Influence of different nitrogen application on flour properties,gluten properties by HPLC and end-use quality of Korean wheat

This study was performed to identify how the different levels of nitrogen application affected the variances of gluten properties and end-use qualities and the differences of variances among Korean wheat cultivars. Protein and dry gluten content, SDS sedimentation volume and water absorption of Mixolab increased as nitrogen application increased. This ratio of the increase was higher in Korean wheat cultivars for bread than in Korean wheat cultivars for noodles and cookies. The proportion of(α+β)-gliadin measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC) increased, but the proportion of ω-and γ-gliadin decreased as the protein content increased. The Korean wheat cultivars for bread showed a high proportion of(α+β)-gliadin increase, the Korean cultivars for noodles had a high proportion of γ-gliadin decrease and the Korean wheat cultivars for cookies had a high proportion of ω-gliadin decrease. However, there was no variation of the component in the proportion of glutenin component measured by RP-HPLC, even though the protein content was increased, but all of the protein fractions measured by size exclusion(SE)-HPLC were increased. The soluble monomeric protein showed a high proportion of Korean wheat cultivars for bread by the increase of protein content. Bread loaf volume increased by the increase of protein content but there were no variances in the ratio of increase among Korean wheat cultivars. The cookie diameter decreased with the increase of protein content, and this ratio of decrease was the highest in Korean wheat cultivars for cookies. The hardness of cooked noodles also increased by the increase of protein content but there were no variations in springiness and cohesiveness. The decrease proportion of ω-gliadin affected the increase of bread loaf volume, the hardness of cooked noodles, and the decrease of cookie diameter.     

Wheat gluten protein and its impacts on wheat processing quality

Before the advent of the wheat genomic era, a wide range of studies were conducted to understand the chemistry and functions of the wheat storage proteins, which are the major determinants of wheat flour the suitability of wheat flour for various end products, such as bread, noodles and cakes. Wheat grain protein is divided into gluten and non-gluten fractions and the wheat processing quality mainly depends on the gluten fractions. Gluten provides the unique extensibility and elasticity of dough that are essential for various wheat end products. Disulfide bonds are formed between cysteine residues, which is the chemical bases for the physical properties of dough. Based on the SDS-extractability, grain protein is divided into SDS-unextractable polymeric protein (UPP) and SDS-extractable polymeric protein. The percentage of UPP is positively related to the formation of disulfide bonds in the dough matrix. In the wheat genomic era, new glutenins with long repetitive central domains that contain a high number of consensus hexapeptide and nonapeptide motifs as well as high content of cysteine and glutamine residues should be targeted.     

山东省优质专用小麦品种在不同种植区品质性状的表现

本文对山东省推广的 10个主要优质专用小麦品种在 9个地区的主要品质性状的表现进行了 2年的研究分析 ,结果表明 ,不同基因型间各品质性状有显著差异 ;供试品种的品质性状在不同地区的表现不同 ;不同品种及不同性状与环境互作的变异程度均存在较大差异 ;基因型与环境互作对营养品质的影响小于对加工品质的影响     

Relationship between physicochemical characteristics of Korean wheat flour and quality attributes of steamed bread

The purpose of this study is to identify major factors affecting the manufacture and quality of steamed bread, consumed in Southeast Asia including China, Japan, and Korea. Hence, flours of 11 Korean wheat cultivars were used to evaluate quality attributes of two different styles of steamed bread, Korean style steamed bread (KSSB) and northern-style Chinese steamed bread (NSCSB). KSSB prepared more ingredients and higher optimum water absorption of dough than NSCSB because Korean consumers prefer white and glossy surface and soft crumb. KSSB showed lower height, larger diameter and volume of steamed bread, higher stress relaxation, and softer texture of crumb than NSCSB. The correlation between flour characteristics and quality of steamed bread was different in KSSB and NSCSB. About 90% of variability in the height and volume of KSSB could be predicted from protein content, mixing tolerance of Mixograph, average particle size of flour, final viscosity and solvent retention capacity. Protein content and quality parameters also could explain the variation of steamed bread height in NSCSB. Korean wheat carrying Glu-A3c allele produced higher volume of steamed bread (704.7 mL) than Glu-A3d allele (645.8 mL) in KSSB, although there was no significant difference in volume of NSCSB by glutenin compositions. Glu-D1d and Glu-A3c alleles had softer texture of crumb than Glu-D1f and Glu-A3d alleles in KSSB, Glu-B3i allele also showed lower hardness of crumb than their counterpart allele in NSCSB. Hard wheat showed higher height and volume of steamed bread, and lower stress relaxation and hardness of crumb than soft wheat in KSSB.     

小麦面粉粘度特性与面条品质关系的研究

以参加陕西省区域试验的 18个小麦品种 (品系 )为材料 ,系统研究了小麦面粉的粘度特性、淀粉酶活性及其与面条品质性状间的关系。结果表明 ,峰值粘度、起始恒温糊化阻力、起始降温糊化阻力、冷却结束糊化阻力、破损值、回生值及降落数值在小麦品种间变化较大 ,α-淀粉酶活性对小麦面粉的糊化有很大影响 ,面粉粘度特性指标峰值粘度、起始恒温糊化阻力及破损值是预测面条品质的重要指标     

不同品系糯小麦粉品质特性的差异

对26个糯小麦品系、8个非糯小麦品种和4个部分糯小麦品种的理化性质研究结果表明:糯小麦粉的降落值为64～77 8.远低于非糯小麦和部分糯小麦,各品系间差异较小;而吸水力较部分糯小麦和非糯小麦强,最高达73.5%,并具有较高的公差指数、较低的粉质质量指数、较短的形成时间和稳定时间,因此流变学特性较弱;总淀粉含最与非糯小麦及部分糯小麦没有显著差异,表明糯质突变没有影响到籽粒中总淀粉含量;糯小麦的糊化温度和峰值温度分别介于60.7～63.6℃和67.3～72.6℃之间,都低于部分糯小麦和非糯小麦;还具有高崩解值、低峰值黏度和回生值.此外,糯小麦粉的降落值与α-淀粉酶活性不存在相关关系.     

氮磷钾肥施用量及其配比对小麦品质的影响

以豫麦34号和郑州9023为材料,研究了氮、磷、钾施用量及其配比对小麦营养品质和加工品质的影响.结果表明,在0～300kg·hm-2的范围内,随着施氮量的增加,子粒蛋白质、赖氨酸含量提高;在0～150kg·hm-2的范围内,随着磷和钾的用量增加,也可使蛋白质、赖氨酸含量提高.适当增加氮、磷、钾的用量均可明显改善小麦的加工品质,使其容重、沉淀值、湿面筋、吸水量、形成时间、稳定时间提高,弱化度降低.但当磷、钾用量过大时,加工品质不能得到进一步改善,甚至有所下降.     

播期对春小麦籽粒性状和面粉品质的影响

在分期播种条件下,对河西灌区主栽的10个小麦品种(系)的籽粒性状和面粉品质进行了研究。结果表明,在晚播条件下,各个品种(系)的千粒重、容重、蛋白质含量、面筋含量均降低,生育期、灌浆期明显缩短,面粉筋力(W)和延伸性(L)均变差,但面团弹性(P)变化幅度相对较小,从平均数看面筋指数受播期的影响小于面筋含量。从播期对10个供试材料品质影响程度看,甘春20号品质受播期影响不大,适合在河西麦区大面积推广。此外,在河西灌区种植小麦,最适宜的播期为每年的3月下旬。     

播期对春小麦籽粒产量及品质性状的影响

研究了播期对河西灌区种植的6个春小麦品种(系)籽粒产量和面粉品质的影响.结果表明,早播可以提高春小麦的产量和千粒质量,但适期(3月30日)播种的籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、面团弹性、延伸性、变形功都显著高于早播或晚播.春小麦灌浆期气象因子对产量和品质可产生不同程度的影响,其中积温、≥30℃天数、总日照时数与产量、千粒质量、变形功呈显著正相关,日均温、相对湿度与产量、千粒质量及品质性状(湿面筋含量、沉降值、变形功、延伸值)呈显著或极显著负相关.     

杀菌剂对弱筋小麦宁麦9号品质和产量的影响

为了探索弱筋小麦杀菌剂的使用方法,以弱筋小麦宁麦9号为材料,研究了杀菌剂(粉锈宁、多菌灵)抽穗期喷洒对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在宁麦9号抽穗期喷洒粉锈宁和多菌灵,均可以显著提高其穗数、千粒重和产量(P<0.05),其中喷洒粉锈宁的增产幅度显著高于喷洒多菌灵处理(P<0.05)。喷洒粉锈宁可以显著降低籽粒蛋白质含量(P<0.05),改善面粉白度。喷洒多菌灵能够显著降低籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面粉白度和沉降值(P<0.05),提高出粉率和面粉的心皮比(P<0.05)。     

施氮量对弱筋小麦籽粒品质与氮素利用的影响

为探究施氮量对弱筋小麦籽粒品质和氮素利用的影响,以弱筋品种宁麦13与皖西麦0638为材料,设置4个施氮量(折纯N 0、120、180、240 kg·hm-2),研究其对弱筋小麦籽粒产量、品质性状与氮素吸收利用的影响.结果表明,在0～240 kg·hm-2的施氮量范围内,随着施氮量增加,供试弱筋小麦的籽粒产量先增加后减少...     

小麦品种籽粒品质与食品品质关系的研究

以陕西关中地区 16个小麦品种 (品系 )为材料 ,系统分析了小麦品种籽粒品质性状与面包、面条、馒头 3种面制食品品质的关系。结果表明 ,蛋白质品质、粉质参数、拉伸参数与食品品质关系密切 ,籽粒品质与其相关程度较低 ;蛋白质品质对面包品质、面条蒸煮品质有显著正影响 ,对馒头品质影响不显著 ;粉质参数、拉伸参数中与面包品质呈正相关的性状 ,对煮熟面条表观状态、馒头外观形状有不利影响 ,但对其弹韧性有正效应     

面筋含量与面筋指数在拉面小麦品种品质育种中的应用

对22个小麦品种(系)的面筋含量和面筋指数与面粉及面团的品质特性及手工拉面的评分进行了相关分析。结果表明,干湿面筋含量与蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关,与充气指数(G)和延伸度(L)呈显著正相关,与P/L呈显著负相关,与手工拉面评分相关不显著。面筋指数分别与变形功(W)、弹性指数(Ie)、最大阻力 (PRMAX)、1 700 mb处吸水率(WA)呈极显著正相关,与最大压力(P)呈显著正相关,而且面筋指数与手工拉面的各评分项均达到显著或极显著的正相关。面筋含量和面筋指数与面粉品质的11项测定指标中的8项呈极显著或显著相关,而且面筋指数与干湿面筋含量之比和手工拉面的评分密切相关,因此,面筋含量和指数可用来预测面粉流变学特性和手工拉面品质,是小麦品质育种早代选择的较好指标。     

立式旋耕方式下氮肥不同减施水平对小麦品质的影响

为探究立式旋耕（30 cm±5 cm）下氮肥减施对小麦品质的影响,研究了2017—2018、2018—2019年两个小麦生长季立式旋耕下CK（300 kg N·hm^-2）与减氮10%（RF10）、20%（RF20）、30%（RF30）处理小麦品质变化,测定项目包括籽粒品质和面粉流变特性、拉伸性能等。结果表明：与CK相比,RF10处理小麦籽粒蛋白质含量当季略增,连续减施第二季则显著下降12.2%;RF20、RF30两季均下降,且RF30当季显著下降11.6%,RF20第二季显著下降11.1%。RF10、RF20湿面筋含量与CK比,当季略升,第二季下降;RF30两季均下降,且当季与CK差异显著,降幅为10.8%。氮肥减施后面粉吸水量呈增加趋势,面团形成时间呈缩短趋势;面团稳定时间与CK比均缩短,RF20、RF30与CK差异显著。RF10、RF20面团弱化度较CK均升高,RF30当季显著升高,第二季下降。RF10、RF20面粉能量值当季升高,第二季下降;RF30两季均下降。氮肥减施对籽粒容重、出粉率、拉伸阻力及延伸性等影响规律性不明显。研究表明,减施10%、20%氮肥能实现减肥不降产,对当季小麦品质影响不大,连续减施则影响小麦品质;减施30%氮肥时小麦产量有降低趋势,且品质有所下降。     

春小麦籽粒灌浆特性的研究

通过一元非线性回归方程对春小麦不同基因型籽粒灌浆过程的研究发现,春小麦不同基因型籽粒灌浆过程均呈"慢-快-慢"的趋势,灌浆过程要经过渐增期、快增期、缓增期3个阶段.籽粒灌浆参数的变化表明:最大灌浆速率、缓增期灌浆持续时间的变异系数较大,而平均灌浆速率、快增期灌浆速率和总灌浆持续期的变异系数较小.相关分析表明,随着平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率以及3个灌浆时期的灌浆速率的提高,千粒质量增加显著(r=0.827**~0.968**),最大灌浆速率出现得越早(r=-0.627*);3个灌浆时期的灌浆速率及最大灌浆速率越大,平均灌浆速率也越大(r=0.728**~0.96**);平均灌浆速率、快增期、缓增期的灌浆速率越大则灌浆持续期越短(r=-0.586*~0.667 8*).     

不同灌水处理对强筋小麦新麦19产量及品质的影响

在大田条件下研究了不同灌水处理对强筋小麦新麦19产量、干物质转运、水分利用效率、籽粒全氮含量和面团粉质拉伸参数的影响。试验于2009—2010年度,在新乡市农业科学院辉县试验基地一号地和辉县市孟庄镇高村同时进行。试验采用随机区组试验设计,三次重复。试验设5个处理：底墒水+拔节水+开花水,底墒水+拔节水,底墒水+越冬水+孕穗水,越冬水+孕穗水,越冬水+起身水+开花水+灌浆水（对照）。结果表明：灌水处理对新麦19的产量、干物质转运、水分利用效率及籽粒品质性状有显著的影响,两地结果基本一致。“底墒水+拔节水+开花水”处理的产量最高,两地平均比对照增产5%,花后干物质积累量和转运率、水分利用率、降水利用效率、灌水利用率和品质性状均高于对照。“底墒水+拔节水”处理的水分利用率最高,比对照高出6%以上。小麦全生育期灌两水以上时,随灌水量的增加籽粒品质将变劣;花后灌一水与花后不灌水处理的籽粒品质性状差异较小,二者均优于花后灌两水的处理。综合籽粒产量、品质、水分利用率多方面因素,在河南北部地区强筋小麦生产中适宜采用“底墒水+拔节水+开花水”的水分管理模式。     

甘肃省57个春小麦品种品质性状分析

筛选了甘肃省不同历史时期种植的57个春小麦品种,测定了其理化特性和面团流变学特性,分析了各品种品质性状的变异情况.结果表明:供试品种品质的差异反应在蛋白质的质量上而不是数量上,且大部分品种的面粉都属于弱筋粉;随着育种工作的推进,市场对优质品种的需求,小麦面粉的综合品质状况出现明显的改善,尤其自上世纪90年代以后大部分品种的面粉已达到中筋以上,其面团流变学特性也显示这此品种的面粉适合于加工北方口味的食品.     

灰色关联度评价法在甘春系列小麦拉面品质中的应用

采用灰色关联系数法对15个2003年品比圃中筛选出的甘春系列小麦品种组合的拉面品质的各项指标进行了测定分析,根据产量、蛋白质含量、灰分、面筋含量、面筋指数、面团延展性等指标建立综合评价的指标体系,筛选出了综合品质较优的组合。     

超高产小麦品种籽粒灌浆速率及其品质特性分析

为探讨超高产小麦的灌浆特性及品质形成规律,通过17个品种试验,分析小麦籽粒灌浆速率和品质特性。结果表明,籽粒灌浆早期,超高产小麦品种灌浆速率较常规品种低,但在成熟前10 d内,其灌浆速率较高,成熟前10 d两者灌浆速率分别为1.74,1.15 g·d-1(千粒)。年份间品种特性对小麦籽粒品质影响不尽一致,小麦产量与面粉品质在一定程度上存在相关性,参试超高产品种与常规品种粉质仪质量数平均为99.0和99.8。     

大穗型高产小麦群体的光照特征和生理特性研究

研究结果表明,随着种植密度增大,大穗型品种的群体成穗数有所增加,但单株成穗数,穗粒数和千粒重明显降低。使得种植密度过高时产量下降。其主要原因是高密度下麦苗素质变差,叶面积指数过大,群体光环境亚化,光合能力降低,衰老进程加快。