增加农药化肥投入和增加灌溉等被动性适应措施,基层政府倾向选择营造农田防护林和推广农作物新品种等主动性适应措施。对于气候变化适应的政策支持,加强气候变化相关的教育和培训、推荐农作物新品种、暴雨和干旱预警是麦农和基层政府的共同选择。     

Household and Community Assets and Farmers＇ Adaptation to Extreme Weather Event： the Case of Drought in China

Under climate change, rising frequency and serious extreme weather events have challenged agricultural production. Designing appropriate adaptation measures to the extreme weather events require rigorous and empirical analysis. The overall goals of this study are to understand physical adaptation measures taken by farmers and the impacts of household and community assets on farmers＇ adaptation when they face drought. The analyses are based on a unique data set collected from a household survey in three provinces in China. The survey results show that though not common on annual basis, some farmers did use physical adaptation measures to fight drought. Regression analysis reveals that both household and community assets significantly affect farmers＇ adaptation behaviors. Improving households＇ social capital and wealth, communities＇ network and access to government＇s anti-drought service can facilitate farmers＇ adaptation to drought. Results indicate that community＇s irrigation infrastructure and physical adaptation taken by farmers can substitute each other. Further analysis shows that the households taking adaptation measures have higher crop yields than those without taking these measures. The paper concludes with several policy implications.     

What would farmers do? Adaptation intentions under a Corn Belt climate change scenario

This paper examines farmer intentions to adapt to global climate change by analyzing responses to a climate change scenario presented in a survey given to large-scale farmers (n = 4778) across the US Corn Belt in 2012. Adaptive strategies are evaluated in the context of decision making and farmers’ intention to increase their use of three production practices promoted across the Corn Belt: no-till farming, cover crops, and tile drainage. This paper also provides a novel conceptual framework that bridges a typology of adaptation with concepts that help predict intentionality in behavior change models. This conceptual framework was developed to facilitate examination of adaptive decision making in the context of agriculture. This research effort examines key factors that influence farmers’ intentions to increase their use of the practices evaluated given a climate change scenario. Twenty-two covariates are examined across three models developed for no-till farming, cover crops, and tile drainage. Findings highlight that farmers who believed they should adjust their practices to protect their farm from the negative impacts of increased weather variability were more likely to indicate that they would increase their use of each of the practices in response to climate change. Additionally, visiting with other farmers to observe their practices was positively associated with farmers’ intentions to increase their use of the adaptive strategies examined. Farmers who were currently using no-till farming, cover crops, and tile drainage were also more likely to plan to increase their use of these practices in response to increased weather variability associated with climate change. However, farmers who reported high levels of confidence in their current practices were less likely to plan on changing their use of these practices in response to climatic changes.     

基于湖北省十个代表县(市)的农户适应气候变化的偏向特征与影响因素分析

利用来自湖北省公安县、枝江市等10个代表地区847个稻农的调研数据,运用Binary probit模型的计量经济分析方法,对农户气候变化适应性行为实施的偏向特征及影响因素展开研究。结论表明:农户实施劳动偏向型气候变化适应性行为的比例最高,且超过65%,而实施技术偏向型气候变化适应性行为比例最低;气候变化感知、土地转入、户主性别、家庭农业劳动力、接受生产培训等因素对农户实施不同要素偏向型的气候适应性行为产生显著影响,其中,感知到降雨越来越不规律的农户比未感知到的农户在实施劳动和技术偏向型气候适应性行为的概率上分别高出29.1%和18.8%,发生土地转入的农户实施劳动和技术偏向型气候适应性行为的概率要比未发生土地流转的农户高出10.9%和7.5%。最后提出了降低适应气候的制度成本、拓宽气候信息服务路径等政策建议。     

Growing food,growing a movement: climate adaptation and civic agriculture in the southeastern United States

This article examines the role that civic agriculture in Georgia (US) plays in shaping attitudes, strategies, and relationships that foster both sustainability and adaptation to a changing climate. Civic agriculture is a social movement that attracts a specific type of “activist” farmer, who is linked to a strong social network that includes other farmers and consumers. Positioning farmers’ practices within a social movement broadens the understanding of adaptive capacity beyond how farmers adapt to understand why they do so. By drawing upon qualitative and quantitative data and by focusing on the cosmological, organizational, and technical dimensions of the social movement, the study illuminates how social values and networks shape production and marketing strategies that enable farmers to share resources and risks. We propose a conceptual framework for understanding how technical and social strategies aimed to address the sustainability goals of the movement also increase adaptive capacity at multiple timescales. In conclusion, we outline directions for future research, including the need for longitudinal studies that focus on consumer motivation and willingness to pay, the effects of scale on consumer loyalty and producer cooperation, and the role of a social movement in climate change adaptation. Finally, we stress that farmers’ ability to thrive in uncertain climate futures calls for transformative approaches to sustainable agriculture that support the development of strong social networks.     

气候变化感知对农户生计策略的影响——基于云南省农村居民调查数据

为理清气候变化感知影响农户生计的基本路径和内在逻辑,本研究基于云南省昭通市大山包镇农户调查数据,应用偏最小二乘结构方程模型分析气候变化感知对其生计策略的影响。结果表明：1)气候变化感知对农业生计策略具有显著负面影响,但对非农业策略呈现显著正向影响;2)气候变化感知同时通过适应性行为这一中介变量间接影响生计策略,进一步推动农业生计策略向非农化方向发展;3)气候变化感知对生计策略的影响路径表现出明显的农户个人因素差异和农业生产环境差异,风险喜好型和信息获取能力较强的农户群体更倾向于调整和转变生计策略,存在农业补贴和农业基础设施较完备时农户倾向于坚持农业生计策略。本研究能够为政府制定针对性更强的气候变化政策、提升农户可持续生计能力提供一定参考。     

Climate change and agriculture: Impacts and adaptive responses in Iran

The impacts of climate change on agriculture are still shadowed with uncertainty. However, climate change is expected to adversely affect Iran's agricultural practices through changes in precipitation, temperature and carbon dioxide fertilization. Therefore, adaptation of this sector to the increasing weather events is imperative. This study is aimed to document the likely impacts of climate change on Iran's agriculture and the current adaptation efforts made by government and farmers. The review of literature shows that changes in rainfall and water endowments will have significant impacts on crop yield, crops' water requirements and income and welfare of farm families. The extent of the changes in yield depends on the crop type, assumptions related to the CO₂ fertilization effect, climate scenarios and adaptation abilities. On adaptation, the government's efforts have been distinguished in the improving agricultural productivity and irrigation development based on current technology, developing new technologies and policy reforms. Farmers' adaptive responses have also been identified. Some conclusions and recommendations are offered to increase the adaptive capacity of farmers and reduce negative impacts of climate change.     

农户土地流转行为影响因素实证分析

运用Binary Logistic回归模型对河南省6个县328户农村家庭的调研结果进行实证分析.结果表明,户主是否有非农就业经历、家中以农为主劳动力人数、家中人均土地面积以及政府是否支持等因素对农户参与土地流转行为有显著影响.     

基于农户视角的秸秆还田技术采纳支付意愿影响因素研究

基于河北省保定市徐水区502份调查数据,运用意愿价值评估方法,结合Logistic回归模型分析手段,构建耦合个体禀赋、生产经营、环保认知、社会资源、政策偏好等因素的秸秆还田技术采纳意愿评价模拟模型,定量分析秸秆还田费用支付意愿影响因素。结果表明,正向影响支付意愿的因素由强到弱为秸秆用途、问题求助、技术培训措施、粉碎费用、农药费用及销售收入;负向影响支付意愿的因素由强到弱为采纳别人意见、家庭总收入及化肥费用;样本总体的支付意愿平均水平为724.8元/hm2。鉴于北方地区农户秸秆还田技术采纳意愿较低,技术决策中应充分考虑农户的意愿和偏好,建立和完善农民参与政策项目的保障机制;搭建农村信息交流共享平台,提高农民的知识水平和操作能力;建立生产环节长效动态激励机制,引导农户环境友好型生产行为。     

农户对水稻低碳生产技术的采纳意愿研究

全球气候变暖引发了各界的关注,由于农业生产对气候变化的高度依赖性和敏感性,气候变化对农业生产的影响已逐步成为农业领域研究的热点问题.低碳农业生产技术可以从根源上减少碳排放,具有较好的发展前景.研究农户采纳水稻低碳生产技术的影响因素和干预路径,对有效推动低碳农业生产技术和中国低碳农业生产具有重要的现实意义.该文基于湖北省水稻产地1 115户农户的调查数据,对农户采纳水稻低碳生产技术的因素进行了分析,并基于改进的UTAUT(技术采纳与利用整合理论)模型构建农户水稻低碳生产技术采纳的概念模型,采用PLS-SEM(基于偏最小二乘法的方差分析法)对农户采纳水稻低碳生产技术的关键影响因素和干预路径进行分析.研究结果表明:(1)提高农户的气候变化认知有助于提高农户采纳低碳生产技术的意愿;(2)低碳农业生产技术的实施成本对农户采纳意愿具有显著的负向影响;(3)农户对低碳农业生产技术的采纳受周围人群的影响较为显著;(4)技术门槛和实施条件等表征便利条件对农户采纳低碳生产技术具有显著的促进作用.     

中国东北地区气候变暖的粮食生产适应及公众参与

为了认识和应对气候变化问题,本研究以1978—2008年东北地区小麦、玉米、稻谷的种植面积和单位面积产量数据为基础,分析了粮食作物播种面积比重、粮食作物种植结构的变化,应用线性回归分析方法对比分析气候变化对小麦、玉米、稻谷单产的影响差异。结果表明,在全球变暖驱动下,东北地区农业种植正在发生适应性变化,种植面积的扩大是人类主动应对气候变化的表现。研究发现,这种农业适应是公众自我实行而非政府有计划推行的。借助这个经验,笔者认为针对东北地区农业适应气候变化现象,提出了以公众参与气候变化为核心,作为公众的组成部分农业企业和农村居民应该更有计划地参与行列里面来,其中包括改造农业设施、推广新型品种,以更有效地应对和适应气候变化。     

Overview of Impacts of Climate Change and Adaptation in China's Agriculture

The purpose of this paper is to document the likely impacts of climate change on China’s agriculture and the current adaptation efforts made by government and farmers.The review of literature shows that climate change will have a significant impact on agriculture,primarily through its effect on crop yields.The extent of predicted impacts highly depends on the crop,the CO2 fertilization effect assumption and adaptation abilities.Market response to the production shocks resulting from climate change will lessen the impacts on agricultural production predicted by natural scientists.On adaptation,the government’s major efforts have been in the developing new technologies,reforming extension system and enhancing institutional capacity.Farmers do adapt to climate change,but their adaptation measures cannot fully offset the negative impacts of climate change.The paper concludes and makes implications for future studies.     

非洲农业产量对气候变化响应与适应研究进展

非洲是全世界气候变化最脆弱的地区,而非洲农业受气候变化的影响最为敏感。气候变化已经并将继续对非洲农业和粮食安全产生较大的负面影响。提高气候变化对非洲作物产量影响的理解,揭示非洲农业对气候变化的响应规律,是及时、正确和有效适应气候变化的关键。本文综述了非洲农业对气候变化的响应与适应的研究进展,总结了作物机理模型、统计模型和经济模型目前研究这一问题的三大主要方法,系统阐述了非洲农业对过去和未来气候变化的响应程度及适应措施。未来气候变化对非洲农业的可能影响,不同的研究在不同时间尺度和空间尺度上,随着气候情景、研究方法和作物种类的不同,影响程度的结论差异性较大：作物机理模型方法显示的影响范围是-84%-62%;统计方法评价的影响范围则是-57%-30%;而用计量经济学方法研究显示的影响范围是-100%-168%。随着气候变化对非洲农业的影响得到公认,非洲农业对气候变化的适应问题得到了越来越多的研究。选育抗旱品种、发展保护性农业、完善灌溉设施、调整技术管理等适应措施将有可能对粮食安全带来更大的益处。另外,加强极端气候事件的监测和预警、增强气候预报、有效结合气候变化制定农业生产种植和管理措施、调整作物布局、发挥区域和国际组织（世界气象组织WMO、联合国粮农组织FAO等）在非洲应对气候变化影响方面的合作和对非洲的援助等措施均可提高非洲农业对气候变化的适应能力。本文进一步讨论了研究中存在的不确定性因素,包括数据、方法、结果的不确定性以及气候变化的间接影响、缺乏综合研究等问题,并指出了未来的发展趋势。本文有助于更好地理解非洲农业产量对气候变化的响应与适应,为解决非洲粮食安全问题和消除非洲贫困提供科技支撑,同时也为中国农业应对气候变化提供借鉴。     

Farmers’ perceptions of climate change: identifying types

Ambitious targets to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture have been set by both national governments and their respective livestock sectors. We hypothesize that farmer self-identity influences their assessment of climate change and their willingness to implement measures which address the issue. Perceptions of climate change were determined from 286 beef/sheep farmers and evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA). The analysis elicits two components which evaluate identity (productivism and environmental responsibility), and two components which evaluate behavioral capacity to adopt mitigation and adaptation measures (awareness and risk perception). Subsequent Cluster Analyses reveal four farmer types based on the PCA scores. ‘The Productivist’ and ‘The Countryside Steward’ portray low levels of awareness of climate change, but differ in their motivation to adopt pro-environmental behavior. Conversely, both ‘The Environmentalist’ and ‘The Dejected’ score higher in their awareness of the issue. In addition, ‘The Dejected’ holds a high sense of perceived risk; however, their awareness is not conflated with an explicit understanding of agricultural GHG sources. With the exception of ‘The Environmentalist’, there is an evident disconnect between perceptions of agricultural emission sources and their contribution towards GHG emissions amongst all types. If such linkages are not conceptualized, it is unlikely that behavioral capacities will be realized. Effective communication channels which encourage action should target farmers based on the groupings depicted. Therefore, understanding farmer types through the constructs used in this study can facilitate effective and tailored policy development and implementation.     

蜂农对天气变化的感知及其影响因素——以四川省为例

通过对四川省5个县蜂农的问卷调查,基于社会认知模型(MPPACC)分析框架,采用有序Probit模型,分析了蜂农对天气变化的感知度及其影响因素。结果显示,蜂农对于天气变化的敏感性感知、严重性感知较强,适应功效感知、自我效能感知较弱,感知到的适应成本较高;蜂农对免费天气变化信息的获取、获取渠道的多少、与其他蜂农交流的频率以及养蜂人数等均会影响蜂农对天气变化的感知,其中,免费天气信息的获取对蜂农敏感性感知、适应性功效感知、自我效能感知以及适应成本感知影响最为显著。最后,从拓宽蜂农获取天气信息的渠道、鼓励其加入农民合作组织以及增强蜂农之间的交流等方面,提出了提高蜂农对天气变化感知能力、增强应对天气变化能力的相关建议。     

Interpretation of Climate Change and Agricultural Adaptations by Local Household Farmers: a Case Study at Bin County,Northeast China

Although climate change impacts and agricultural adaptations have been studied extensively, how smallholder farmers perceive climate change and adapt their agricultural activities is poorly understood. Survey-based data (presents farmers' personal perceptions and adaptations to climate change) associated with external biophysical-socioeconomic data (presents real-world climate change) were used to develop a farmer-centered framework to explore climate change impacts and agricultural adaptations at a local level. A case study at Bin County (1980s–2010s), Northeast China, suggested that increased annual average temperature (0.6°C per decade) and decreased annual precipitation (46 mm per decade, both from meteorological datasets) were correctly perceived by 76 and 66.9%, respectively, of farmers from the survey, and that a longer growing season was confirmed by 70% of them. These reasonably correct perceptions enabled local farmers to make appropriate adaptations to cope with climate change: Longer season alternative varieties were found for maize and rice, which led to a significant yield increase for both crops. The longer season also affected crop choice: More farmers selected maize instead of soybean, as implicated from survey results by a large increase in the maize growing area. Comparing warming-related factors, we found that precipitation and agricultural disasters were the least likely causes for farmers' agricultural decisions. As a result, crop and variety selection, rather than disaster prevention and infrastructure improvement, was the most common ways for farmers to adapt to the notable warming trend in the study region.     

豫南丘陵山区生态农村发展模式探讨

豫南丘陵山区拥有丰富的生态资源,在建设中原经济区整体功能区划中是重点保护和建设的生态功能区.采取加强基础设施建设、合理规划农民屋舍建筑、建立生态农业、发展生态文化等措施,建设具有特色的生态农村已成为豫南丘陵山区迅速发展经济、建设生态文明的有效途径.     

中国农业应对气候变化关键技术研究进展及发展方向

应对频发的极端天气气候灾害,是全球和中国农业可持续发展研究中的重要议题。中国农业在应对气候变化中采取了积极政策和科学措施,在保障粮食九连增和国民经济持续高速发展方面做出了重要贡献。本文通过对气候变化在中国农业影响事实进行了具体分析,对“十一五”期间国家科技支撑计划农业领域等有关项目在适应和减缓气候变化方面的主要研究进展和成果进行了总结和分析。结果表明,气候变化对农业发展带来机遇与挑战并存,中国研制和推行的减缓和适应气候变化关键技术发挥了不同程度的作用,并相继建立了气候变化对中国农业影响评估模型和方法,指明了今后中国农业应对气候变化科技发展的方向。     

Do farmers care about climate change? Evidence from five major grain producing areas of China

Using a logistic model, this paper empirically investigated farmers' perception of climate change and its determinants based on a field survey of 1 350 rural households across five major grain producing provinces in China. The results show: i) There is an apparent difference in perception levels for long-term temperature and precipitation changes. Specifically, 57.4% of farmers perceived the long-term temperature change correctly, but only 29.7% of farmers perceived the long-term precipitation change correctly; ii) The factors influencing the farmers' perceptions are almost completely different between precipitation and temperature, the former are mostly agriculture related, while latter are mostly non-agriculture related, except for farm size; and iii) Farmers are not expected to pay more attention to long-term precipitation changes over the crop growing seasons, because less than 30% of farmers can correctly perceive long-term precipitation change. Therefore, to improve the accuracy of farmers' perceptions of climate change, the government is recommended to: i) enhance education and training programs; ii) speed up land transfer and expand household land farm size; iii) develop farmer cooperative organizations; iv) invest more in agricultural infrastructure, specifically in major grain producing regions; and v) improve the agricultural environment and increase farming income.