苹果、梨、桃一年生枝剪截反应的相关性

1976～1979年对‘金帅’、‘红玉’、‘巴梨’、‘苹果梨’、‘中熟水蜜’和‘青桃’等品种的一年生枝进行不同修剪处理,从观察7万多一年生枝的抽梢动态表明,一年生枝的角度和剪截量与枝梢的生长势有相关性;植株不同部位的一年生枝的不同剪枝率,其枝梢生长势与其在植株部位的相关性存在着变异。这一变异为乔砧密植果树控制树冠提供可能性。     

不同浓度烯效唑和乙烯利对‘妃子笑’荔枝成花效应的影响

通过用不同浓度烯效唑和乙烯利对‘妃子笑’荔枝进行叶面喷施处理,调查其成花效应.结果表明:用合适浓度的烯效唑和乙烯利处理‘妃子笑’荔枝能明显控制枝梢的生长,促进枝梢成花率的提高,提高荔枝的坐果率及雌雄花比率.     

以‘黑叶’荔枝作砧木嫁接不同荔枝品种亲和性研究

为探讨不同荔枝品种嫁接在‘黑叶’砧木上的亲和性,观察其生长表现,试验采用‘赤叶’、‘凤花’、‘白腊’和‘桂味’荔枝品种嫁接在‘黑叶’荔枝上。结果表明:‘赤叶’嫁接在‘黑叶’砧木上的愈合程度最好,枝梢与叶片生长最旺盛,而‘桂味’直接嫁接在‘黑叶’荔枝上效果最差。     

3种中间砧对‘春见’柑橘树体生长、产量和果实品质的影响

试验以‘红橘’为基砧,‘清见’‘罗伯特’和‘华盛顿’脐橙为中间砧,‘春见’为接穗,研究了3种不同中间砧对‘春见’柑橘树体生长、产量和果实品质的影响。结果表明:3种中间砧嫁接树树势中庸,均呈自然开心形;以‘罗伯特’为中间砧的干周最大(65.50 cm),显著大于其他2个中间砧;以‘清见’为中间砧的株产最高(50.39 kg),显著高于其他2个中间砧;以‘清见’为中间砧的枝梢生长最旺,显著高于‘华盛顿’中间砧;以‘清见’为中间砧的单果重最大(303.96 g),以‘华盛顿’为中间砧的果实纵横径、果形指数、可食率均高于其他2个中间砧;以‘罗伯特’为中间砧的果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量均最高,以‘华盛顿’为中间砧的果实维生素C含量最高;以‘清见’为中间砧的果实固酸比显著高于‘罗伯特’和‘华盛顿’中间砧,分别高7.20和1.20;以‘清见’为中间砧的果实综合评分最高(83.10分),显著高于‘罗伯特’和‘华盛顿’中间砧,分别高6.20分和4.60分。综合分析表明,以‘清见’为中间砧的砧穗组合整体优于其他2个砧穗组合。     

管道输液对龙眼的生长及土壤pH值的影响

本试验以‘桂香’、‘早熟一号’龙眼品种为试材,通过管道输液施肥和常规土施进行比较。结果表明：管道输液显著提高了枝梢长度,粗度、叶绿素含量,有效地降低了雌花落花数和落果数,显著减缓了土壤酸化的程度。‘桂香’和‘早熟一号’龙眼的输液处理比土施处理的梢长分别提高了3．94cm、4．63cm,枝梢粗度（直径）分别提高了1．29mm、0．42mm,叶绿素含量分别提高了0．3mg·g^-1Fw、0．22mg·g^-1Fw。从‘桂香’品种中雌花落花总数占雌花总数的比例看,输液处理为40．36％,输液＋土施处理为45．09％以及土施处理为50．49％。在土壤pH值指标上,‘桂香’和‘早熟一号’各处理的值为,输液处理：4．63和4．79．输液＋土施处理：4．3和4．5以及土施处理：4．28和4．49。     

井岗红糯荔枝嫁接成活率的调查与分析

示范试验结果表明,以‘糯米糍’、‘下番枝’作为砧木进行井岗红糯荔枝高接换种,表现亲和性较强,接后枝梢生长旺盛,比对照‘乌叶’作为砧木优势较明显。     

观赏桃新品种‘嫣红早花’的选育

‘嫣红早花’是鄢陵县林业科学研究所用‘满天红’ב迎春’杂交培育出的观赏桃新品种。花为蔷薇形,花蕾深红色,花瓣玫瑰红色,重瓣,花冠直径4.8~5.2 cm,花瓣5轮,20~22瓣;长花枝59~90 cm,节间长度2.0 cm,多为复花芽,花芽起始节位为3~4节;平均单果重65 g,果肉白色,风味甜,可食用,但着色较差。2015年12月通过河南省林木品种审定委员会审定。     

柑桔、龙眼模拟冻害枝梢水分运输能力及木质部结构观察

为探明冻害损伤对柑桔、龙眼枝梢内部水分运输功能的影响,5月初取福眼龙眼Dimocarpus longan‘Fuyan’老熟春梢和玫瑰橙Citrus sinensis‘Meiguicheng’完成自剪的春梢为试材,经模拟冻害(温度≥-5℃)处理,以不冻害处理为对照,采用苯胺蓝标记法观察枝梢水分输导功能受到的影响,采用常规石蜡切片法观察木质部组织结构的变化。结果表明,冻害处理导致枝梢木薄壁细胞异常,木质部组织结构完整性丧失,阻断了茎内木质部水分的运输。     

‘四季蜜’龙眼生长结果特性与配套栽培技术

‘四季蜜’龙眼具有特殊的生长习性。通过对漳州地区‘四季蜜’龙眼的调查,总结该品种的生长结果特性,包括枝梢生长和开花结果特性,并提出相应的配套栽培技术,包括整形修剪、土肥水管理、病虫害管理等。     

‘翠玉’梨在建宁的引种表现及主要栽培技术

‘翠玉’梨(原代号518),由浙江省农业科学院园艺研究所育成。建宁县引进‘翠玉’梨接穗,高接在‘黄花’、‘杭青’和‘黄蜜’梨品种上进行换种,经4年的观察发现:该品种枝梢生长健壮、成枝力强、易形成花芽,果实具有成熟期早、品质优、外观美、采收期长、耐贮运等特点。根据该品种的特征、特性及其配套的栽培技术,确定该品种适宜在建宁县种植推广。     

Flower-bud formation in apple under various day and night temperature-regimes

Starting at full bloom, 4 temperature treatments were applied to 3-year-old ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ trees. Either 17 or 24° C were applied in 3 successive periods of 5–6 weeks each.In ‘Golden Delicious’, exposure to 24° C during the first 5 weeks after full bloom enhanced shoot growth and reduced flower-bud formation in spur buds. The difference in temperature-regime during the third period did not affect either growth or flowering. Almost all apical shoot buds became floral, irrespective of treatment.‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ trees maintained at 24° C throughout grew more vigorously than did those kept at 17° C continuously, but flowering-abundancy was the same. Lowering of the temperature in the last period before harvest did not influence shoot growth, but markedly reduced flowering of both spur buds and apical shoot buds.In a second experiment, a night temperature of either 20 or 10° C was applied in 2 successive periods to 3-year-old ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ trees kept at a day temperature of 20° C throughout. Lowering of the night temperature in the middle of the season reduced flower-bud production, but there was no difference in growth vigour compared with 20° C continuously.It is postulated that temperature affects flowering in two opposite ways, whose relative importance determines the net result.     

Selection-pressure effects of medium pH during regeneration on successive performances of leaf-derived Tomuri’ and ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) somaclones cultured on proliferation culture media with variable pH

Summary

The aims of the work were in vitro selecting for tolerance to high culture pH (CpH) in kiwifruit and evaluating the effects of selection pressure exerted by pH variations during regeneration. Leaf-derived ‘Tomuri’ and ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) somaclones, which had been regenerated at pH 5.7, 7 and 7.5, were compared to each other and to controls (i.e. cultures derived from ‘Tomuri’ and ‘Hayward’ mother plants through standard micropropagation techniques) for shoot growth, proliferation and appearance when cultured at up to pH 8. The proliferation rate (PR), the number of nodes (NN) produced by each shoot and axillary shoot length (ASL) decreased in all ‘Tomuri’ and ‘Hayward’ somaclones and in controls as culture pH increased. At CpH 8, ‘Tomuri’ somaclones regenerated at pH 7.0 generally tended to have higher average PR and NN than the other somaclones and control; their ASL also exceeded that of the other somaclones and was just slightly higher than in control. Regardless of CpH, ‘Hayward’ somaclone 7.5-1 tended to have higher PR, NN and ASL than other female somaclones. When shoot growth and appearance (tissue hyperhydricity, leaf yellowing or browning) were considered together through a multivariate data analysis, most ‘Tomuri’ and ‘Hayward’ somaclones which appeared less sensitive than controls to high CpH had been regenerated at pH 7 and 7.5. These regeneration and culture methods, especially the selection pressure exerted by the high pH during regeneration, thus seem to be effective in obtaining ‘Tomuri’ and ‘Hayward’ variants tolerant to high culture pH.     

砧木对葡萄树体生长和内源激素的影响

以5种砧木分别嫁接‘瑞都红玉’和‘瑞都香玉’葡萄为试验材料,以接穗自根苗为对照,比较不同砧穗组合的树体生长特性、品质特性和内源激素动态变化规律,为葡萄适宜砧穗组合的筛选提供理论基础和参考依据。结果表明（1）以SO4、5BB和110R为砧木的接穗品种生长量大于以3309M和1103P为砧木的,但是110R小脚现象严重。（2）以SO4和5BB为砧木提高了‘瑞都香玉’的果实成熟度,5种砧木均显著提高了‘瑞都红玉’的可滴定酸含量,降低了固酸比,提高了‘瑞都红玉’的口感酸甜平衡性。（3）新梢生长期和转色期是促生长类激素分泌的高峰期,以110R和SO4为砧木的组合叶片和新梢中激素含量水平较高,以5BB为砧木的组合新梢中含量较高,且其叶片和新梢的ZR/GA3在新梢生长期处于高水平。‘瑞都红玉’/SO4在新梢生长期的ABA含量最低,与其长势强相吻合。以SO4为砧木的组合ABA含量从转色期到果实成熟期不升反降,有利于新梢的二次生长。110R、SO4和5BB组合的ZR/GA3在新梢生长期和转色期高于3309M和1103P组合,ABA/ZR + IAA + GA3低于3309M和1103P组合。研究结果表明,冬葡萄和河岸葡萄的后代SO4和5BB砧木的嫁接亲和力强,其接穗在新梢生长期和转色期促生长类激素水平相对高,嫁接植株生长旺盛,果实品质优良。     

The susceptibility of modern tomato cultivars to blossom- end rot in relation to salinity

Three cultivars, Counter, Calypso and Spectra, were grown in NFT at a range of salinities (electrical conductivities of 5,10 and 15 mS cm^-1) in two successive crops during the year. The incidence of blossom-end rot (BER) in ‘Calypso’ and ‘Spectra’ was substantially higher than in ‘Counter’ at all salinities. In the early crop, ‘Calypso’ had the highest incidence of BER at 10 mS cm^-1, of which the proportion of international BER was greater than in ‘Spectra’. In the late crop, ‘Spectra’ had a higher incidence of BER than ‘Calypso,’ and a higher proportion of external BER. In the early crop, the incidence of BER in both cultivars grown at 10 mS cm"1 was higher than those at 15 mS cm^-1, mainly due to an exceptionally high incidence of internal BER. In the late crop, however, the reverse was true. ‘Counter’, which is not susceptible to BER, had a higher shoot dry weight than the two BER susceptible cultivars. Nevertheless, ‘Calypso’ and ‘Spectra’ set more fruit in the lower and upper trusses respectively. A high incidence of BER was related to a high number of fruit set in the susceptible cultivars. Both the Ca content and the daily rate of Ca accumulation in the fruit were reduced by salinity, but no differences between cultivars were observed. The distal placenta and locular tissues had the lowest Ca content in the whole fruit and appeared to be the site of the earliest symptoms of BER. The interaction between cultivar and salinity affecting the Ca content of these tissues was not significant. The causes of susceptibility to BER in tomato are discussed.     

Cryopreservation of in vitro almond shoot tips by vitrification

Summary

Shoot tips of two almond scion cultivars, ‘Ne Plus Ultra’ and ‘Nonpareil 15-1’, and one almond/peach hybrid rootstock were successfully cryopreserved using a one-step vitrification technique. Three week old in vitro cultures were cold-hardened at 4°C on the multiplication medium (Murashige and Skoog for ‘Ne Plus Ultra’ and the hybrid rootstock; Almehdi and Parfitt for ‘Nonpareil 15-1’) for three weeks. Shoot tips, 2–2.5 mm long, were excised and precultured for 1 d at 4°C on the same basal medium, without plant growth regulators, supplemented with 0.7 M sucrose. After the preculture, the shoot tips were incubated in vitrification solution at 25°C for 45 min for the almond scion cultivars and 60 min for the hybrid rootstock, and then stored under liquid nitrogen (LN) for at least 3 d. After rapid thawing at 30°C, the shoot tips were washed with the appropriate liquid basal medium containing 1.0 M sucrose and then cultured on the same basal medium, solidified with agar, but excluding NH₄NO₃ or (NH₄)₂SO₄. Shoot regeneration was usually observed within 2–3 weeks. Survival after LN, recorded as the percentage of shoot tips that produced at least one new shoot four weeks after thawing, was 87.5, 60.0 and 72.5% for ‘Ne Plus Ultra’, ‘Nonpareil 15–1’ and the hybrid rootstock respectively. The one-step vitrification method is a promising simple technique for cryopreserving almond scion and rootstock shoot tips from in vitro cultures.     

保存8~33年的苹果试管苗增殖能力与端粒长度分析

为分析苹果试管种质端粒长度与繁殖能力、衰老的关系,探索端粒长度与苹果试管种质离体保存年限的关系,对保存多年的不同继代次数的3个苹果品种试管苗进行了表型、增殖能力以及端粒长度的研究。结果表明:保存了8~33年的‘富士’、保存8~27年的‘金冠’和保存8~25年的‘嘎拉’苹果茎尖试管苗继代增殖能力大部分没有变化,表型未发生明显变化;3个品种不同继代次数30 d苗龄试管苗叶片端粒长度均差异不显著;继代73代苗龄分别为10、30、50和90 d的试管苗叶片端粒长度变化因品种而异,‘富士’‘嘎拉’差异不显著,‘金冠’50 d苗龄的最长,90 d苗龄的最短;继代71代苗龄30 d的‘金冠’试管苗茎段端粒长度显著高于叶片,茎段和愈伤组织、叶片和愈伤组织之间差异不显著,‘嘎拉’表现为愈伤组织>叶片>茎段。苹果试管苗端粒长度变化与其增殖能力、表型及同一继代周期内衰老程度的变化相吻合。     

The effects of daminozide and under-soil heating on the growth of radish under winter conditions

The growth of radish cultivars ‘Saxa’, ‘Saxerre’, ‘Serra’, ‘Istar’, ‘Cherrybelle’ and ‘Robino’ was compared at 7 and 12°C under winter glasshouse conditions. ‘Serra’ alone produced marketable storage roots by 63 days at 7°C, but root weight was no greater at 12 than at 7°C; only ‘Robino’ produced significantly larger roots at the higher temperature. Under-soil heating applied to ‘Cherrybelle’ and ‘Robino’ grown at an air temperature of 7°C increased root growth, particularly in ‘Cherrybelle’. Daminozide treatment at 7°C increased total and storage root weight and root:shoot ratio of both cultivars. At 12°C, the only significant effect of daminozide treatment was reduced shoot weight in ‘Robino’.     

乔砧富士苹果树冠枝梢数量和分布对产量与品质的影响

以20年生改良高干开心形乔砧富士苹果树为试材,应用树冠分格方法,研究了透光和郁闭树冠内长、中、短枝(梢)的数量、比例与产量和品质的空间分布差异和枝(梢)数量、类型与比例对果实产量品质的影响。结果表明,透光和郁闭树冠枝(梢)总量分别为104×104和124×104条·hm-2,在树冠内膛、中部和外围的比例分别为41.87%、42.83%、15.30%和10.00%、36.92%、53.08%;透光树冠的折合产量为63.30t·hm-2,显著高于郁闭树冠的47.96t·hm-2,并集中分布在树冠1.0～2.5m的层次高度,透光树冠每层的果实产量均大于郁闭树冠;透光树冠的单果质量、可溶性固形物、固酸比分别比郁闭型树冠高11.84%、18.01%和68.22%。典型相关与多元回归分析获得了影响果实品质因素的主要枝(梢)类型和重要程度,长枝(梢)数量与果实单果质量、硬度呈显著正相关,短枝(梢)数量与果实可溶性固形物含量呈正相关,与可滴定酸含量呈显著负相关;线性规划得到了乔砧富士苹果优质的总枝(梢)量为96.57×104～103.68×104条·hm-2,长、中、短枝(梢)比例分别为9.41%～10.62%、14.12%～15.00%、74.57%～76.47%。     

氮肥和硫肥对叶芥菜生长及营养品质的影响

 以叶芥菜‘雪里蕻’和‘包包青菜’为材料, 研究4个氮肥水平(10.3、100、200和300 kg·hm ^{- 2} ) 和2个硫肥水平(0和50 kg·hm^{- 2} ) 对植株生长和营养品质的影响。结果表明, 随氮肥量增加,两品种的株高、地上部鲜质量、产量、叶绿素、β - 胡萝卜素、游离氨基酸、地上部氮含量、地上部硫含量均显著提高, 雪里蕻的硝酸盐含量也显著提高, 两品种的干物质和可溶性总糖含量则降低。较低施氮量(小于100 kg·hm^{- 2} ) 对可溶性蛋白质含量有明显影响。在不施硫处理(供应KCl) 中, 氮肥对包包青菜硝酸盐含量没有显著影响; 而在施硫处理(供应K₂SO₄ ) 中, 增加氮肥量显著增加其硝酸盐含量。增施硫肥, 雪里蕻可溶性蛋白质和包包青菜硝酸盐均显著提高, 两品种地上部硫含量显著提高, 而对其它指标没有明显影响。     

梨采后细胞壁成分及果胶酶活性与果肉质地的关系

 以果实质地有明显差异的‘黄花’和‘湘南’梨为试材, 研究了细胞壁组分、钙含量、果实硬度以及果胶代谢酶类活性的变化。结果表明, 两品种上述指标有相同的变化趋势, 但还存在以下差异: 1) 贮藏性差的黄花梨纤维素含量、原果胶含量、果实硬度相对较低, 而果实钙含量、水溶性果胶含量较高; 2) 黄花梨木质素含量较高, 且生成木质素的速率较快; 3) 黄花梨果实的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG) 活性在贮藏前期极显著高于湘南梨果实, 末期两品种差异较小, 而果胶甲酯酶(PME) 活性极显著高于湘南梨。