稻油轮作机插秧水稻群体特征及产量形成机制研究

为阐明稻油轮作机插秧水稻产量构成特征和群体动态特征以及产量形成机制,2014年选用5个不同生育期水稻品种为材料,以冬闲稻田机插秧水稻群体(早播)为对照,对稻油轮作模式下机插秧水稻(晚播)产量及其产量构成、群体茎蘖动态、叶面积指数和干物质积累等特征进行了分析.结果表明,晚播机插水稻产量显著下降,但下降程度不等,生育期越长的品种下降幅度越大.晚播机插秧水稻穗粒数显著下降,有效穗、千粒质量变化差异无统计学意义.晚播处理叶面积指数、群体干质量等指标,拔节期较早播处理呈下降趋势,有效分蘖临界期、抽穗期表现因品种而异.抽穗期株型特征和源库特征研究表明,晚播处理株型更紧凑、比叶质量更高.晚播中熟品种叶面积指数、群体干质量和粒叶比更符合高产群体特征.     

No-tillage effects on grain yield and nitrogen requirements in hybrid rice transplanted with single seedlings: Results of a long-term experiment

This study was conducted to determine whether, and if so how, the grain yield and nitrogen (N) requirements of hybrid rice transplanted as single seedlings are affected by no-tillage (NT) practices. A fixed field experiment was done at the Experimental Farm of Hunan Agricultural University in Changsha, Hunan Province, China, from 2004 to 2014. Grain yield and yield attributes (panicle number per m², spikelet number per panicle, spikelet filling percentage, grain weight, total biomass, and harvest index) were evaluated as well as the N-use characteristics (total N uptake, internal N-use efficiency, and N requirements) of hybrid rice transplanted as single seedlings comparing NT with conventional tillage (CT). A significant finding was that there were no significant differences in grain yield, yield attributes, and N-use characteristics between CT and NT. Averaged across the 11 years, grain yield and N requirements were 9.51 t ha^–1 and 20.2 kg t^–1 under CT and 9.33 t ha^–1 and 20.0 kg t^–1 under NT, respectively. There were significant yearly variations in grain yield, yield attributes, and N-use characteristics observed under both CT and NT. The yearly variation in grain yield was related to simultaneous changes in spikelet number per panicle, grain weight, total biomass, and harvest index. Also, it was found that grain yield was positively correlated with internal N-use efficiency but negatively correlated with N requirements. It is concluded that grain yield and N requirements in hybrid rice when transplanted as single seedlings are not affected adversely by NT. The results of this study suggest that (1) compatible relationships among yield attributes can be established in hybrid rice that is transplanted as single seedlings, and (2) higher grain yield and higher N-use efficiency can be concurrently achieved in hybrid rice transplanted as single seedlings.     

钵苗机插水稻群体动态特征及高产形成机制的探讨

【目的】旨在阐明钵苗机插水稻产量构成特征和群体动态特征以及高产形成机制。【方法】2010年选用24个不同单穗重粳稻品种统一高产栽培,以成熟期平均单穗重聚类分析划分3种穗型,并每种穗型筛选2个具有代表性品种。2011-2012年采用大穗型品种甬优8号和甬优2640,中穗型品种武运粳24号和宁粳3号,小穗型品种淮稻5号和淮稻10号为试验材料,在江苏省兴化市钓鱼镇进行大田试验,以毯苗机插水稻为对照,系统研究钵苗机插水稻产量及其产量构成、群体茎蘖动态、叶面积指数动态和干物质积累动态特征,并从秧苗素质、栽后物质积累、阶段光合物质生产、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率、株型特征、茎鞘物质输出与转运、根系活力等方面深入探讨钵苗机插水稻高产形成机制。【结果】钵苗机插水稻产量显著或极显著高于对照,大穗型品种增产8.71%-11.11%,中穗型品种增产6.85%-7.89%,小穗型品种增产5.30%-6.34%。钵苗机插水稻产量的提高主要原因是在足够穗数的基础上,显著或极显著增加每穗粒数,进而提高群体颖花量,同时保持稳定的结实率和千粒重。与对照相比,钵苗机插水稻群体茎蘖数栽后增长快,高峰苗适宜,拔节后群体茎蘖数消减缓慢,最终有效穗数足,成穗率高;群体叶面积指数和干物质积累量,有效分蘖临界叶龄期钵苗机插水稻显著高于对照,拔节期两者相当,孕穗后钵苗机插水稻显著或极显著高于对照,成熟期叶面积指数钵苗机插水稻较对照高出5.17%-11.00%,干物质积累量钵苗机插水稻较对照高出5.36%-9.20%。钵苗机插水稻高产形成机制为带土带蘖栽插,秧苗素质高,群体起点质量优,活棵早,分蘖快,低位分蘖多,栽后地上和地下部物质积累多,为争足穗、促壮秆和攻大穗奠定生物学基础;抽穗期株型紧凑,叶系配置优,叶面积大,比叶重高,基部茎秆粗壮,粒叶比高,形成高光效高质量群体;生育后期根系活力强,叶面积衰减慢,光合势大,群体生长率和净同化率高,干物质积累多,灌浆充实量大,茎鞘物质输出与转运合理。【结论】钵苗机插水稻群体起点质量高,栽后分蘖早生发快,群体生长优势明显,特别是生育中后期光合生产能力强,物质积累多。钵苗机插水稻产量构成特征表现为“穗数足、穗型大、粒数多”。     

侧深施氮对机插水稻产量形成及氮素利用的影响

【目的】水稻机插同步侧深施肥是一项新兴的技术,正在迅速发展。深入探究不同类型氮肥机械侧深施用对机插水稻产量及氮素利用效率的影响,有利于提高水稻机械化种植水平,为机插水稻节本增效提供理论依据。【方法】2017年和2018年开展大田试验,采用完全随机区组试验设计,设置5种施氮处理,即不施氮肥（N0）、尿素撒施（CUB）、尿素机械侧深施（CUM）、控释尿素撒施（CRUB）和控释尿素机械侧深施（CRUM）,测定水稻物质生产特性、氮素积累分配、氮素利用效率、产量及产量构成因素。【结果】2年各施氮处理对水稻产量形成、氮素利用的影响基本一致。与尿素相比,控释尿素可以显著提高水稻干物质积累量、氮素积累量、氮肥利用率以及稻谷产量;2017年成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量、氮肥吸收利用率（NRE）、氮肥农学效率（NAE）和稻谷产量分别增加3.22%、17.50%、46.00%、17.79%和3.72%,2018年相应增幅分别为8.77%、13.27%、32.07%、12.74%和3.32%。与人工撒施相比,机械侧深施可以显著提高氮肥利用率,2017年NRE和NAE分别增加17.91%—43.14%和19.61%—37.39%;2018年NRE和NAE分别增加53.80%—54.10%和21.11%—35.11%。与人工撒施相比,机械侧深施肥处理的产量分别增加4.46%—6.95%（2017年）、5.55%—8.11%（2018年）;增产的主要原因是其具有更多有效穗数和颖花总量。齐穗至成熟期,CRUM处理茎叶鞘氮素积累量和茎叶氮素表观转移量（TNT）均显著高于其他施氮处理。此外,在穗分化期和齐穗期,相比其他施氮处理,CRUM处理的氮素积累量、SPAD值、干物质积累量均显著增加。【结论】控释尿素机械侧深施（CRUM）是一种能提高机插水稻产量和氮素利用的有效施肥方法。     

Effects of Side Deep Fertilization on Yield Formation and Nitrogen Utilization of Mechanized Transplanting Rice

【Objective】Mechanized transplanting of rice with synchronous side deep application of fertilizer is a new and advanced technology that is still developing rapidly. In-depth studies on the effects of mechanized side deep placement of different types of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the grain yield and N utilization efficiency of mechanized transplanted rice will be helpful for devising strategies to improve the mechanization of planting and fertilization, and to provide a theoretical basis for reducing costs and increasing fertilization efficiency in rice production. 【Method】Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 with a randomized complete block design, with five N fertilizer application treatments: N0-plots without N fertilizer; CUB-manual surface broadcast of urea (CU); CUM-mechanized side deep placement of CU; CRUB-manual surface broadcast of controlled release urea (CRU); and CRUM-mechanized side deep placement of CRU. The characteristics of matter production, as well as N uptake and distribution, N use efficiency, yield, and yield components of rice were determined. 【Result】Each N fertilizer application treatment had similar effects on yield formation and N use efficiency in the two years. Compared with the CU treatment, the CRU treatment significantly improved dry matter accumulation, N uptake, N utilization efficiency, and grain yield. The dry matter accumulation and N uptake at maturity, N recovery efficiency (NRE), N agronomy efficiency (NAE), and grain yield were higher in the CRU treatment than in the CU treatment by 3.22%, 17.50%, 46.00%, 17.79%, and 3.72%, respectively, in 2017; and by 8.77%, 13.27%, 32.07%, 12.74%, and 3.32%, respectively, in 2018. Compared with surface broadcasting, mechanized deep placement of N fertilizer, regardless of the type of N fertilizer, significantly enhanced N use efficiency, and increased NRE and NAE by 17.91%-43.14% and 19.61%-37.39% respectively, in 2017; and by 53.80%-54.10% and 21.11%-35.11%, respectively, in 2018. Compared with surface broadcasting, mechanized deep placement of N fertilizer (CU or CRU) increased the grain yields in 2017 and 2018 by 4.46%-6.95% and 5.55%-8.11%, respectively, because of increased numbers of effective panicles and spikelets. The N uptake in stems-sheaths and leaves and the apparent amount of N translocated in stems-sheaths and leaves (TNT) were significantly higher in the CRUM treatment than in any other N application treatments from the heading stage to the maturity stage. Compared with the other N fertilizer treatments, the CRUM treatment also increased N uptake, SPAD values, and total aboveground biomass at the panicle initiation stage and full heading stage. 【Conclusion】Mechanized side deep placement of controlled release urea is an efficient fertilization method to increase the grain yield and N use efficiency of mechanized transplanted rice.     

杂交稻低播量精准条播育秧机插提高群体均匀度和产量的效应分析

[目的]明确杂交稻低播种量下精准条播(precision drill sowing,PS)育秧提高机插群体均匀度和产量的效应,创建杂交稻毯苗稀播少本机插理论与技术.[方法]选用籼粳杂交稻甬优1540为供试品种,在余杭区崇化村和富阳区中国水稻研究所试验基地开展试验.以传统撒播(broadcast sowing,BS)育秧...     

不同施氮方式及抛栽密度对长秧龄抛秧水稻产量形成的影响

以两系杂交水稻Ｆ１３１Ｓ／Ｒ４０２和培两优特青为材料,研究了不同施氮方式及不同抛栽密度对长秧龄抛秧栽培产量形成的影响。结果表明：后期氮肥施用比例提高及抛栽密度的适当加大,能勉中快长秧龄抛栽水稻群体茎蘖增长速度,提高Ｎ素的吸收及干物质积累、扩大叶面积指数、增强单们面积群体光合量,形成更多的有效穗数。使产量提高;增大抛栽密度、,适当控制前期施氮量,提升后期用氮比例,是长秧龄抛秧栽培较为理想的搭配方式。     

机插常规早籼稻的适宜群体起点探析

以常规早籼稻品种"嘉育253"为材料,在机插条件下,研究了单位面积穴数和每穴本数对产量的影响。结果表明,栽插穴数、穴数与本数两者互作对产量的影响分别达到极显著和显著水平,每穴本数对产量的影响不显著。通径分析表明,单位面积有效穗数对产量的直接作用最大,机插早籼稻产量提高主要依靠单位面积有效穗的增加。综合试验结果看,温州地区常规早籼稻品种机插的群体起点以27万穴/hm2(30 cm×12 cm)、每穴5.4本、基本苗数137万/hm2左右为宜。     

不同叶龄移栽对水稻产量及品质的影响

通过叶龄移栽试验结果分析表明,水稻在3～8叶之间移栽,以4叶处理产量最高,达10374kg/hm2,比8叶期移栽增产11.0%,方差分析结果,3～6叶之间处理产量差异不显著,但均比8叶期移栽显著增产;根据稻米检验结果,垩白率、垩白度受移栽叶龄影响较大,适宜叶龄移栽能显著降低垩白率和垩白度.采取中苗移栽能使糙米率、精米率,整精米率及蛋白质的含量提高,直链淀粉降低,有利于产量的提高和稻米品质的改善.     

Comparison of yield traits in rice among three mechanized planting methods in a rice-wheat rotation system

Understanding the differences in yield traits of rice among pothole seedling of mechanical transplanting(PSMT), carpet seedling of mechanical transplanting(CSMT) and mechanical direct seeding(MDS) is of great importance not only for rice scientists but also for rice farmers to develop a high-yield production system under mechanical conditions in a rice-wheat rotation system. However, such traits are yet to be studied among rice varieties of japonica-indica hybrid rice(JIHR), japonica conventional rice(JCR) and indica hybrid rice(IHR). Field experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015, where six cultivars of the three rice types JIHR, JCR and IHR were grown individually with PSMT, CSMT and MDS methods, under respective managements for each method to achieve the maximum attainable yield. Results showed that(i) the PSMT significantly increased grain yield of JIHR by 22.0 and 7.1%, of JCR by 15.6 and 3.7% and of IHR by 22.5 and 7.4%, compared to MDS and CSMT on average across the two years, respectively. The highest yield was produced by the combination of JIHR and PSMT;(ii) high yield under PSMT was mainly attributed to large sink capacity and high-efficient dry matter accumulation. With sufficient panicles per hectare, the increase of spikelet number per panicle, especially the increase in spikelet number of the secondary rachis-branches was determined to be the optimal approach for developing a large sink capacity for rice under PSMT. The optimal tillers development, large leaf area index at heading stage, and high leaf area duration, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate during grain-filling phase could be the cause of sufficient dry matter accumulation for rice under PSMT;(iii) moreover, the PSMT favored plant growth as well as enriched the stems plus sheaths during grain-filling phase, as compared with CSMT and MDS. These results suggest that PSMT may be an alternative approach to increasing grain yield in a rice-wheat rotation system in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China.     

不同机插株距和取秧面积对双季早稻产量的影响

选用株两优819和中嘉早17为供试品种,通过不同株距和取秧面积的机插移栽,探讨机插规格对早稻产量的影响。结果表明,不同机插规格导致不同基本苗数,产量与移栽基本苗数显著相关。基本苗数随移栽株距的减小和取秧面积的增大而增多。机插漏蔸率随着取秧面积的增加下降。叶面积指数、干物质总积累量的大小与机插不同规格的基本苗数量高度相关。株距11.5 cm处理的平均产量高于株距13.8 cm处理的平均产量。株距13.8 cm处理中,随着取秧面积增大产量提高,产量最高的取秧面积是2.31 cm2,株两优819产量为8174.16 kg/hm2、中嘉早17产量为7925.54 kg/hm2;株距11.5 cm2处理中,产量最高的为取秧面积1.83 cm2处理,继续增加取秧面积产量下降,株两优819产量为8492.94 kg/hm2、中嘉早17产量为8000.23 kg/hm2。因此,早稻适宜机插规格,株距11.5 cm、取秧面积1.83 cm2,常规稻品种取秧面积亦可增至2.23 cm2。     

不同氮素累积量类型籼稻品种有关源库指标的基本特点

2001、2002年,在群体水培条件下,分别以国内外的籼稻代表品种88个和122个为材料,于抽穗期和成熟期测定植株的干物重（包括根系）、全氮含量及产量,采用组内最小平方和动态聚类方法对供试品种成熟期的氮素累积量进行聚类,分析不同氮素累积量类型籼稻品种间有关源库指标的特点。结果表明,供试品种成熟期氮素累积量差异很大,可聚类为A、B、C、D、E、F等6类,类型间的差异均达到了显著水平。高氮素累积量类型籼稻品种有关源库指标的基本特点为：抽穗期和成熟期叶面积系数大、结实期叶面积系数减少量大、结实期叶面积系数减少比例较低、抽穗期单位面积绿叶重大、比叶重高、结实期净同化率较高、单位面积颖花量和库容量大。     

杂交晚稻机插不同播量条件下育插秧试验研究

以杂交晚稻“江四优992”为供试材料,进行了不同播量软盘育秧机插与常规水育秧手插的对比试验。结果表明：机插软盘育秧随播种量增加,漏插率降低,以90～100g芽谷／盘为最佳播量;机插秧虽然前期分蘖稍慢,但后期具有分蘖稳健、无效分蘖少、成穗率高的特点;机插稻的全生育期比手插稻延长2～3d;与手插稻相比,机插稻的穗粒结构合理,穗粒数多,产量高,平均增产10．2％。     

适宜机插的优质籼稻品种筛选及其评价指标体系

为了筛选适宜贵州稻区机插的优质籼稻品种,建立适宜机插优质籼稻品种的评价关键指标体系,以近年选育的34个优质籼稻品种为试验材料,在贵州省遵义市湄潭县进行机插试验,对各品种的秧苗素质以及机插条件下水稻分蘖生长、干物质积累、抗倒伏性、产量及其构成因素进行研究。结果表明,机插条件下34个优质籼稻的产量变幅为6.1~10.5 t·hm-2,结合两步聚类算法,以产量为依据将参试品种划分为适宜机插和不适宜机插两类。适宜机插优质籼稻类型主要表现为产量均高于8.25 t·hm-2,其成苗率高、秧苗均匀性好、幼苗健壮;分蘖早生快发,易形成充足的有效穗数;植株能获得较高的花前和花后干物质积累量,并重新分配到籽粒;茎秆粗壮,基部3个节间平均抗折力强,倒伏指数小。综合来看,F优498、晶两优534和蓉18优2348等15个优质籼稻品种适宜贵州地区机插,且适宜机插优质籼稻关键评价指标为：成苗率>85%,秧苗均匀性>1.5苗·cm-2;倒伏指数<150%,基部3个节间平均抗折力>1 500 g;产量>8.25 t·hm-2,有效穗数225×104～300×104 hm-2,每穗粒数>140粒,结实率>75%,成熟期干物质积累量>15 t·hm-2,收获指数>0.45。研究为机插专用优质籼稻品种选育及应用提供理论依据。     

适宜机插的优质籼稻品种筛选及其评价指标体系

为了筛选适宜贵州稻区机插的优质籼稻品种,建立适宜机插优质籼稻品种的评价关键指标体系,以近年选育的34个优质籼稻品种为试验材料,在贵州省遵义市湄潭县进行机插试验,对各品种的秧苗素质以及机插条件下水稻分蘖生长、干物质积累、抗倒伏性、产量及其构成因素进行研究。结果表明,机插条件下34个优质籼稻的产量变幅为6.1~10.5 t·hm-2,结合两步聚类算法,以产量为依据将参试品种划分为适宜机插和不适宜机插两类。适宜机插优质籼稻类型主要表现为产量均高于8.25 t·hm-2,其成苗率高、秧苗均匀性好、幼苗健壮;分蘖早生快发,易形成充足的有效穗数;植株能获得较高的花前和花后干物质积累量,并重新分配到籽粒;茎秆粗壮,基部3个节间平均抗折力强,倒伏指数小。综合来看,F优498、晶两优534和蓉18优2348等15个优质籼稻品种适宜贵州地区机插,且适宜机插优质籼稻关键评价指标为：成苗率>85%,秧苗均匀性>1.5苗·cm-2;倒伏指数<150%,基部3个节间平均抗折力>1 500 g;产量>8.25 t·hm-2,有效穗数225×104～300×104 hm-2,每穗粒数>140粒,结实率>75%,成熟期干物质积累量>15 t·hm-2,收获指数>0.45。研究为机插专用优质籼稻品种选育及应用提供理论依据。     

覆盖旱种水稻的农学性状及产量变化

在田间严格控制土壤灌溉条件下,以常规水田为对照,研究了覆盖旱种(地膜、稻草和裸地)对水稻农学性状及产量变化的影响。结果表明,覆盖旱种水稻分蘖早,分蘖多,其中覆膜的效果优于覆草。增加每穴基本苗,可以提高成穗率,降低秕谷率。覆盖旱种的3个处理叶面积指数依次为覆膜>覆草>裸地。虽然覆盖旱种水稻的籽粒产量略低于或显著低于常规水田,但是覆盖旱种处理的生物量与常规水田在统计学上没有显著差异,而且覆盖旱种处理的生物量还略大于常规水田,表明覆盖旱种水稻有增产的可能和潜力。     

Effects of mechanized deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer rate and type on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in Chuanxi Plain,China

This paper investigates the yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of machine-transplanted rice cultivated using mechanized deep placement of N fertilizer in the rice–wheat rotation region of Chuanxi Plain, China. It provides theoretical support for N-saving and improves quality and production efficiency of machine-transplanted rice. Using a single-factor complete randomized block design in field experiments in 2018 and 2019, seven N-fertilization treatments were applied, with the fertilizer being surface broadcast and/or mechanically placed beside the seedlings at (5.5±0.5) cm soil depth when transplanting. The treatments were: N0, no N fertilizer; U1, 180 kg N ha^–1 as urea, surface broadcast manually before transplanting; U2, 108 kg N ha^–1 as urea, surface broadcast manually before transplanting, and 72 kg N ha^–1 as urea surface broadcast manually on the 10th d after transplanting, which is not only the local common fertilization method, but also the reference treatment; UD, 180 kg N ha^–1 as urea, mechanically deep-placed when transplanting; M1, 81.6 kg N ha^–1 as urea and 38.4 kg N ha^–1 as controlled-release urea (CRU), mechanically deep-placed when transplanting; M2, 102 kg N ha^–1 as urea and 48 kg N ha^–1 as CRU, mechanically deep-placed when transplanting; M3, 122.4 kg N ha^–1 as urea and 57.6 kg N ha^–1 as CRU, mechanically deep-placed when transplanting. The effects of the N fertilizer treatments on rice yield and NUE were consistent in the 2 yr. With a N application rate of 180 kg ha^–1, compared with U2, the N recovery efficiency (NRE), N agronomic use efficiency (NAE) and yield under the UD treatment were 20.6, 3.5 and 1.1% higher in 2018, and 4.6, 1.7 and 1.2% higher in 2019, respectively. Compared with urea alone (U1, U2 or UD), the NRE, NAE and yield achieved by M3 (combined application of urea and controlled-release urea) were higher by 9.2–73.3%, 18.6–61.5% and 6.5–16.5% (2018), and 22.2–65.2%, 25.6–75.0% and 5.9–13.9% (2019), respectively. Compared with M3, the lower-N treatments M1 and M2 significantly increased NRE by 4.0–7.8% in 2018 and 3.1–4.3% in 2019, respectively. Compared with urea surface application (U1 or U2), the yield under the M2 treatment was higher by 4.3–12.9% in 2018 and 3.6–10.1% in 2019, respectively. Compared with U2, the NRE and NAE under the M2 treatment was higher by 36.9 and 36.3% in 2018, and 33.2 and 37.4% in 2019, mainly because of higher N uptake. There was no significant difference in the concentration of nitrate in the top 0–20 cm soil under U1, U2 and M2 treatments during the full heading and maturity stages. During the full heading stage, U2 produced the highest concentration of nitrite in 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil among the N fertilizer treatments. In conclusion, mechanized deep placement of mixed urea and controlled-release urea (M2) at transplanting is a highly-efficient cultivation technology that enables increased yield of machine-transplanted rice and improved NUE, while reducing the amount of N-fertilization applied.     

水稻有序摆、抛栽的生理生态特征及超高产形成机制

【目的】研究水稻有序摆栽和点抛超高产形成的生理生态特征及机制,探索水稻超高产轻简化栽培途径。【方法】本试验通过塑盘旱育摆栽、点抛、撒抛3种栽插方式及与机插稻产量形成的生理生态特征比较,从活棵发苗、分蘖发生、光合物质生产、后期根系活性、群体透光率和抗倒伏性等方面,探究了水稻有序摆、抛栽的生理生态特征及超高产机制。【结果】有序摆栽和点抛群体起点质量好,发棵快,各生育时期群体叶面积、光合势、粒叶比、物质生产积累与转运均显著或极显著优于撒抛,且后期通风透光性好,群体衰老慢,保持较强的物质生产能力,抗倒伏性强,产量高。【结论】有序摆、抛栽群体起点质量高,活棵快,各时期生长优势显著,产量潜力大,是实现水稻超高产轻简化栽培的精良基础。     

钵苗机插密度对杂交籼稻新品种氮肥利用效率的影响

为进一步分析我国西南区域不同粒重类型杂交籼稻新品种在不同钵苗机插密度配置下氮肥吸收、利用、转运情况及氮肥利用效率与产量的特征，选取代表性大粒型品种内6优107和中粒型品种旌优华珍，以钵苗插秧机配置24、16和12 cm株距构建3个等梯度密度处理LD、MD和HD，并以当地常用人工手插宽行窄株栽培模式为对照（CK），在总施氮量比习惯用量减少的基础上，研究钵苗机插密度对新品种的氮肥吸收、转运和利用的影响。结果表明：与大粒型品种内6优107相比，中粒型品种旌优华珍的千粒重较低，但其有效穗数、穗粒数和结实率较高，产量较优；同时，两品种主要生育时期植株含氮率差异较小，但旌优华珍主要生育时期植株吸氮量、植株各阶段吸氮量以及氮肥偏生产力均较高，而其氮素表观转运率、氮素贡献率、氮肥干物质生产效率和氮肥收获指数低于内6优107。钵苗机插密度对不同粒重类型品种的产量具有显著影响，且均以MD处理产量最高，大粒型品种内6优107在MD处理下分别较LD、HD和CK增产15.81%、4.29%和29.08%，而中粒型品种旌优华珍分别增产8.78%、5.03%和27.69%。两个品种的植株吸氮能力和氮肥利用能力受机插密度的影响表现基本一致：不同机插密度处理间，植株含氮率在水稻生长前期差异不明显，但在生育后期随着机插密度增加而显著增加；植株阶段吸氮量在前期主要随机插密度增加而增加，但在生育后期均以MD处理较高，且主要生育时期植株吸氮量均表现为HD>MD>LD>CK，差异达到显著水平；氮素转运量均以LD处理最小，氮肥偏生产力随着机插密度增加表现为先增加后降低，而叶茎鞘氮素转运率、氮肥干物质生产效率和氮肥收获指数均随机插密度增加而降低。钵苗机插可显著提高水稻产量和氮肥吸收能力，且通过适量增加密度能够显著提高不同粒重类型杂交籼稻新品种的产量和氮肥利用效率。钵苗机插株距16 cm配置，有利于各生育时期氮素积累，提高齐穗期至成熟期的氮素转运量，实现产量和氮肥利用效率协同提升。上述结果对高产高效绿色水稻品种选育和栽培技术与理论具有重要意义。     

水稻不同育苗移栽方式的比较研究

试验结果表明，摆秧的产量高于插秧，二的产量均显地高于抛秧，品种间及品种与栽培方式互作间的差异均不显。摆秧的增产机理是秧苗素质好，移栽植伤很轻，分蘖早生快发，最高茎蘖数和成穗率均较高；叶面积指数高，且变化加速度小；在抽穗前比叶重增加快，此后增加慢；在生育后期，叶层面积大且占据层次多，群体基部绿叶面积大，穗层面积大且分布集中，位置偏中上，SOD含量高，丙二醛含量低。