Effects of reduced nitrogen and suitable soil moisture on wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) rhizosphere soil microbiological,biochemical properties and yield in the Huanghuai Plain,China

Soil management practices affect rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activities, which in turn influence soil ecosystem processes. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of different nitrogen application rates on wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) rhizosphere soil microorganisms and enzyme activities, and their temporal variations in relation to soil fertility under supplemental irrigation conditions in a fluvo-aquic region. For this, we established a split-plot experiment for two consecutive years(2014–2015 and 2015–2016) in the field with three levels of soil moisture: water deficit to no irrigation(W1), medium irrigation to(70±5)% of soil relative moisture after jointing stage(W2), and adequate irrigation to(80±5)% of soil relative moisture after jointing stage(W3); and three levels of nitrogen: 0 kg ha~(–1)(N1), 195 kg ha~(–1)(N2) and 270 kg ha~(–1)(N3). Results showed that irrigation and nitrogen application significantly increased rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activities. Soil microbiological properties showed different trends in response to N level; the highest values of bacteria, protease, catalase and phosphatase appeared in N2, while the highest levels of actinobacteria, fungi and urease were observed in N3. In addition, these items performed best under medium irrigation(W2) relative to W1 and W3; particularly the maximum microorganism(bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi) amounts appeared at W2, 5.37×10~7 and 6.35×10~7 CFUs g–1 higher than those at W3 in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, respectively; and these changes were similar in both growing seasons. Microbe-related parameters fluctuated over time but their seasonality did not hamper the irrigation and fertilization-induced effects. Further, the highest grain yields of 13 309.2 and 12 885.7 kg ha~(–1) were both obtained at W2 N2 in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, respectively. The selected properties, soil microorganisms and enzymes, were significantly correlated with wheat yield and proved to be valuable indicators of soil quality. These results clearly demonstrated that the combined treatment(W2 N2) significantly improved soil microbiological properties, soil fertility and wheat yield on the Huanghuai Plain, China.     

Integrated management strategy for improving the grain yield and nitrogen-use efficiency of winter wheat

Understanding of how combinations of agronomic options can be used to improve the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) of winter wheat is limited. A three-year experiment involving four integrated management strategies was conducted from 2013 to 2015 in Tai'an, Shandong Province, China, to evaluate changes in grain yield and NUE. The integrated management treatments were as follows: current practice(T1); improvement of current practice(T2); high-yield management(T3), which aimed to maximize grain yield regardless of the cost of resource inputs; and integrated soil and crop system management(T4) with a higher seeding rate, delayed sowing date, and optimized nutrient management. Seeding rates increased by 75 seeds m~(–2) with each treatment from T1(225 seeds m~(–2)) to T4(450 seeds m~(–2)). The sowing dates were delayed from T1(5 th Oct.) to T2 and T3(8 th Oct.), and to T4 treatment(12 th Oct.). T1, T2, T3, and T4 received 315, 210, 315, and 240 kg N ha~(–1), 120, 90, 210 and 120 kg P_2O_5 ha~(–1), 30, 75, 90, and 45 kg K_2O ha~(–1), respectively. The ratio of basal application to topdressing for T1, T2, T3, and T4 was 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, and 4:6, respectively, with the N topdressing applied at regreening for T1 and at jointing stage for T2, T3, and T4. The P fertilizers in all treatments were applied as basal fertilizer. The K fertilizer for T1 and T2 was applied as basal fertilizer while the ratio of basal application to topdressing(at jointing stage) of K fertilizer for both T3 and T4 was 6:4. T1, T2, T3, and T4 were irrigated five, four, four and three times, respectively. Treatment T3 produced the highest grain yield among all treatments over three years and the average yield was 9 277.96 kg ha~(–1). Grain yield averaged across three years with the T4 treatment(8 892.93 kg ha~(–1)) was 95.85% of that with T3 and was 21.72 and 6.10% higher than that with T1(7 305.95 kg ha~(–1)) and T2(8 381.41 kg ha~(–1)), respectively. Treatment T2 produced the highest NUE of all the integrated treatments. The NUE with T4 was 95.36% of that with T2 and was 51.91 and 25.62% higher than that with T1 and T3, respectively. The N uptake efficiency(UPE) averaged across three years with T4 was 50.75 and 16.62% higher than that with T1and T3, respectively. The N utilization efficiency(UTE) averaged across three years with T4 was 7.74% higher than that with T3. The increased UPE with T4 compared with T3 could be attributed mostly to the lower available N in T4, while the increased UTE with T4 was mainly due to the highest N harvest index and low grain N concentration, which consequently led to improved NUE. The net profit for T4 was the highest among four treatments and was 174.94, 22.27, and 28.10% higher than that for T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Therefore, the T4 treatment should be a recommendable management strategy to obtain high grain yield, high NUE, and high economic benefits in the target region, although further improvements of NUE are required.     

测墒补灌和施氮对冬小麦产量及水分、氮素利用效率的影响

【目的】测墒补灌是近年来研究的一种小麦节水灌溉新技术。论文旨在探索测墒补灌与施氮对冬小麦生长的影响,为该区节水、节氮提供依据。【方法】采用漫灌的方式设置测墒补灌和施氮两因素田间试验,补灌设置4个处理,于冬小麦拔节期、开花期依据0-40 cm土层土壤质量含水量进行测墒补灌,补灌至土壤田间持水量的50%（W₁）、60%（W₂）、70%（W₃）、80%（W₄）。施氮设置4个处理,不施氮（N₀）、施纯氮180 kg·hm^-2（N₁₈₀）、240 kg·hm^-2（N₂₄₀）和300 kg·hm^-2（N₃₀₀）。在此处理下研究了测墒补灌和施氮对冬小麦产量及水分、氮素利用效率的影响。【结果】(1)各施氮处理下,补灌量的增加可增加冬小麦籽粒产量,当补灌量至土壤田间持水量的60%-80%范围内时,冬小麦籽粒的增产效应差异不显著。各补灌处理下,当施氮量超过240 kg·hm^-2时籽粒产量无显著性变化。本试验条件下当补灌至土壤田间持水量的60%,施氮量为240 kg·hm^-2时冬小麦籽粒产量达到最高,为8 104.6 kg·hm^-2。(2)增加施氮量和补灌量均可显著增加麦田总耗水量,但当施氮量超过240 kg·hm^-2时,施氮的提高效果不显著。补灌量的增加会显著增加麦田总耗水量,但当补灌至土壤田间持水量60%（W₂）、70%（W₃）时较补灌至80%（W₄）处理显著降低耗水量,说明有利于节约灌水而获得较高产量。(3)相同施氮处理下,补灌量的增加可显著提高冬小麦水分利用效率,当补灌量增至土壤田间持水量的60%时,冬小麦水分利用效率达到最大值,为14.7 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。相同补灌处理下,增施氮肥可显著提高冬小麦水分利用效率,但施氮量不宜超过240 kg·hm^-2,否则将导致水分利用效率降低。(4)相同施氮处理下,应控制补灌量至土壤田间持水量的60%时冬小麦氮素干物质生产效率及氮素利用效率最高,为60.1 kg·kg^-1、22.4 kg·kg^-1。相同补灌处理下,施氮量应控制在240 kg·hm^-2时可获得较高的氮素干物质利用效率及冬小麦氮素利用效率最高,为63.9 kg·kg^-1、23.5 kg·kg^-1。【结论】本试验条件下当施氮量为240 kg·hm^-2、冬小麦拔节期、开花期补灌至土壤田间持水量的60%时冬小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率、氮素干物质利用效率、氮素利用效率均最高,为最优的节水、节氮、高产组合,推荐其作为该区域适宜水、氮用量。     

An economic and viable approach to improve wheat quality in Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau,China

Wheat flour products are the main dietary component of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau(QTP) population in China.However, the high altitude restricts the local wheat quality and quantity, and the applied nitrogen rate is higher than the optimal rate for wheat planting. In this study, we considered whether reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and introducing the superior varieties from the North China Plain(NCP) are viable ways to increase the wheat quality and quantity in the QTP. Three and fou...     

Effects of mechanized deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer rate and type on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in Chuanxi Plain,China

This paper investigates the yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of machine-transplanted rice cultivated using mechanized deep placement of N fertilizer in the rice–wheat rotation region of Chuanxi Plain, China. It provides theoretical support for N-saving and improves quality and production efficiency of machine-transplanted rice. Using a single-factor complete randomized block design in field experiments in 2018 and 2019, seven N-fertilization treatments were applied, with the fertilizer being surface broadcast and/or mechanically placed beside the seedlings at (5.5±0.5) cm soil depth when transplanting. The treatments were: N0, no N fertilizer; U1, 180 kg N ha^–1 as urea, surface broadcast manually before transplanting; U2, 108 kg N ha^–1 as urea, surface broadcast manually before transplanting, and 72 kg N ha^–1 as urea surface broadcast manually on the 10th d after transplanting, which is not only the local common fertilization method, but also the reference treatment; UD, 180 kg N ha^–1 as urea, mechanically deep-placed when transplanting; M1, 81.6 kg N ha^–1 as urea and 38.4 kg N ha^–1 as controlled-release urea (CRU), mechanically deep-placed when transplanting; M2, 102 kg N ha^–1 as urea and 48 kg N ha^–1 as CRU, mechanically deep-placed when transplanting; M3, 122.4 kg N ha^–1 as urea and 57.6 kg N ha^–1 as CRU, mechanically deep-placed when transplanting. The effects of the N fertilizer treatments on rice yield and NUE were consistent in the 2 yr. With a N application rate of 180 kg ha^–1, compared with U2, the N recovery efficiency (NRE), N agronomic use efficiency (NAE) and yield under the UD treatment were 20.6, 3.5 and 1.1% higher in 2018, and 4.6, 1.7 and 1.2% higher in 2019, respectively. Compared with urea alone (U1, U2 or UD), the NRE, NAE and yield achieved by M3 (combined application of urea and controlled-release urea) were higher by 9.2–73.3%, 18.6–61.5% and 6.5–16.5% (2018), and 22.2–65.2%, 25.6–75.0% and 5.9–13.9% (2019), respectively. Compared with M3, the lower-N treatments M1 and M2 significantly increased NRE by 4.0–7.8% in 2018 and 3.1–4.3% in 2019, respectively. Compared with urea surface application (U1 or U2), the yield under the M2 treatment was higher by 4.3–12.9% in 2018 and 3.6–10.1% in 2019, respectively. Compared with U2, the NRE and NAE under the M2 treatment was higher by 36.9 and 36.3% in 2018, and 33.2 and 37.4% in 2019, mainly because of higher N uptake. There was no significant difference in the concentration of nitrate in the top 0–20 cm soil under U1, U2 and M2 treatments during the full heading and maturity stages. During the full heading stage, U2 produced the highest concentration of nitrite in 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil among the N fertilizer treatments. In conclusion, mechanized deep placement of mixed urea and controlled-release urea (M2) at transplanting is a highly-efficient cultivation technology that enables increased yield of machine-transplanted rice and improved NUE, while reducing the amount of N-fertilization applied.     

水氮对冬小麦-夏玉米产量及氮利用效应研究

【目的】水肥是作物产量的两大限制因子。当前在作物生产中对水氮资源利用不够合理,不仅浪费水资源,而且严重威胁环境。为了探讨华北山前平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系合理的水氮配合措施,在5年水氮定位试验基础上对周年轮作体系产量、氮吸收与利用状况进行了分析。【方法】试验为冬小麦夏玉米周年轮作种植,设置水、氮两因子,裂区试验设计,水分为主区,施氮量为副区。水分设置限水和适水两个处理,根据华北山前平原冬小麦夏玉米灌溉制度,冬小麦限水和适水下灌水次数分别为1水（拔节期）和2水（拔节+开花水）,夏玉米限水和适水下灌水次数根据不同年型降水量而定（1水为播前水,2水为播前水+12展叶水,3水为播前水+12展叶水+开花水）。周年设置6个施氮水平,小麦+玉米氮肥用量分别为（0+0）、（60+60）、（120+120）、（180+180）、（240+240）、（300+300）kg·hm^-2。【结果】在供水量较高和较适宜的条件下（年供水量大于609.5 mm）,水分不是氮肥肥效发挥的限制因素,氮肥对产量的贡献较大;而供水量较低的条件下,肥效受较大抑制,供水对产量贡献较大。供水量和施氮量有明显的耦合效应,限水和适水下得到最高产量的施氮量冬小麦分别为134.8和126.4 kg·hm^-2、夏玉米分别为176.8和127.2 kg·hm^-2。限水和适水下单季施氮量分别为300和240 kg·hm^-2时,地上部总氮量达较高值,但限水和适水下夏玉米和限水下冬小麦氮量超过60 kg·hm^-2、适水下冬小麦施氮量超过120 kg·hm^-2时,秸秆残留氮素明显增加,对籽粒氮的贡献变小。氮肥偏生产力随施氮量增加而降低,且随年度推移氮肥偏生产力明显降低,尤其是小麦季施氮量60 kg·hm^-2处理随年份增加降低尤为迅速。在本试验条件下周年施氮量限水240 kg·hm^-2、适水120 kg·hm^-2就能保持土壤有机质和全氮含量不降低。【结论】限水条件下水是限制氮肥肥效发挥的主要因素,通过改善水分条件可更有效的提高氮肥肥效,因此在干旱年型应降低施氮量。中高产田冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系限水和适水下得到最高产量的施氮量分别为311.6和253.6 kg·hm^-2,此时最佳产量可分别达16 127.5和17 272.9 kg·hm^-2。     

施氮时期对糜子产量和氮素利用效率的影响

为研究糜子高产栽培的氮肥运筹模式,以晋黍9号为材料,基肥、拔节肥和开花肥以不同比例施用,共设6个处理(N0,N1,N2,N3,N4,N5)。结果表明:分次施肥较一次性施肥有利于糜子产量的增加,以N4(2∶4∶4)的产量最大,为4 575.62kg/hm~2;产量与单株粒重和株高达到极显著正相关,分别为0.93和0.94;氮素养分利用效率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力都以N4处理最大,氮素养分利用效率较N1(基肥100%)和N2(基肥50%、拔节肥50%)分别提高了19.70%和1.31%;氮肥农学利用率较N1和N2分别提高了25.55%和23.64%;氮肥偏生产力较N1和N2分别提高了8.72%和8.07%。所以基肥、拔节期、开花期按2∶4∶4施氮,可以有效地提高糜子产量和氮素利用效率。     

水肥运筹对滴灌冬小麦干物质积累和产量调控效应研究

【目的】通过对施肥量及灌水量调控,研究水肥最优组合,为地区冬小麦高产栽培、节水节肥措施提供理论依据。 【方法】试验采用两因素四水平的裂区试验设计,以新冬36号为试验材料,在大田滴灌条件下,设置0 kg/hm²(N0)、375 kg/hm²(N1)、450 kg/hm²(N2)、525 kg/hm²(N3)四个施肥量(纯量);四个灌水梯度为3 450 m³/hm²(W1)、4 200 m³/hm²(W2)、4 950 m³/hm²(W3)、5 700 m³/hm²(W4)。分析干物质、叶面积指数及产量等性状,研究水肥因子对小麦生长的影响。【结果】干物质积累量从拔节期至灌浆期呈快-慢的增长规律,Logistic方程对其进行拟合表明,各处理从拔节后6~10 d干物质开始快速积累,41~49 d后转为缓慢积累。N2W2进入快速积累时间最早,最大积累速率较高。叶面积指数(LAI)在孕穗期达到最大,后期逐渐减小,N2、N3处理在拔节至孕穗期快速增加,并随着灌水量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。穗粒数与水肥施用量呈正相关关系。最终产量表现为N2>N3>N1>N0,最高产量为N2W3处理的9 848.13 kg/hm²,与N2W2处理无显著差异。水肥交互作用对穗数及产量影响达到极显著水平(P<0.01),对穗粒数有显著影响(P<0.05),与千粒重无显著相关性。【结论】施肥量450 kg/hm²、灌水量为4 200 m³/hm²,即N2W2处理为兼顾高产节水、省肥最优组合。     

Yield performance and optimal nitrogen and phosphorus application rates in wheat and faba bean intercropping

Yield performance in cereal and legume intercropping is related to nutrient management, however, the yield response of companion crops to nitrogen (N) input is inconclusive and only limited efforts have focused on rationed phosphorous (P) fertilization. In this study, two multi-year field experiments were implemented from 2014–2019 under identical conditions. Two factors in a randomized complete block design were adopted in both experiments. In field experiment 1, the two factors included three planting patterns (mono-cropped wheat (MW), mono-cropped faba bean (MF), and wheat and faba bean intercropping (W//F)) and four N application rates (N0, 0 kg N ha^–1; N1, 90 and 45 kg N ha^–1 for wheat and faba beans, respectively; N2, 180 and 90 kg N ha^–1 for wheat and faba beans, respectively; and N3, 270 and 135 kg N ha^–1 for wheat and faba beans, respectively). In field experiment 2, the two factors included three P application rates (P0, 0 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1; P1, 45 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1; and P2, 90 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1) and the same three planting patterns (MW, MF, and W//F). The yield performances of inter- and mono-cropped wheat and faba beans under different N and P application rates were analyzed and the optimal N and P rates for intercropped wheat (IW) and MW were estimated. The results revealed that intercropping favored wheat yield and was adverse to faba bean yield. Wheat yield increased by 18–26%, but faba bean yield decreased by 5–21% in W//F compared to MW and MF, respectively. The stimulated IW yield drove the yield advantage in W//F with an average land equivalent ratio (LER) of 1.12. N and P fertilization benefited IW yield, but reduced intercropped faba bean (IF) yield. Nevertheless, the partial LER of wheat (pLER_wheat) decreased with increasing N application rates, and the partial LER of faba bean (pLER_{faba bean}) decreased with increasing P application rates. Thus, LER decreased as N input increased and tended to decline as P rates increased. IW maintained a similar yield as MW, even under reduced 40–50% N fertilizer and 30–40% P fertilizer conditions. The estimated optimum N application rates for IW and MW were 150 and 168 kg ha^–1, respectively, and 63 and 62 kg ha^–1 for P₂O₅, respectively. In conclusion, W//F exhibited yield advantages due to stimulated IW yield, but the intercropping yield benefit decreased as N and P inputs increased. Thus, it was concluded that modulated N and P rates could maximize the economic and ecological functions of intercropping. Based on the results, rates of 150 kg Nha^–1 and 60 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1 are recommended for IW production in southwestern China and places with similar conditions.     

滴灌条件下水肥耦合对北疆冬小麦生理生长和产量的影响

[目的]研究滴灌下水肥耦合对北疆冬小麦生理生长与产量的影响,确定北疆滴灌冬小麦最佳水肥施用量.[方法]供试作物为当地主栽小麦品种新冬8号.采用2因素3水平设计,2因素为灌水量和施氮量,灌水量3个水平分别为2 700、3 600、4 500 m3/hm2,施氮量3个水平分别为150、450、750 kg/hm2;对照为常规畦灌处理,灌水4次,灌水量为3 600 m3/hm2,施肥量为450 kg/hm2.[结果]滴灌和畦灌条件下冬小麦株高变化趋势为返青分蘖期至抽穗期急剧增长,抽穗后株高增长相对缓慢;拔节期水分增加对小麦株高的影响较大;在相同灌水量的情况下,冬小麦株高随着施氮量的增加而增大;在相同施氮量的情况下,滴灌冬小麦株高随着灌水量的增加而增大.滴灌和畦灌条件下,冬小麦叶面积指数（LAI）在生育期内呈正态曲线变化,随着小麦生育期推进LAI呈先升后降的变化趋势,孕穗期LAI最高;在相同灌水量的情况下,随着施氮量的增加,LAI也增大;在相同施氮量的情况下,随着灌水量的增加,LAI随着增大;水肥耦合对小麦产量、穗数、千粒重和质量影响较大,但对穗粒数的影响不显著.[结论]该研究可为大面积推广冬小麦滴灌技术和制定合理的灌溉施肥管理措施提供科学依据.     

Coupling Effects of Irrigation and Phosphorus Fertilizer Applications on Phosphorus Uptake and Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat

The water content and nutrient in soil are two main determine factors to crop yield and quality, managements of which in field are of great importance to maintain sustainable high yield. The objective of this study was to measure the uptake, forms, and use efficiency of phosphorus (P) in wheat under four levels of irrigation (W0, W1, W2, and W3) and three levels of P application (P0, P1, and P2) through two growth seasons of wheat (2008–2010). The field experiment was carried out in a low level of soil P concentration and the cultivar was Jimai 20. The results indicated that P fertilizer combined with irrigation not only improved the activity of phosphatase in soil, but also increased P accumulation in wheat, similar results was found in the grain of wheat, the content of total P increased significantly. Meanwhile, the mainly existence forms of P in grain were the lecithoid-P and labile organic-P. On the other hand, in comparison to the irrigation, the dry matter and grain P production efficiency and postponing P application of wheat increased with increasing P application rates within the range of 0–180 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1. The interaction between P and irrigation also significantly (P<0.01) affected on the P accumulation, grain total P, grain phospholipid P, and P production efficiency. In this study, therefore, the P applications and irrigation improved grain P production efficiency and postponing P application of winter wheat, and W2P2 treatment (180 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 combination with 120 mm irrigation) had a high P accumulation and P use efficiency, it was an optimum level for P fertilizer application and irrigation in this region.     

减氮适墒对冬小麦土壤硝态氮分布和氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】针对黄淮冬麦区过量施氮的现象,研究了适量减氮在不同土壤墒情下硝态氮分布以及冬小麦对氮素吸收利用效率和籽粒产量的变化,为该地区小麦生产上科学施用氮肥提供理论依据。【方法】于2014—2015和2015—2016两个小麦生长季,在大田条件下设置3个灌水处理,自然降水(W1)、适墒(W2,70%±5%)、足墒(W3,80%±5%)和3个施氮量处理(不施氮,N1;减氮施肥,N2:195 kg·hm~(-2);常规高量氮肥,N3:270 kg·hm~(-2)),测定了0—100 cm土层硝态氮含量、冬小麦植株氮素吸收转运量和籽粒产量。【结果】0—60 cm土层硝态氮(NO_3-N)的分布随土层加深而减少,随施氮量增加而提高,随土壤墒情的增大而减少;60 cm又出现不同程度的回升,尤其是足墒(W3)加大了NO_3-N的淋溶,N2、N3水平下80—100 cm土层W3平均比W1高出了3.8 mg·kg~(-1)和4.2 mg·kg~(-1);减氮处理(N2)促进了NO_3-N吸收,成熟期0—20 cm土层NO_3-N比开花期平均降幅为2.3 mg·kg~(-1),高氮处理(N3)收获后土层中NO_3-N却有较多的富集。减氮适墒处理(W2N2)显著增加了开花期营养器官氮素积累量(P0.05),并促进氮素向籽粒的有效转运,尤其表现在叶片中;花前氮素转移量和对籽粒的贡献率均达最大,籽粒产量和籽粒中的氮素积累量分别比其他处理平均高出15.4%、27.3%,从而极显著提高了氮素吸收率和生产效率(P0.05)。【结论】本试验条件下,施氮量195 kg·hm~(-2),拔节后土壤相对含水量维持在70%±5%,是兼顾产量、氮肥吸收和生产效率的最佳处理。     

水氮运筹对两种穗型小麦品种产量的效益分析

在大田条件下,研究了灌水(W)和施氮量(N)对大穗型品种豫麦66与多穗型品种豫麦49产量的影响.结果表明,增加灌水次数和施氮量对两品种穗数及穗粒数均有促进作用,以W2(灌两水)、W3(灌三水)和N2(225 kg/hm2)、N3(300 kg/hm2)处理较高.氮肥对千粒质量的影响豫麦66为以N2处理最高,继续增施氮肥反而降低,而豫麦49则随施氮量增加而降低.豫麦66灌水次数与千粒质量间呈负相关,而豫麦49的为正.两品种产量表现为W2>W3>W1(灌一水)和N2>N3或N1(150 kg/hm2)>N0(0 kg/hm2),W2N2处理为最佳水氮组合.根据水氮投入和产量结果建立产量与氮肥和灌水的回归方程,水氮均有显著的增产作用,但氮素效应大于水分.豫麦66表现出水氮正交互效应,而豫麦49为负.在拔节期灌一水,豫麦66和豫麦49的最佳施氮量分别为190.8 kg/hm2和373.8 kg/hm2,其产量分别为5 773.2 kg/hm2和7 259.7 kg/hm2.在灌二水下豫麦66和豫麦49的最佳施氮量分别为202.5 kg/hm2和325.4 kg/hm2,产量为6 055.3 kg/hm2和7 633.1 kg/hm2,继续增加灌水,由于水氮投入增加和产量降低而导致经济效益降低.因此,水氮管理方案的制定,应依据当地生产条件并结合品种特性等因素进行.     

不同时期追施不同量氮肥对陕南地区稻茬田小麦产量的影响

[目的]研究陕南小麦氮肥追施最佳时间和最佳用量,为陕南地区小麦生产中氮肥的合理施用提供理论依据。[方法]以汉麦6号为供试品种,分别在冬灌期、拔节期进行1次或2次追施氮肥,通过产量及其构成要素和经济系数等指标,研究不同施用时间和不同纯氮施用量对小麦产量的影响。[结果]同等纯氮施用量下,1次追肥,以拔节期追肥效果最好,其中,追施纯氮69.00 kg/hm2时,产量最高,达8 751.90 kg/hm2,其次为追施纯氮103.50 kg/hm2时,产量为8 623.20 kg/hm2;当纯氮施用量高于69.00 kg/hm2时,拔节期1次追肥效果优于冬灌拔节2次追肥。追施纯氮34.50 kg/hm2时,2次追施的小麦产量高于拔节期1次追施。[结论]拔节期1次追施纯氮69.00 kg/hm2时,小麦产量最高,效益最好。     

Growth and nitrogen productivity of drip-irrigated winter wheat under different nitrogen fertigation strategies in the North China Plain

Excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is the main cause of N loss and poor use efficiency in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the North China Plain (NCP).  Drip fertigation is considered to be an effective method for improving N use efficiency and reducing losses, while the performance of drip fertigation in winter wheat is limited by poor N scheduling.  A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth, development and yield of drip-fertigated winter wheat under different split urea (46% N, 240 kg ha^–1) applications.  The six treatments consisted of five fertigation N application scheduling programs and one slow-release fertilizer (SRF) application.  The five N scheduling treatments were N0–100 (0% at sowing and 100% at jointing/booting), N25–75 (25% at sowing and 75% at jointing and booting), N50–50 (50% at sowing and 50% at jointing/booting), N75–25 (75% at sowing and 25 at jointing/booting), and N100–0 (100% at sowing and 0% at jointing/booting).  The SRF (43% N, 240 kg ha^–1) was only used as fertilizer at sowing.  Split N application significantly (P<0.05) affected wheat grain yield, yield components, aboveground biomass (ABM), water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).  The N50–50 and SRF treatments respectively had the highest yield (8.84 and 8.85 t ha^–1), ABM (20.67 and 20.83 t ha^–1), WUE (2.28 and 2.17 kg m^–3) and NPFP (36.82 and 36.88 kg kg^–1).  This work provided substantial evidence that urea-N applied in equal splits between basal and topdressing doses compete economically with the highly expensive SRF for fertilization of winter wheat crops.  Although the single-dose SRF could reduce labor costs involved with the traditional method of manual spreading, the drip fertigation system used in this study with the N50–50 treatment provides an option for farmers to maintain wheat production in the NCP.     

不同农艺措施对河套灌区节水春小麦氮素利用的影响

[目的]系统研究春小麦生长发育特性以及植株氮素吸收规律,阐明不同农艺措施与氮素利用的关系,深入揭示节水条件下氮肥高效利用的生理机制,明确节水灌溉春小麦实现高氮素利用效率的适宜农艺措施,以期达到减少氮肥施用量、提高氮肥利用效率、降低小麦生产成本、减少环境污染、保护生态环境的目的.[方法]在前期研究确立的节水灌溉模式基础上,通过4因素5水平二次回归正交设计试验,以基本苗数、种肥磷量、施氮量和灌水定额4项主要农艺措施为决策变量,以氮素农学利用效率为目标函数,建立了内蒙古河套灌区主要农艺措施与春小麦氮素农学利用效率的二次多项式回归模型.[结果]4项农艺措施对氮素农学利用效率的影响大小顺序为：基本苗数＞灌水定额＞施氮量＞种肥磷量.通过频数寻优,定量化地提出了河套灌区春小麦实现高氮素农学利用效率的农艺措施优化组合方案,即基本苗数控制在678.9万～710.9万株/hm2,种肥磷量（P2O5） 142.4 ～ 158.9 kg/hm2,拔节期追施氮量（纯N）124.5～142.0 kg/hm2,拔节期和抽穗期灌水定额均为903.5 ～951.6m3/hm2,可实现节水春小麦氮素利用率大于10 kg/kg.[结论]该研究可为建立河套灌区春小麦节水省肥高产栽培技术体系提供理论依据.     

优化氮肥配置提高冬小麦-夏玉米贮墒旱作栽培水氮利用效率

为探明与冬小麦-夏玉米周年贮墒旱作节水栽培模式相配套的氮肥高效施用技术,基于贮墒旱作栽培(冬小麦和夏玉米灌底墒水或出苗水,生育期内不灌水),在全年施氮量360 kg/hm2下开展了前后茬作物施氮量配比不同的大田试验.试验设置4种施氮处理,分别为冬小麦120 kg/hm2+夏玉米240 kg/hm2(W0N1);冬小麦1...     

Postponed and reduced basal nitrogen application improves nitrogen use efficiency and plant growth of winter wheat

Excessive nitrogen(N) fertilization with a high basal N ratio in wheat can result in lower N use efficiency(NUE) and has led to environmental problems in the Yangtze River Basin, China. However, wheat requires less N fertilizer at seedling growth stage, and its basal N fertilizer utilization efficiency is relatively low; therefore, reducing the N application rate at the seedling stage and postponing the N fertilization period may be effective for reducing N application and increasing wheat yield and NUE. A 4-year field experiment was conducted with two cultivars under four N rates(240 kg N ha–1(N240), 180 kg N ha–1(N180), 150 kg N ha–1(N150), and 0 kg N ha–1(N0)) and three basal N application stages(seeding(L0), fourleaf stage(L4), and six-leaf stage(L6)) to investigate the effects of reducing the basal N application rate and postponing the basal N fertilization period on grain yield, NUE, and N balance in a soil-wheat system. There was no significant difference in grain yield between the N180 L4 and N240 L0(control) treatments, and the maximum N recovery efficiency and N agronomy efficiency were observed in the N180 L4 treatment. Grain yield and NUE were the highest in the L4 treatment. The leaf area index, flag leaf photosynthesis rate, flag leaf nitrate reductase and glutamine synthase activities, dry matter accumulation, and N uptake post-jointing under N180 L4 did not differ significantly from those under N240 L0. Reduced N application decreased the inorganic N content in the 0–60-cm soil layer, and the inorganic N content of the L6 treatment was higher than those of the L0 and L4 treatments at the same N level. Surplus N was low under the reduced N rates and delayed basal N application treatments. Therefore, postponing and reducing basal N fertilization could maintain a high yield and improve NUE by improving the photosynthetic production capacity, promoting N uptake and assimilation, and reducing surplus N in soil-wheat systems.     

Suitability of the DNDC model to simulate yield production and nitrogen uptake for maize and soybean intercropping in the North China Plain

Intercropping is an important agronomic practice. However, assessment of intercropping systems using field experiments is often limited by time and cost. In this study, the suitability of using the DeNitrification DeComposition(DNDC) model to simulate intercropping of maize(Zea mays L.) and soybean(Glycine max L.) and its aftereffect on the succeeding wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) crop was tested in the North China Plain. First, the model was calibrated and corroborated to simulate crop yield and nitrogen(N) uptake based on a field experiment with a typical double cropping system. With a wheat crop in winter, the experiment included five treatments in summer: maize monoculture, soybean monoculture, intercropping of maize and soybean with no N topdressing to maize(N0), intercropping of maize and soybean with 75 kg N ha~(–1) topdressing to maize(N75), and intercropping of maize and soybean with 180 kg N ha~(–1) topdressing to maize(N180). All treatments had 45 kg N ha~(–1) as basal fertilizer. After calibration and corroboration, DNDC was used to simulate long-term(1955 to 2012) treatment effects on yield. Results showed that DNDC could stringently capture the yield and N uptake of the intercropping system under all N management scenarios, though it tended to underestimate wheat yield and N uptake under N0 and N75. Long-term simulation results showed that N75 led to the highest maize and soybean yields per unit planting area among all treatments, increasing maize yield by 59% and soybean yield by 24%, resulting in a land utilization rate 42% higher than monoculture. The results suggest a high potential to promote soybean production by intercropping soybean with maize in the North China Plain, which will help to meet the large national demand for soybean.     

Improving winter wheat grain yield and water-/nitrogen-use efficiency by optimizing the micro-sprinkling irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate

Available irrigation resources are becoming increasingly scarce in the North China Plain (NCP),and nitrogen-use efficiency of crop production is also relatively low.Thus,it is imperative to improve the water-use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen fertilizer productivity on the NCP.Here,we conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the effects of different irrigation amounts (S60,60 mm;S90,90 mm;S120,120 mm;S150,150 mm) and nitrogen application rates (150,195 and 240 kg ha~(–1);denoted as N1,N2 and N3,respectively) under micro-sprinkling with water and nitrogen combined on the grain yield(GY),yield components,leaf area index (LAI),flag leaf chlorophyll content,dry matter accumulation (DM),WUE,and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).The results indicated that the GY and NPFP increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount,but there was no significant difference between S120 and S150;WUE significantly increased first but then decreased with increasing irrigation and S120 achieved the highest WUE.The increase in nitrogen was beneficial to improving the GY and WUE in S60 and S90,while the excessive nitrogen application (N3) significantly reduced the GY and WUE in S120 and S150 compared with those in the N2 treatment.The NPFP significantly decreased with increasing nitrogen rate under the same irrigation treatments.The synchronous increase in spike number (SN) and 1 000-grain weight (TWG)was the main reason for the large increase in GY by micro-sprinkling with increasing irrigation,and the differences in SN and TGW between S120 and S150 were small.Under S60 and S90,the TGW increased with increasing nitrogen application,which enhanced the GY,while N2 achieved the highest TWG in S120 and S150.At the filling stage,the LAI increased with increasing irrigation,and greater amounts of irrigation significantly increased the chlorophyll content in the flag leaf,which was instrumental in increasing DM after anthesis and increasing the TGW.Micro-sprinkling with increased amounts of irrigation or excessive nitrogen application decreased the WUE mainly due to the increase in total water consumption (ET)and the small increase or decrease in GY.Moreover,the increase in irrigation increased the total nitrogen accumulation or contents (TNC) of plants at maturity and reduced the residual nitrate-nitrogen in the soil (SNC),which was conducive to the increase in NPFP,but there was no significant difference in TNC between S120 and S150.Under the same irrigation treatments,an increase in nitrogen application significantly increased the residual SNC and decreased the NPFP.Overall,micro-sprinkling with 120 mm of irrigation and a total nitrogen application of 195 kg ha~(–1) can lead to increases in GY,WUE and NPFP on the NCP.