头孢洛宁乳房注入剂（干乳期）在牛奶中的残留消除

【目的】 头孢洛宁为第一代半合成头孢菌素类抗生素,对革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌均有良好的抗菌活性,临床以每个乳区250mg用于治疗亚临床感染引起的乳房炎。头孢洛宁通过与敏感菌的青霉素结合蛋白相结合,从而阻断细菌细胞壁的合成,达到抑制细菌生长的目的。笔者开展头孢洛宁乳房注入剂（干乳期）在牛奶中的残留消除规律研究,以期为该药的合理使用和乳品安全生产提供指导。【方法】 选取20头进入干乳期的健康奶牛,每个乳区分别注入一支头孢洛宁乳房注入剂。平均干乳期为50 d,奶牛产犊开始泌乳后的6、12、24、36、48、60、72、96和120 h,将每头奶牛每次采集的4个乳区的奶混合。采用Phenomenex Luna C18（150mm×2.1mm,3.5μm）。以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱程序洗脱,流速0.25 mL/min,柱温为35℃,进样量为5.0 μL。头孢洛宁采用电喷雾离子源（ESI）离子化,正离子模式扫描,多反应监测模式（MRM）,电喷雾电压（IS）为4kV,雾化气压力（GS1）为55psi,气帘气（CUR）为15 psi,辅助气流速（GS2）为35psi,离子源温度（TEM）为600 ℃;定量离子对为m/z→459.4/337.3。样品自然解冻,取5 g牛奶,置于50 mL离心管中,加入20 mL乙腈,涡旋混匀2min,在10℃条件下10 000 r/min离心10 min。将上清液用15 mL75%乙腈水溶液重复提取一次,合并两次的提取液,并加入10 mL乙腈饱和的正己烷,震荡1 min,弃掉正己烷,把提取液移至100 mL鸡心瓶中,在40℃用旋转浓缩仪旋转蒸发除去乙腈。向已除去乙腈的样品溶液中加入20 mL磷酸二氢钠缓冲溶液,然后用氢氧化钠溶液调节至pH8.5。将样品提取液以3 mL/min的流速通过HLB固相萃取柱,先用5 mL磷酸二氢钠缓冲溶液洗涤鸡心瓶并过柱,再用2 mL水洗柱。用2 mL乙腈洗脱,收集洗脱液于刻度样品管中,在40℃下用氮气浓缩仪吹干,用2 mL水溶解残渣,摇匀后,过0.22 μm滤膜,取样供LC-MS/MS检测。【结果】 头孢洛宁在2—200 μg·kg ^-1的范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数在0.991—0.997之间。该方法检测限为0.5 μg·kg ^-1,定量限为2 μg·kg ^-1。头孢洛宁在2、20、40和200 μg·kg ^-1四个添加水平上的平均回收率为73.60%—103.52%,批内变异系数为1.85%—10.41%,批间变异系数为3.41％—8.97%。结果表明,该方法的回收率和变异系数满足残留检测定量分析要求。使用头孢洛宁干乳期乳房注入剂的初产奶牛,在产犊后96 h低于定量限。经产奶牛在产犊36 h低于定量限,24h均低于MRL。 【结论】 头孢洛宁乳房注入剂（干奶期）按推荐剂量4个乳区（250 mg/乳区）给药后,其产犊泌乳后牛奶中的弃奶期为24 h。     

奶牛用头孢洛宁乳房注入剂（干乳期）的安全性评价

【目的】 确定自主研发新兽药——头孢洛宁乳房注入剂（干乳期）对靶动物的安全性。【方法】 选择经产和初产健康泌乳期奶牛各6头,入选前30日内未接受过全身性或乳房内抗生素给药,产奶量在15-35 kg。给药前1日、给药当日（0日）,记录各试验奶牛的日产奶量、直肠温度,并采集奶样进行体细胞检测。采样时先用清水冲洗乳房,用75%乙醇对乳头及周围进行消毒,待酒精挥发后,手工挤奶,弃去前三把奶后,采集奶样于灭菌试管中,贴好标签,低温（4℃）保存并于6 h内送实验室检测。给药当天,待奶牛挤完奶后,先用消毒毛巾清洁各乳区,再用消毒药液浸泡乳头约30 s,然后进行乳头内灌注给药。灌注时轻轻推压活塞,将药物缓缓注入乳池内,使药物均匀分布。按照推荐剂量,每头奶牛的4个乳区分别单次注入头孢洛宁乳房注入剂（干乳期）一支（含头孢洛宁250 mg）。给药后1日、3日、5日、7日和10日对4个乳区各采集奶样。记录奶牛标识、观察时间、试验日期和时间、每头奶牛日产奶量及体温等参数。检测乳样中体细胞数（SCC）,对给药当日（0日）和给药后第10日各采集的乳样进行细菌学检查。将各奶样接种至选择性培养基分离各种病原菌。分离菌株经纯化培养后,依据菌落形态、染色特征、生化特点鉴定其种类。主要分离金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌（无乳链球菌、乳房链球菌）、大肠杆菌。【结果】 在整个试验期间,给药乳区未出现乳房红、肿、热、痛等临床症状。给药前1日、0日和给药后的1、3、5、7和10日,体细胞数大多在25-40万个/mL,平均体细胞数分别为33.26、32.74、32.70、31.63、31.24、30.62、30.04 万个/mL,给药后各时间点奶样体细胞数与给药前体细胞检测结果相比,体细胞数有所降低,但经重复测量方差分析显示无显著性差异（P>0.05）;日产奶量在23-33 kg,平均日产奶量分别为27.30、27.35、27.25、27.40、27.64、27.83、28.00 kg,经重复测量方差分析显示无显著性差异（P>0.05）;所有试验奶牛在给药前和给药后不同时间点的直肠温度均在奶牛的正常温度范围内（38.4-39.2℃）,直肠平均温度分别为38.79、38.82、38.83、38.77、38.71、38.71、38.69℃,经重复测量方差分析显示无显著性差异（P>0.05）;故按推荐剂量单次给药对奶牛的体细胞数、日产奶量、体温无显著影响。病原菌鉴定结果表明：在给药当日（0日）采集的乳样中,分离到链球菌、葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌分别为2、3和4株;给药后第10日,仅检测到葡萄球菌和链球菌各1株,给药前后目标菌数量有显著降低。【结论】 头孢洛宁乳房注入剂（干乳期）对奶牛体温、产奶量和奶中体细胞数等无不良影响,该制剂用于奶牛安全。     

紫外高效液相色谱法检测牛奶中盐酸环丙沙星残留

建立了检测牛奶中盐酸环丙沙星残留的高效液相色谱法,其检测限和定量限分别为50μg／L和100μg/L;在100、150、200μg/L浓度添加范围内,回收率为75％-81％,变异系数〈10％;标准溶液在2．50—160．0μg/L的浓度范围内线性关系良好。表明本方法简单准确,适应于牛奶中盐酸环丙沙星的检测,便于推广。     

硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂(干乳期)对奶牛安全性的研究

【目的】了解硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂(干乳期)对健康奶牛的正常体温、日产奶量、奶中体细胞数和乳房内菌群的影响。【方法】选用初产和经产健康泌乳期奶牛各6头,所选奶牛在试验前30日内未全身性或乳房内给予任何抗生素,奶牛正常饲养管理,日粮和饮水中不含有任何抗菌药物。给药前1和0日统计记录各试验奶牛的直肠温度、日产奶量(早、中、晚3次产奶量的加和)、检测每个乳区采集奶样的体细胞数,并对给药前0日的奶样进行病原菌分离鉴定。4个乳区分别单次给予硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂(干乳期)。给药后的第1、3、5、7、10天分别统计记录每头奶牛的日产奶量,给药后的第12 h、3、5、7、10天分别采集奶样进行体细胞检测,同时检查直肠温度;给药后的第10天,采集奶样进行病原菌分离鉴定。比较奶牛用药前后直肠温度、日产奶量、牛奶体细胞数和奶中病原菌的变化。整个试验期间连续观察给药奶牛是否出现红、肿、热、痛等临床症状。【结果】给药前1天、0天和最后一次给药后的第1、3、5、7、10天,试验奶牛的日产奶量平均值分别为28.8、27.7、28.1、28.7、28.8、29.2和29.6 kg,卡方检验显示无显著性差异(P0.05);各时间点采集的奶中体细胞数大都维持在30—50万个/m L之间;各时间点测得的奶牛直肠温度平均值分别为38.3、38.4、38.3、38.3、38.3、38.2和38.3℃,无显著性差异(P0.05);病原菌检测结果显示,在给药前0日采集的奶样中,分离到大肠杆菌8株、链球菌5株和葡萄球菌7株,给药后第10天采集的奶样中大肠杆菌、链球菌和葡萄球菌各分离到1株,明显减少,且没有增加新的病原菌。【结论】硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂(干乳期)对奶牛正常体温、产奶量和奶中体细胞数等没有不良影响,该制剂用于奶牛是安全的。     

高效液相色谱法测定牛奶及牛可食性组织中咪唑苯脲

建立了高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定牛奶及牛可食性组织中咪唑苯脲(IMD)残留.牛奶或已匀浆组织先用β-葡萄糖苷酶水解,组织用盐酸超声提取,再用提取液萃取,牛奶直接用提取液提取.用乙腈-戊烷磺酸钠水溶液作为流动相,经高效液相色谱C18柱分离后用紫外检测器检测.咪唑苯脲质量浓度在0.01～10.00μg/mL的范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.999;组织加标样品检出限为0.01μg/g,定量限为0.02μg/g.在定量限、最高残留限量、2倍最高残留限量添加水平下的平均回收率为80.02%～114.72%,批内相对标准偏差为0.83%～10.92%,批间相对标准偏差为7.45%～12.69%.表明该检测方法简单、灵敏、可靠,适用于牛奶及牛组织中咪唑苯脲残留的分析.     

气相色谱法检测牛奶中五氯苯酚残留量

建立了气相色谱-电子捕获检测器测定牛奶中五氯苯酚残留量的检测方法.样品经丙酮提取,乙酸酐衍生化,衍生物采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器进行检测.结果表明,五氯苯酚衍生物响应信号与其质量浓度在5.00～500.00μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r2为0.999;在5、10和50μg/kg添加水平下,牛奶中待测物平均回收率分别为77.6%、87.2%和86.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于9.6%;检测限为2μg/kg,定量限为5μg/kg.方法适合于牛奶中五氯苯酚残留检测.     

盐酸环丙沙星在奶牛患子宫内膜炎时乳汁中的药动学及残留

研究通过子宫内灌注盐酸环丙沙星,采用内标法以反相高效液相色谱法测定了4头患子宫内膜炎的奶牛乳汁中盐酸环丙沙星的药物浓度,用MCPKP房室分析程序处理乳中药物浓度-时间数据。研究表明,患牛子宫内给药的血样药时数据经MCPKP处理符合一级吸收一室开放模型。乳样中主要药动学参数为:Ka为0.091 25 h-1,tmax为19.17 h,Cmax为0.018 25 靏mL-1,AUC为1.032 mg(Lh)-1,T1/2Ka为8.25 h,T1/2K为24.64 h。弃奶期为4 d。     

奶牛乳房炎的病因调查

奶牛乳房炎是制约奶牛业发展和危害消费者健康的最主要因素，对奶牛乳房炎的病因进行了简要综述，为乳房炎的预防和治疗提供了理论依据。     

基于高通量测序技术分析奶牛乳房炎关联微生物群落结构及多样性

[目的]研究奶牛乳房炎主要病原微生物及乳汁中微生物群系分布.[方法]对CJ和HZS 2个牛场的奶牛进行乳房炎检查,视觉和触觉等临床检查奶牛乳房及乳汁后,将2个场中确诊为临床乳房炎的奶牛随机采集乳汁样本各3份,并将非临床型奶牛的乳汁样本随机采集各1份,通过对乳房炎奶牛和非临床型奶牛乳样中细菌的16S rRNA基因V3-V...     

Impact of Long-Term Atrazine Use on Groundwater Safety in Jilin Province,China

The long-lasting application of representative herbicide atrazine (ATR) has given rise to the accumulation of its residues in the groundwater. To investigate the impact of long-term ATR use on groundwater safety, the residues of ATR and its metabolites, desethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and hydroxyatrazine (HA) were monitored in groundwater and top soil at the major corn growing region of Qian'an and Gongzhuling in Jilin Province, China. The residues of the target compounds were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. The limits of detection (LODs) of ATR, DEA, DIA, and HA were 0.5, 0.5, 5, and 0.5 ng L^?1 in groundwater and 0.33, 0.33, 3.3, and 0.33 μg kg^?1 in soil. The target compounds were found in 94% of groundwater samples and 100% of soil samples. The compounds detected most frequently in groundwater were ATR (89%), DEA (64%) and HA (17%), whereas in soil were ATR (97%), DEA (36%) and HA (97%). DIA was not detected in any determined groundwater and soil sample. Average residues were 106.8 ng L^?1 for ATR, 0.9 ng L^?1 for DEA and 0.3 ng L^?1 for HA in groundwater, whereas 11.1 μg kg^?1 for ATR, 0.4 μg kg^?1 for DEA and 7.8 μg kg^?1 for HA in soil. ATR residues detected in groundwater samples were below standards for drinking water quality (GB5749-2006, 2 μg L^?1), while the total residues of ATR and its chloro-s-triazine metabolites (DEA and DIA) were below current WHO (World Health Organization) guideline value (GV, 0.1 mg L^?1). In addition, concentrations of HA in groundwater were determined below current WHO GV (0.2 mg L^?1). The results indicated that ATR is safe to be used in Jilin Province under the current application scheme. However, total residues of ATR and DEA were detected in nearly all wells, thus, it is necessary to pay attention on groundwater monitoring for ATR and its metabolites.     

Milk Yield of Holstein Cows Induced into Lactation Twice Consecutively and Lactation Curve Models Fitted to Artificial Lactations

Nineteen multiparous barren Holstein cows were subjected to an induction of lactation protocol for 21 d administering estradiol cypionate (2 mg kg⁻¹ of body weight (BW) d⁻¹, on day 1 to 14), progesterone (0.10 mg kg⁻¹ of BW, on day 1 to 7), flumethasone (0.03 mg kg⁻¹ of BW, on day 18 to 20) and recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST; 500 mg per cow, on day 1, 6, 16 and 21). At the end of lactation and with a minimum of a 2-mon dry period, the same cows were again hormonally induced into lactation. Cows in both lactations were not artificially inseminated, they were milked 3 times daily and received rbST throughout lactation. Mean accumulated milk yield at 305 d in milk (DIM) did not differ between the first and second induced lactations ((9 710 ±1 728) vs. (9 309±2 150) kg; mean±SD). Total milk yield ((12 707±3 406) vs. (12 306±4 218) kg; mean±SD) and lactation length ((405±100) vs. (410±91) d; mean±SD) were not different between the first and second induced lactations. In a second study, 15 empirical models including exponential, power law, yield-density, sigmoidal and miscellaneous models were compared for their suitability by modeling 12-mon (n=334), 18-mon (n=164) and 29-mon (n=22) lactation cycles of Holsteins cows induced into lactation and treated with rbST throughout the lactation. Hoerl (Y= ab^1/xx^c), Wood (Y=ax^b exp(cx)) and Dhanoa (Y=ax^(bc)exp(cx)) models were equally suitable to describe 12-mon lactations. An exponential model with five parameters (Y=exp(a+bx+cd²+e/x)) showed the best fit for milk yield for 18-mon lactations. The rational model (Y=a+bx/1+cx+dx²) was found to produce the closest fit for 29-mon lactations. It was concluded that, with the protocol used in the present study, multiparous cows respond favorably to a second cycle of induced lactation, with milk yield similar to that experienced during the first cycle. Thus, dairy producers might be able to lengthen the productive life of infertile high producing cows with a renewal of artificial lactation, which would imply an overall reduction in voluntary culling of cows. Also, various equations used to describe the lactation curves demonstrated the potential for fitting monthly milk records of Holstein cows with prolonged lactations and induced hormonally into lactation.     

牛奶和鸡蛋中抗生素残留规律研究

[目的]了解新疆地区奶牛和蛋鸡生产中常用抗生素类药物在牛奶和鸡蛋中的残留情况.[方法]按照新疆地区奶牛和蛋鸡生产中抗生素类药物的使用方法及剂量进行投放,采集牛奶及鸡蛋样品进行检测.[结果]青霉素钾在牛奶中的残留规律为停药1 d>5 d>3 d;头孢噻呋钠在牛奶中的残留规律为停药3 d>1 d>5 d;链霉素在牛奶中的残留规律为停药1 d>3 d>5 d;长效土霉素在牛奶中的残留量在停药1～11 d一直维持在175 μg/kg左右;停药1和3 d,酒石酸泰乐菌素在鸡蛋中的残留量为2 μg/kg左右;头孢噻呋钠在鸡蛋中的残留规律为停药7 d>5 d>3 d>1 d;环丙沙星在鸡蛋中的残留规律为停药11 d>7 d>5 d>1 d>3 d.[结论]除了长效土霉素外,其他药物在休药期内的残留量均低于中国和欧共体(EEC)规定的标准残留限量.     

奶牛头胎产犊日龄与305d泌乳量的相关分析

[目的]探讨奶牛头胎产犊日龄对其产奶量的影响。[方法]以宁夏平吉堡奶牛场一分场系谱资料比较完整的50头奶牛头胎产犊记录为资料,对奶牛头胎产犊日龄与305 d泌乳量进行相关分析。[结果]50头奶牛头胎产犊日龄与305 d泌乳量的相关系数为0.4482,达显著水平(P<0.05),即奶牛头胎产犊日龄与305 d泌乳量呈中等正相关。305 d泌乳量(y)与产犊日龄(x)之间的回归方程为y=8.173x+11.460。在744~887 d之间产犊的奶牛,其305 d泌乳量随头胎产犊日龄的增加而增大,可以预测该时期内奶牛的产奶量。[结论]奶牛头胎产犊日龄对其305 d泌乳量有较大影响。     

加速溶剂萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定大米中三环唑残留

建立了加速溶剂萃取结合超高效液相色谱串联质谱测定大米中三环唑残留的分析方法。大米中的三环唑经加速溶剂萃取仪萃取,中性氧化铝柱净化,采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱仪定量分析。结果表明,三环唑在2.0～100.0 ng/mL范围内具有良好的线性关系。本方法检出限为0.10μg/kg,回收率为78.2%～85.1%,相对标准偏差为5.6%～7.6%。此方法操作简便、快速、灵敏、精确,适于大米中三环唑残留量的分析测定。     

产犊月份对荷斯坦牛产奶量的影响

以西安草滩第二牛场的荷斯坦牛为研究对象,选择2～4胎产奶量记录完整的健康母牛共587头,其中2胎217头,3胎196头,4胎174头,主要探讨产犊月份对产奶量的影响。将所有产奶数据校正到305d产奶量,用Excel进行统计分析,做出全年产奶量的整体分布曲线。对12个月份和4个季节的产奶量分别采用单因素方差分析,确定各月份和不同季节的影响效果。结果表明,冬季12、1、2月份和早春的3月份产犊的母牛305d产奶量最高,显著或极显著高于其他月份,属高产奶量月份;夏季6、7、8月份产犊的母牛305d产奶量最低,显著或极显著低于其他月份,属低产奶量月份;春季4、5月份和秋季9、10、11月份产犊的母牛305d产奶量处于中等水平,显著或极显著低于冬季和早春,但显著或极显著高于夏季,属中等产奶量月份。产犊月份对产奶量的影响效果表明,在保证全年牛奶供求基本平衡的前提下,适当调整在高产月份产犊,对提高奶牛群体产奶量具有重要意义。     

恩诺沙星及其代谢产物在奶牛乳中的消除规律

 【目的】研究乳房炎奶牛单剂量乳房灌注1%恩诺沙星（50 ml/头）后乳中药物浓度的变化规律。【方法】采用HPLC法测定乳中恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星的浓度,用统计矩原理处理药物浓度—时间数据。【结果】在给药区恩诺沙星和代谢产物环丙沙星均于给药后2ｈ左右乳中浓度达到最高值,分别为（13.16±3.10）μg?ml-1和（2.79±0.94）μg?ml-1,然后逐渐下降;12 ｈ后检测不到恩诺沙星,24 ｈ已检测不到环丙沙星。对于非给药区,恩诺沙星给药后1ｈ左右乳中浓度达到最高值（0.19±0.02）μg?ml-1,然后逐渐下降;6 ｈ后检测不到恩诺沙星,而代谢产物环丙沙星于给药后4 ｈ乳药浓度可达最高峰（0.51±0.07）μg?ml-1,24 ｈ已检测不到乳药浓度。给药区代谢物环丙沙星的消除半衰期较恩诺沙星长,平均为（1.67±0.20）h,平均滞留时间（MRT）亦长。在本试验条件下,建议临床休药期不少于3 d。【结论】恩诺沙星吸收较迅速 ,代谢较快、清除较快 ,表明恩诺沙星与环丙沙星在乳中不会形成残留。     

原料奶生产环节微生物污染分析及防控措施研究

【目的】研究原料奶生产环节微生物菌落总数的变化规律,确定防控微生物污染的有效措施。【方法】通过测定原料奶生产各环节微生物菌落总数,分析微生物污染的变化规律,在此基础上研究不同奶牛乳房清洗消毒方式、舍弃奶量、贮存温度、运输条件等对原料奶中微生物菌落总数的影响,进而获得有效防控微生物污染的措施。【结果】奶站设备的卫生状况是造成不同奶站原料奶中微生物菌落总数存在明显差异的原因,奶牛乳房卫生状况、设备的卫生状况及贮存运输条件是造成同一奶站不同环节微生物存在明显差异的原因。温水清洗后擦干再用质量分数0.1% KMnO₄溶液消毒奶牛乳房并擦干后,原料奶中菌落总数由未清洗时的2.65×10⁴ cfu/mL降低到2.56×10³ cfu/mL。舍弃奶量超过40 mL时,原料奶菌落总数小于1.00×10³ cfu/mL,并趋于稳定。相同贮存时间下于0～4 ℃条件下贮存奶样中的微生物菌落总数增长较缓慢。4 927次收奶记录中的1 054 次微生物抽检记录显示,奶温越高、运输距离越长原料奶中微生物菌落总数越多。【结论】采取改善奶站设备卫生水平、温水清洗擦干后消毒奶牛乳房并擦干、机械挤奶前舍弃多于40 mL奶、将原料奶快速冷却至0～4 ℃贮存以及缩短运输距离、减少贮运温度波动等措施,均可有效控制原料奶的微生物污染。     

Effects of Rumen Protected Methionine on Milk Yield and Milk Composition in Earlier Lactating Cow

A total of 12 mature healthy Holstein dairy cows of the nearly body weight （580±30） kg, milk yield （22.5±2.8） kg in the early stages of lactation were selected in this experiment. The cows were randomly divided into 2 groups, every group had 6 cows, every group had 6 repeats, and every repeat had 1 cow. Added 20 g protected methionine in earlier lactating cow food every day. The results showed that protected methionine increased milk yield by 10.83%, testing group milk yield was significantly different than that of control （P〈0.05）; protected methionine increased milk fat by 5.98%, testing group milk fat was significantly different than that of control （P〈0.05）; Milk protein increased by 2.15%, but bad insignificantly different （P〉0.05）; dry matter of milk had the tendency of decrease, but had insignificant difference （P〉0.05）.     

Effects of Bupleurum extract on blood metabolism,antioxidant status and immune function in heat-stressed dairy cows

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Bupleurum extract(BE) on blood metabolites, antioxidant status, and immune function in dairy cows under heat stress. Forty lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments. The treatments consisted of 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g of BE kg–1 dry matter. Supplementation with BE decreased(P0.05) blood urea nitrogen(BUN) contents and increased blood total protein(TP) and albumin(ALB) levels compared with control cows, but it had no effects(P0.05) on blood glucose(GLU), nonesterified fatty acid(NEFA), total triglyceride(TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C). Compared with control cows, cows fed BE had higher(P0.05) superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity. However, supplementation with BE had no effect(P0.05) on total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC) or malondialdehyde(MDA) levels. The immunoglobulin(Ig) A and G contents increased(P0.05) in cows fed 0.25 or 0.5 g of BE kg–1. Interleukin(IL)-2 and IL-4 levels were higher(P0.05) in cows fed 0.5 and 1.0 g of BE kg–1, and IL-6 was significantly elevated(P0.05) in cows fed 0.5 g of BE kg–1. There were no treatment effects(P0.05) on the CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte ratios, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, or tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) level among the groups. These findings suggest that BE supplementation may improve protein metabolism, in addition to enhancing antioxidant activity and immune function in heat-stressed dairy cows.     

奶牛乳铁蛋白基因启动子区PCR-RFLP分析与乳房炎的相关性

采用CMT方法检测奶牛的乳房炎发病情况.筛选 90头分别设为对照组(健康奶牛)、隐性乳房炎组 (试验组Ⅰ )和临床乳房炎组(试验组Ⅱ),每组 30头.检测每头奶牛的NAGase活性,并用限制性片段长度多态性 (RFLP)分析技术,检测乳铁蛋白(Lf)基因启动子区域的RFLP多态性.结果表明:不同组别的奶牛之间NAGase活性差异显著 (P<0. 01),且Lf基因启动子区域存在RFLP多态性,说明该多态性与乳房炎存在一定关系,可能是奶牛乳房炎的一个分子标记.