Shade stress decreases stem strength of soybean through restraining lignin biosynthesis

Lodging is the most important constraint for soybean growth at seedling stage in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system. In the field experiments, three soybean cultivars Nandou 032-4 (shade susceptible cultivar; B1), Jiuyuehuang (moderately shade tolerant cultivar; B2), and Nandou 12 (shade tolerant cultivar; B3) were used to evaluate the relationship between stem stress and lignin metabolism in the stem of soybean. Results showed that the intercropped soybean was in variable light condition throughout the day time and co-growth stage with maize. The xylem area and cross section ratio played a main role to form the stem stress. The B3 both in intercropping and monocropping expressed a high stem stress with higher xylem area, lignin content, and activity of enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and peroxidase (POD)) than those of B1 and B2. Among the soybean cultivars and planting pattern, lignin content was positively correlated with stem stress. However, a negative correlation was found between lignin content and actual rate of lodging. In conclusion, the shade tolerant soybean cultivar had larger xylem area, higher lignin content and activities of CAD, 4CL, PAL, and POD than other soybean cultivars in intercropping. The lodging in maize-soybean intercropping can be minimized by planting shade tolerant and lodging resistant cultivar of soybean. The lignin content in stem could be a useful indicator for the evaluation of lodging resistance of soybean in intercropping and activities of enzymes were the key factors that influence the lignin biosynthesis.     

遮荫程度对不同耐荫性大豆品种光合及抗倒程度的影响

【目的】在玉米大豆间套作种植系统中,高位作物玉米的遮荫常常会导致大豆苗期茎秆细弱,倒伏严重,产量低下。文章在玉米大豆间套模式下,分析遮荫程度对大豆苗期光合产物积累、分配和抗倒性的影响,为建立合理群体结构提供理论依据。【方法】以不耐荫不抗倒型大豆南032-4和强耐荫强抗倒型大豆南豆12为试验材料,设置不遮荫（W0,透光率100%）、一层黑色遮阳网（W1,透光率31.90%）和二层黑色遮阳网(W2,透光率10.83%)3个处理进行室外盆栽试验,测定大豆光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度、SPAD值、叶面积及各器官生物量积累等光合指标和株高、各节间长度、各节间茎粗、茎秆抗折力、倒伏指数等抗倒伏指标,分析不同遮荫处理下大豆光合特性及抗倒伏相关性状的变化。【结果】随着遮荫程度的增加,2个品种大豆的光合速率、气孔导度、叶面积和SPAD值显著降低,各器官有机物积累量和根冠比显著下降;随遮荫程度增加,大豆倒伏严重,茎秆抗折力和抗倒伏指数显著降低。不同耐荫性大豆品种对不同遮荫程度的响应有差异,与W0相比,强耐荫性大豆南豆12和不耐荫性南032-4的光合速率在W1和W2分别降低了35.6%、99.6%和40.9%、83.6%。强耐荫性品种南豆12在W0和W1干物质积累高于南豆032-4,差异显著,但W2处理下差异不显著(P＜0.05),表明中度遮荫下大豆的光合速率仍保持较高水平,且强耐荫性品种在遮荫条件下光合产物积累量较高。南032-4的W1和W2处理倒伏率较南豆12分别高出55.9%和2.57%(2014年和2015年2年均值),W1处理下南032-4表现中度倒伏,南豆12表现为轻度倒伏,而W2处理下南032-4和南豆12均表现为严重倒伏,表明中度遮荫下大豆品种间倒伏差异显著,不耐荫性品种倒伏程度严重。同一遮荫程度下,南豆12抗折力降低幅度(39.8%)高于南032-4(38.425%),但W1和W2处理后南豆12的抗折力比南032-4高27.3%和26.6%(2014和2015年2年均值)。同一遮荫程度下强耐荫性品种南豆12茎秆抗折力和抗倒伏指数均显著高于南032-4(P＜0.05),而株高表现相反。【结论】随遮荫程度增加,大豆光合积累量减少,倒伏严重;强耐荫性品种在中度遮荫下能保持较高光合能力和抗倒伏能力,具有较强的耐荫性,但过度遮荫后,其耐荫性与弱耐荫材料差异不显著。因此,在大豆玉米间套作种植模式下,适当减少弱光胁迫程度,才能发挥大豆的耐荫和抗倒潜力。     

套作大豆苗期倒伏与茎秆内源赤霉素代谢的关系

【目的】从内源赤霉素代谢角度,阐明玉米大豆套作环境下,大豆苗期茎秆发生藤蔓化倒伏的原因。【方法】在大豆单作和玉米大豆套作两种种植方式下,以耐荫抗倒型大豆南豆12和不耐荫抗倒型大豆南032-4为试验材料,采用石蜡切片、液相色谱质谱联用、SYBR^®GreenⅡ荧光定量PCR等方法,对茎秆形态、解剖结构、赤霉素含量、赤霉素代谢相关基因表达等进行测定和分析。【结果】与大豆单作相比,玉米大豆套作下,由于受玉米荫蔽的影响,南豆12和南032-4两个大豆材料苗期均出现典型的避荫性反应,即主茎节数减少,节间长和株高显著增加,苗期出现藤蔓化和倒伏,但两大豆材料间反应程度不同,差异极显著。与南032-4比,南豆12受套作荫蔽的影响较小,茎秆藤蔓化程度低,倒伏率仅29.93%,极显著低于南032-4（93.94%）（P<0.05）;南032-4株高增加32.64 cm,与南豆12（22.95 cm）呈显著差异（P<0.05）;两材料主茎节数减少,材料间无差异;南032-4中上部节间长度显著长于南豆12,说明套作下植株株高的增加来源于节间的伸长,而非节数的增多,且中部及上部节间过度伸长易导致植株茎秆藤蔓化和倒伏。从茎秆纵切面的解剖结构可知,玉米大豆套作条件下,大豆主茎细胞都有不同程度的伸长,南032-4茎秆髓部、木质部、韧皮部细胞伸长明显,而南豆12在两种种植模式下各部分细胞无明显变化,说明大豆株高的增加源于细胞的伸长,非细胞的分裂。内源赤霉素代谢分析结果表明,套作条件下,两材料茎秆内源赤霉素含量均显著降低,南豆12茎秆内赤霉素A₄（GA₄）的含量显著低于南032-4;对编码赤霉素代谢途径中关键酶基因表达量的分析表明,除赤霉素合成酶基因GmGA20ox5、GmGA3ox6和赤霉素降解酶基因GmGA2ox4在不同种植方式和不同材料间均保持较低的水平外,茎秆中其他内源赤霉素合成酶GA-20氧化酶基因、GA3-氧化酶基因和赤霉素降解酶GA2-氧化酶基因表达量均高于单作,且南032-4的表达量高于南豆12,说明植株内源赤霉素的含量对编码赤霉素代谢途径中关键酶基因具有前馈和反馈作用,南豆12茎尖维持较低活性赤霉素GA₄水平,抑制植株主茎过度伸长,最终表现出较强的耐荫抗倒性。【结论】大豆内源赤霉素GA₄的合成受基因型和光环境的共同影响,从而影响大豆茎秆生长发育,最终导致不同材料在耐荫抗倒表型上的典型差异。     

套作对大豆苗期茎秆纤维素合成相关糖类物质转化的影响及其与叶片光合的关系

【目的】从纤维素合成相关糖类物质转化的角度,阐明玉米大豆套作模式下,大豆苗期茎秆光形态建成的机理。【方法】在大豆单作和玉米大豆套作两种种植模式下,以强耐荫大豆南豆12和弱耐荫大豆南032-4为试验材料,对叶片光合速率和茎秆总碳、纤维素、可溶性糖、蔗糖、β-1,3-葡聚糖等含量进行测定和分析。【结果】与单作相比,套作大豆由于受到玉米荫蔽,苗期光合速率显著降低,但材料间对套作的反应程度不同,强耐荫大豆南豆12受套作荫蔽的影响程度相对较小,在套作下表现出较强的光合能力;套作显著降低了大豆叶片和茎秆的总碳含量,但南豆12的降低幅度显著低于南032-4。相关分析表明叶片光合速率与叶片和茎秆的总碳含量、茎秆的纤维素含量均呈极显著正相关（r=0.952,0.935,0.825,P＜0.01）,说明荫蔽通过影响大豆叶片的光合速率,减少了光合产物的积累和向茎秆中的分配,导致大豆植株茎秆纤维素含量降低;强耐荫大豆南豆12在荫蔽下的光合速率较高,光合产物积累较多,适合套作种植。在整个苗期,虽然套作大豆茎秆可溶性糖含量均显著低于单作,但β-1,3-葡聚糖和蔗糖含量在大豆出苗后30-51 d却表现为套作显著高于单作,且在套作模式下,两个大豆糖类物质转化率差异显著;同一种植模式下,强耐荫大豆南豆12茎秆可溶性糖、蔗糖和β-1,3-葡聚糖的含量和转化率均显著或极显著高于南032-4。对纤维素沉积方式分析表明,同一大豆材料,单作模式下茎秆纤维素快速累积时间和累积速率要高于套作;同一种植模式下,强耐荫大豆南豆12纤维素快速累积时间要短于南032-4,但差异较小,而累积速率要高于南032-4,最终导致南豆12的茎秆纤维素含量显著高于南032-4。【结论】套作荫蔽降低了大豆叶片的光合能力,减少了光合产物向茎秆的运输量和茎秆填充物的含量,改变了茎秆纤维素的沉积方式,使得纤维素的含量降低;而强耐荫性大豆南豆12在套作模式下能保持较高光合能力和茎秆纤维素合成能力,具有较强的抗倒伏性。     

iTRAQ protein profile analysis of soybean stems reveals new aspects critical for lodging in intercropping systems

Soybean is often intercropped with maize, sugarcane, and sorghum. Because of the shade coming from the latter, the soybean stem lodging is often a very serious problem in intercropping systems. The aim of this study is to characterize the possible mechanisms in the stem of shade-induced promotion of seedling soybean lodging in intercropping systems at the proteome level. We found that the soybean stem became slender and prone to lodging when it was planted with maize in an intercropping system. The inhibition of lignin biosynthesis and lack of photosynthate(soluble sugar) for the biosynthesis of the cell wall led to the lower internode breaking strength. A total of 317 proteins were found to be affected in the soybean stem in response to shade. Under the shade stress, the down-expression of key enzymes involving the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway inhibited lignin biosynthesis. The up-regulation of expansin and XTHs protein expression relaxed the cell wall and promoted the elongation of internodes. Although the expression of the enzymes involving sucrose synthesis increased in the soybean stem, the lack of a carbon source prevented rapid stem growth. This metabolic deficit is the principal cause of the lower cellulose content in the stem of intercropped soybean, which leads to weakened stems and a propensity for lodging.     

玉米荫蔽对大豆光合特性与叶脉、气孔特征的影响

目的 探究在玉米-大豆套作模式下,玉米大豆共生期内玉米荫蔽对大豆光合特性及叶脉、气孔特征的影响。方法 在自然光照射下采用两因素完全随机盆栽试验,以强耐荫性品种南豆12和弱耐荫性品种桂夏3号为研究对象,设置T1（2行玉米间隔2行大豆套作）、T2（1行玉米间隔1行大豆套作）和CK（净作大豆）3种空间配置,探究不同处理下大豆光合参数、叶脉和气孔特征参数对光环境的响应。结果 与净作相比,玉米荫蔽下大豆冠层的远红光光谱辐照度显著增加,T1、T2处理下的光照强度分别降低48.62%和77.39%。在玉米荫蔽下大豆的净光合速率、气孔导度、叶脉密度和气孔密度显著低于CK（P＜0.05）,且下降幅度都随着荫蔽程度的增加而增加（由T1到T2处理）。与CK相比,T1、T2处理下南豆12的净光合速率分别显著下降41.00%、44.15%,桂夏3号的净光合速率分别显著下降44.62%、47.93%;南豆12的气孔导度分别显著下降29.19%、39.69%,桂夏3号的气孔导度分别显著下降26.83%、49.50%。同时,南豆12的叶脉密度在T1、T2处理下分别比CK显著下降14.99%、20.01%,气孔密度分别下降12.79%、18.27%;桂夏3号的叶脉密度在T1、T2处理下分别比CK显著下降10.38%、27.62%,气孔密度分别下降15.77%、22.46%。此外,大豆的净光合速率与气孔导度、叶脉闭合度、气孔密度、叶脉密度呈显著正相关关系（P＜0.05）,与叶脉间距呈极显著负相关关系（P＜0.01）;叶脉密度与气孔密度呈极显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）。玉米荫蔽下,南豆12的叶脉密度、叶脉长度、叶脉闭合度、叶脉间距都显著优于桂夏3号。在荫蔽程度更高的T2处理下,除蒸腾速率和叶脉闭合度以外,强耐荫性品种南豆12的光合、叶脉和气孔各参数的变化幅度都小于桂夏3号,且净光合速率更高。结论 在玉米-大豆套作的种植模式中,大豆冠层光环境、叶脉和气孔特征的变化会影响大豆的光合能力,但不同耐荫性大豆品种的叶脉、气孔特征对荫蔽的响应存在差异。     

Late sowing enhances lodging resistance of wheat plants by improving the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose

Delayed sowing mitigates lodging in wheat. However, the mechanism underlying the enhanced lodging resistance in wheat has yet to be fully elucidated. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of sowing date on lignin and cellulose metabolism, stem morphological characteristics, lodging resistance, and grain yield. Seeds of Tainong 18, a winter wheat variety, were sown on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) during both of the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons. The results showed that late sowing enhanced the lodging resistance of wheat by improving the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose. Under late sowing, the expression levels of key genes (TaPAL, TaCCR, TaCOMT, TaCAD, and TaCesA1, 3, 4, 7, and 8) and enzyme activities (TaPAL and TaCAD) related to lignin and cellulose biosynthesis peaked 4–12 days earlier, and except for the TaPAL, TaCCR, and TaCesA1 genes and TaPAL, in most cases they were significantly higher than under normal sowing. As a result, lignin and cellulose accumulated quickly during the stem elongation stage. The mean and maximum accumulation rates of lignin and cellulose increased, the maximum accumulation contents of lignin and cellulose were higher, and the cellulose accumulation duration was prolonged. Consequently, the lignin/cellulose ratio and lignin content were increased from 0 day and the cellulose content was increased from 11 days after jointing onward. Our main finding is that the improved biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose were responsible for increasing the stem-filling degree, breaking strength, and lodging resistance. The major functional genes enhancing lodging resistance in wheat that are induced by delayed sowing need to be determined.     

大豆苗期耐荫性综合评价及其鉴定指标的筛选

【目的】探讨不同基因型大豆苗期的耐荫性,筛选出苗期耐荫性快速鉴定指标,为耐荫大豆品种的鉴定、选育提供依据和材料基础。【方法】通过设置正常光照（1 000 µmol·m^-2·s^-2）和弱光（400 µmol·m^-2·s^-2）两种光照环境,在植株生长到20 d时,考察19个参试大豆材料苗期的24个形态、生物量及生理指标,包括株高（plant height,PH）、茎粗（stem diameter,SD）、主茎节数（nodes of main stem,HN）、下胚轴长（hypocotyl length,HL）、叶面积（leaf area,LA）、叶片厚度（leaf thickness,LT）等形态指标,植株各部分干重及总干重,叶绿素a（chlorophyⅡ a,Chla）等光合色素含量,净光合速率（net photosynthetic rate,Pn）、蒸腾速率（transpiration rate,Tr）等光合特征参数,实际荧光（the initial fluorescence(light),Fo′）、最大荧光（maximum fluorescence(light),Fm^′）等叶绿素荧光参数,以各性状的耐荫系数（处理性状值/对照性状值）作为衡量参试材料耐荫性的指标,应用主成分分析法、隶属函数法、聚类分析和逐步回归分析方法,对大豆苗期的耐荫性进行综合评价。【结果】与对照相比,经弱光处理后,参试材料苗期的各性状变化趋势及幅度不同;通过对24个形态生理指标的相关性分析发现,各指标间都有不同程度的相关性,有的性状间的相关性达到了显著或极显著水平。采用主成分分析将24个单项指标转换为6个相互独立的综合指标,其贡献率分别为30.50%、21.24%、12.00%、10.71%、8.02%和5.18%,代表了全部数据87.65%的信息量。利用隶属函数法计算综合耐荫评价值（D）,并对其进行聚类分析,按照耐荫性强弱将19个参试大豆材料划分为3类,即强耐荫型（第Ⅰ类）2个材料、中度耐荫型（第Ⅱ类）5个材料、不耐荫类型（第Ⅲ类）12个材料。进一步通过逐步回归建立了以叶片干重（leaf dry weight,LDW）、气孔导度（stomatal conductance,Gs）、株高和暗下最大荧光产量（maximum fluorescence (dark),Fm）为指标的大豆苗期耐荫性评价数学模型：D =-0.301+0.419LDW+0.169Gs+0.031PH+0.255Fm （R²=0.959）,利用建立的最优回归方程对供试材料进行预测,结果与综合评价值（D）基本一致,表明这4个单项指标建立的回归方程用于大豆苗期耐荫性评价具有可行性。综合聚类和逐步回归结果发现,强耐荫类型材料的LDW、Gs、Fm中等,而PH较高,该类型材料的这4个单项指标的耐荫系数均高于其他类型材料。【结论】采用多元统计方法对大豆苗期耐荫性进行评价是可行的,在相同处理条件下,通过测定LDW、Gs、PH和Fm 4个鉴定指标,可进行大豆苗期耐荫性强弱的快速鉴定和预测。     

盐胁迫下苗期栽培大豆生理响应及Na~+动态平衡关键基因的表达

【目的】研究耐盐栽培大豆和盐敏感栽培大豆对盐胁迫的响应,特别是盐胁迫对大豆幼苗光合特性、离子含量及Na~+动态平衡相关基因表达的影响,通过比较盐胁迫下不同大豆品种的响应差异,揭示不同基因型大豆耐盐机制,为大豆栽培管理、耐盐品种的选育及人工调控提供理论参考。【方法】以耐盐栽培大豆(Y8D6008、Y8D6013)和盐敏感栽培大豆(Y8D6132、Y8D6136)为材料,选取长势一致的大豆幼苗于1/2×Hoagland营养液中培养,待第一片复叶完全展开时,营养液中加入Na Cl,每天递增50 mmol·L~(-1)到达处理浓度150 mmol·L~(-1),处理持续7 d。以不加Na Cl的1/2×Hoagland营养液作为对照,研究盐胁迫下大豆幼苗的光合特性、离子含量及Na~+动态平衡相关基因表达变化。【结果】150 mmol·L~(-1) Na Cl不同程度地抑制了4种大豆幼苗生长,同时显著降低SPAD值、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,但是Na Cl胁迫对盐敏感大豆影响程度显著高于耐盐品种;盐胁迫显著降低耐盐大豆的胞间CO2浓度,而盐敏感大豆与之相反,说明150 mmol·L~(-1) Na Cl处理下气孔限制是引起耐盐品种光合速率下降主要因素,而盐敏感品种光合速率下降主要因素是非气孔限制。对大豆植株的不同离子含量进行测定,发现盐胁迫下4种大豆叶片中Na~+积累均显著升高,盐敏感品种上升幅度显著高于耐盐品种,而K~+含量与Na~+含量的变化规律相反。盐敏感大豆叶片中磷含量(P)均受盐胁迫显著下降,而耐盐大豆叶片P在胁迫后略有增加。相关分析表明净光合速率变化幅度与叶片中Na~+、K~+和P含量变化幅度存在显著的相关性。对6个参与大豆植株体内Na~+动态平衡相关基因Gm SOS1、Gm Ncl1、Gm SALT3、Gm NHX1(离子通道基因)、Gm CIPK1(信号转导基因)和Gm AVP1(能量运输相关基因)相对表达量进行分析,发现盐胁迫后4种大豆的Gm Ncl1表达量均显著上调,盐敏感品种上调倍数高于耐盐大豆品种,这种表达变化与大豆的耐盐性具有一定的关联性,而其他5个基因表达量与大豆的耐盐性没有明显的关联性。【结论】与盐敏感大豆相比,耐盐大豆在盐胁迫环境条件下减少Na~+在叶片中的积累,保持相对较高的K~+和P含量,并维持相对较高的光合速率,这是耐盐大豆比盐敏感大豆具有较强耐盐特性的因素之一,另外Na~+动态平衡相关基因GmNcl1可能与大豆耐盐特性有一定关联性。     

苹果实生树枝干对轮纹病菌抗病性反应的差异

为进一步研究苹果枝干对轮纹病的抗病机理,以红玉×金冠杂种后代中表现不同抗病性的杂种实生树为试材,分析了不同抗病性的实生树枝条皮孔密度差异,接种轮纹病菌丝后枝条皮层木质素含量的变化,并采用扫描电镜技术,观察了接种点表面超微结构的变化。对20份不同抗性实生树1年生枝条皮孔密度的调查表明,在本分离群体内,皮孔密度与抗病性未见显著相关性。对苹果枝干轮纹病抗病、感病的杂种实生树进行接种,菌丝均可从皮孔侵入,但抗病的杂种实生树表现为致瘤性弱。接种病原后抗病和感病材料均会导致木质素含量的增加,但抗病材料木质素的增加量显著高于感病材料,表明木质素含量的激增与抗病性相关。金冠×红玉杂种后代中抗病单株的抗病性并非表现为抑制病原菌丝侵入,而表现为侵染后,通过诱导皮层木质素积累,抑制病原菌丝在寄主体内的扩展。     

不同基因型大豆植株氮素积累变化动态研究

为了探明大豆品种间氮素积累及运转规律,以东农42、黑农35、垦丰9号、东农46和秣食豆为材料,研究不同基因型大豆氮素积累分配差异。结果表明:不同基因型大豆品种叶片和茎秆氮素含量呈降—升—降的变化趋势;荚皮氮素含量呈下降趋势;籽粒氮素含量呈上升趋势。各营养器官氮素含量表现为荚皮叶片茎秆。不同基因型大豆叶片和茎秆氮素积累量变化动态基本一致,呈单峰曲线。荚皮中氮素积累量呈先升高后下降的趋势;籽粒氮素积累量呈持续增长趋势。成熟时全株氮素含量表现为秣食豆黑农35东农42东农46垦丰9号。高蛋白品种的营养体氮素积累峰值、氮素运转量及运转效率显著高于蛋白质含量低的品种,但氮收获指数相差很小。不同器官的氮素运转量和运转效率对籽粒的贡献率均表现为叶片茎秆荚皮。     

Effect of low-nitrogen stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with different low-nitrogen tolerances

Nitrogen(N) is a critical element for plant growth and productivity that influences photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. We investigated the effect of low-N stress on leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with difference in tolerance to low N levels. The low-N tolerant cultivar ZH311 and low-N sensitive cultivar XY508 were used as the test materials. A field experiment(with three N levels: N0, 0 kg ha–1; N1, 150 kg ha–1; N2, 300 kg ha–1) in Jiyanyang, Sichuan Province, China, and a hydroponic experiment(with two N levels: CK, 4 mmol L–1; LN, 0.04 mmol L–1) in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China were conducted. Low-N stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content and rapid light response curves of the maximum fluorescence under light(Fm′), fluorescence instable state(Fs), non-photochemical quenching(qN), the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry under dark-adaption(Fv/Fm), potential activity of PSII(Fv/Fo), and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(ΦPSII) of leaves. Further, it increased the chlorophyll(Chl) a/Chl b values and so on. The light compensation point of ZH311 decreased, while that of XY508 increased. The degree of variation of these indices in low-N tolerant cultivars was lower than that in low-N sensitive cultivars, especially at the seedling stage. Maize could increase Chl a/Chl b, apparent quantum yield and light saturation point to adapt to N stress. Compared to low-N sensitive cultivars, low-N tolerant cultivars maintained a higher net photosynthetic rate and electron transport rate to maintain stronger PSII activity, which further promoted the ability to harvest and transfer light. This might be a photosynthetic mechanism by which low-N tolerant cultivar adapt to low-N stress.     

种间距对不同结瘤特性套作大豆物质积累、 鼓粒及产量形成的影响

目的 间套作是实现资源高效利用、解决粮食供求矛盾的重要途径,间套作体系下作物和谐共生受种间互作强度的重要影响。本研究以玉米-大豆套作系统为研究对象,探讨玉豆种间距对不同结瘤特性大豆干物质积累与产量形成的影响。方法 2016—2017年,连续2年进行大田试验,二因素随机区组设计,A因素为不同玉豆种间距,大豆净作（A1）与玉米大豆套作（4种玉豆种间距：30 cm,A2;45 cm,A3;60 cm,A4;75 cm,A5）,B因素为3个大豆品种（贡选1号,弱结瘤;桂夏3号,中度结瘤;南豆25号,强结瘤）,分析大豆干物质积累、鼓粒、产量构成的变化规律。结果 玉豆种间距对不同结瘤大豆的物质积累分配有显著影响,鼓粒前期净作大豆的干物质积累量显著高于套作,R4期（盛荚期）达到最高;套作大豆的干物质积累则在R5期（始粒期）达到最高,并逐渐高于净作,以玉豆种间距45、60 cm下的物质积累量较高;玉豆种间距60 cm（A4）下的南豆25号在荚果分配率、成熟期干物质积累量和营养器官对荚果的贡献率等方面优于桂夏3号和贡选1号。各品种在套作下均以A4种间距下的鼓粒时间最长、达到最大鼓粒速率时的籽粒重最高,百粒重与产量最大,且与净作产量差异不显著;各玉豆种间距下以南豆25的鼓粒能力最强,A4种间距下南豆25的平均产量分别比桂夏3号、贡选1号高5.4%和6.3%。结论 强结瘤的南豆25号能较好适应玉米大豆套作环境,且在种间距60 cm下表现最优,有利于干物质向籽粒分配和鼓粒,以增加百粒重,弥补荚数不足,达到套作与净作产量相当的目的。     

Inhibition of miR397 by STTM technology to increase sweetpotato resistance to SPVD

As a critical food crop, sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is widely planted all over the world, but it is deeply affected by Sweetpotato Virus Disease (SPVD). The present study utilized short tandem target mimic (STTM) technology to effectively up-regulate the expression of laccase (IbLACs) by successfully inhibiting the expression of miR397. The upstream genes in the lignin synthesis pathway were widely up-regulated by feedback regulation, including phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoAligase (4CL), hydroxycinnamoyl CoA:shikimatetransferase (HTC), caffeicacid O-methyltransferase (COMT), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). Meanwhile, the activities of PAL and LAC increased significantly, finally leading to increased lignin content. Lignin deposition in the cell wall increased the physical defence ability of transgenic sweetpotato plants, reduced the accumulation of SPVD transmitted by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and promoted healthy sweetpotato growth. The results provide new insights for disease resistance breeding and green production of sweetpotato.     

大豆耐荫性评价体系的建立与中国南方大豆资源耐荫性变异

【目的】耐荫性是影响间套作大豆产量的重要因素,影响大豆间套作模式的应用与推广。建立高效、通用、稳定的耐荫性鉴定体系,以利于发掘耐荫种质,开展耐荫性育种。【方法】以60份不同耐荫性类型的大豆品种为材料,首先对15%、30%和60%3个遮光度下倒伏品种比例等进行比较,确定遮光处理条件;其次对遮光后的株高、平均节间长、叶柄长和茎叶鲜重等17个性状进行筛选,选定耐荫鉴定指标;再比较播种后第40、50和60天3个时期耐荫指标的误差变异系数和表型变异系数等,明确鉴定时期,最后建立由遮光度、耐荫鉴定指标和鉴定时期构成的耐荫性评价体系;利用该体系对中国南方十二省区453份材料进行耐荫性鉴定和资源筛选。【结果】30%遮光度相对其他遮光梯度较优,表现为倒伏品种有而不太多(22%)、表型变异系数较高(25%)、品种间区分度较好。株高和平均节间长构成的耐荫指标相对其他指标具有以下优点:(1)较准确,误差变异系数低(9.36%),遗传率高(95.43%);(2)较稳定,环境间相关系数高(0.92);(3)品种间区分度较好,表型变异系数(31.25%)和遗传变异系数(30.52%)较大;(4)与田间目测耐荫级别相关性较高(0.73),较能反映田间实际情况。播种后50 d时相对其他时期耐荫指标各参数均最优,如环境间相关系数最大(0.87),误差变异系数最小(7.75%)。据此将30%遮光度条件下,播种后50 d株高和平均节间长相对值的平均数定为耐荫指数,指数越小则越耐荫。中国南方453份大豆耐荫指数的变幅为1.11—2.61,平均1.55,材料个体间差异极显著,且遗传率较高(91.13%),说明表型选择具有较高的准确性。Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ生态区内耐荫指数变幅分别为1.19—2.08、1.17—2.61、1.27—2.37和1.11—2.54,均存在大量的耐荫性变异,各生态区均有耐荫性材料。地方品种和育成品种耐荫指数变幅分别为1.11—2.61和1.17—2.54,都存在较丰富的耐荫性变异,在筛选出的11份耐荫资源中,有8份是育成品种,说明大豆育种过程中耐荫性已得到改良。【结论】由30%遮光度、播种后50 d的株高和平均节间长构成的耐荫指数是相对准确、稳定、灵敏、实用的耐荫性评价体系。中国南方大豆耐荫性存在较为丰富的变异,从453份南方材料中筛选到11份耐荫性强的种质资源。     

光强和光质对大豆幼苗形态及光合特性的影响

【目的】玉米大豆带状套作种植模式下荫蔽是影响大豆生长发育的重要因素之一,而荫蔽包括光强的降低和光质的改变,通过分析不同光环境下大豆形态、光合生理参数,以期为揭示光强和光质对大豆生长发育的调控提供理论依据。【方法】以南豆12为试验材料,在人工气候室盆栽种植条件下,设置4个光环境：A1处理（正常光照+远红光;光强不变,红光和远红光比值降低）,A2处理（弱光+远红光;光强降低,红光和远红光比值降低）,A3处理（弱光;光强降低,红光和远红光比值不变）,CK对照（正常光照;光强不变,红光和远红光比值不变）,分析大豆幼苗形态及光合生理参数对不同光环境的响应。【结果】在光强不变,红光和远红光比值降低条件下,与CK相比A1处理大豆株高和生物量增加,根系长度、根系表面积、根系体积下降,类胡萝卜素含量显著下降,净光合速率增加,实际光化学量子效率降低,而非光化学猝灭系数差异不显著（P＞0.05）;与A3处理相比A2处理大豆株高降低,茎粗增加,生物量增加9.8%,叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量分别增加了5.68%和2.83%,而叶绿素b含量降低了6.48%,净光合速率最大光化学量子产量、非光化学猝灭系数、有效光化学量子产量显著增加,根系特征差异不显著（P＞0.05）。在光质不变,光强降低的条件下,与A2处理相比,A1处理大豆株高显著降低,根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积显著增加,生物量增加了62.87%,其中A1处理下叶片生物量占整个植株的54.96%,而A2处理下茎秆生物量占整个植株的52.08%,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素含量增加,净光合速率增加了16.22%,叶绿素荧光参数差异不显著（P＞0.05）;与CK相比,A3处理大豆株高显著增加,而茎粗、根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积显著降低,生物量显著减少了61.09%,其中A3处理下茎秆生物量积累增加,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量分别增加了29.41%、4.17%、41.51%,净光合速率和实际光化学量子效率显著下降（P＜0.05）。【结论】光强直接影响大豆形态建成和物质积累,而低的红光和远红光比值显著提高大豆光合速率,促进物质的积累。     

弱光胁迫对茄子幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以4个不同颜色茄子品种为供试材料,比较弱光胁迫对茄子幼苗生长和生理特性的影响,并筛选适宜的设施覆盖材料遮光率及较耐弱光品种。结果表明,弱光胁迫对茄子幼苗生长和生理特性有着显著的影响。弱光胁迫下,各供试茄子的茎粗、根体积、壮苗指数、叶绿素a/b值和根系活力都有不同程度的降低,而叶绿素含量和MDA含量增加。遮光24.2%时,4个品种生长和生理特性与自然光(CK)差异不大,因此在选择设施覆盖材料时,应选择遮光率低于24.2%。遮光24.2%下的圆紫茄茎粗、根体积、叶绿素a/b值、可溶性糖含量、MDA含量和根系活力等均与CK差异不显著,为较耐弱光品种。     

GmDRR1, a dirigent protein resistant to Phytophthora sojae in Glycine max (L.) Merr.

Soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora sojae is an oomycete that causes devastating damage to soybean yield. To mine original resistant genes in soybean is an effective and environmentally-friend approach controlling the disease. In this study, soybean proteins were extracted from the first trifoliolates infected by predominant P. sojae race 1 and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Nineteen differently-expressed protein spots were detected, and 10 of them were further applied for Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Assay. One protein containing a dirigent (DIR) domain was identified and belonged to the DIR-b/d family. Therefore, it was named as GmDRR1 (Glycine maxDisease Resistance Response 1). Then, GmDRR1 gene was pathologically confirmed to be involved in the resistant to P. sojae in soybean. GmDRR1-GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion proteins localized in the cell membrane. qRT-PCR results showed GmDRR1 gene expressed differently in P. sojae resistant- and susceptible-soybean cultivars. By the promoter analysis, we found a haplotype H8 was existing in most resistant soybean varieties, while a haplotype H77 was existing in most susceptible soybean varieties. The H77 haplotype had seven SNPs (C to A, G to C, C to A, T to A, T to C, T to C, and T to A) and two single nucleotide insertions. The results supported that the expression difference of GmDRR1 genes between P. sojae resistant- and susceptible-soybean cultivars might depend on the GmDRR1 promoter SNPs. The results suggested that GmDRR1 was a dirigent protein involved in soybean resistant to P. sojae and paved a novel way for investigation of the molecular regulatory mechanism of the defense response to P. sojae in soybean.