Classifying coastal resources by integrating optical and radar imagery and color infrared photography

A progressive classification of a marsh and forest system using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), color infrared (CIR) photograph, and ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data improved classification accuracy when compared to classification using solely TM reflective band data. The classification resulted in a detailed identification of differences within a nearly monotypic black needlerush marsh. Accuracy percentages of these classes were surprisingly high given the complexities of classification. The detailed classification resulted in a more accurate portrayal of the marsh transgressive sequence than was obtainable with TM data alone. Individual sensor contribution to the improved classification was compared to that using only the six reflective TM bands. Individually, the green reflective CIR and SAR data identified broad categories of water, marsh, and forest. In combination with TM, SAR and the green CIR band each improved overall accuracy by about 3% and 15% respectively. The SAR data improved the TM classification accuracy mostly in the marsh classes. The green CIR data also improved the marsh classification accuracy and accuracies in some water classes. The final combination of all sensor data improved almost all class accuracies from 2% to 70% with an overall improvement of about 20% over TM data alone. Not only was the identification of vegetation types improved, but the spatial detail of the classification approached 10 m in some areas.     

Modeling Mediterranean forest fuels by integrating field data and mapping tools

Fire behavior modeling systems are important in predicting wildfire risk, fire growth, and fire effects. However, simulation software requires a new fuel modeling to include fuel treatments, prescribed fire and the transition to crown fire. The thirteen Rothermel models are insufficient in completely representing Mediterranean ecosystems. In this sense, the new American modeling includes five fuel types, requiring the acquisition of hybrid models made up of the mixture of grass and shrub and the grass or shrub mixed with litter from forest canopy. Respecting meteorological conditions and shrub characteristics, field studies have shown significant differences between American and Mediterranean models. As a consequence, the definition of new Mediterranean models requires the adjustment of specific parameters such as fuel load by category (live and dead) and particle size class (1-, 10- and 100-h time-lag), fuelbed depth and surface area-to-volume ratio. These new parameters were obtained in situ of sample itineraries, prescribed fires, and forest fires. The availability of this new modeling, validated on a field of regional scale, will facilitate preventive planning and management as well as an efficient application of suppression techniques, both ground and aerial operations, required in defending a territory against forest fires.     

Salt distribution in response to optical stratification porosity and relative windspeed in a coastal forest in Niigata, Japan

Wind velocity, vertical stand structure and seasalt distribution were measured at various heights inside a plantation of coastal pine forest, with thinning and unthinning, to assess whether any relationships exist between the wind profile, stand structure and seasalt distribution in the coastal pine forest. The vertical stand structure, i.e., optical stratification porosity (OSP), which is defined as vertical distribution of the proportion of sky hemisphere not obscured by tree elements inside a forest stand, was determined for each height by computer analysis of digital images taken with a hemispherical lens. The distribution of OSP in the coastal forest follows the Lambert-Beer's law with absorbency coefficient (). The relative windspeed within canopy can be described using the exponential form with the attenuation coefficient (). The sea-salt was collected using salt gauze (a surgical dressing of loosely woven cotton) both inside and outside the coastal forest, and the distribution of sea-salt within canopy was also in accordance with an exponential function. The relationships among windspeed, OSP and sea-salt indicate that the distributions of both sea-salt and windspeed within canopy were very closely correlated with the distribution of OSP. A linear relationship between OSP and sea-salt has been found. Additionally, linear regression between coefficients and has been obtained as well. Based on these relationships between OSP, wind and sea-salt in the coastal forest, the sea-salt distribution and wind profile within the canopy of the coastal forest can be predicted according to OSP. These results may therefore be useful in analyzing the effects of sea-salt on vegetation and evaluating the filter functions of coastal forests.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparative analysis of modern and ancient buried Phoebe zhennan wood: surface color,chemical components,infrared spectroscopy,and essential oil composition

We compared the chemical components and essential oils of ancient buried Zhennan(Phoebe zhennan)wood with those in samples from living trees.After removal of the carbon layer the recovered Zhennan exhibited a dark green color,which differed from the yellow color of the living samples.Low molecular weight components(including hot-water and toluene-alcohol extractives),hemicellulose,and 1 % Na OH solubility in the recovered wood were greatly degraded.Degradation of cellulose was minor.Moreover,the ancient wood had somewhat more klason lignin than the modern wood.Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) analysis gave further evidence on the differences in chemical components.According to the GC–MS results,naphthalene derivatives were detected in the essential oils from both the modern and recovered wood.The delicate fragrance of the modern and recovered wood may be attributed to the aromatic constituents as identified by GC–MS.     

利用TM影像进行森林资源调查中存在的问题及建议

利用TM影像对全省重点生态工程区和天然林保护区森林资源现状进行了全面的调查，就此次调查提出了目前遥感在林业调查应用中存在的一些问题，以及如何解决这些问题的几点建议。     

德国森林资源监督管理经验带来的启示

德国建有集管理与监督为一体的林业管理体制。通过法制建设,把林业生产经营纳入法制的轨道;科学合理地编制和实施森林经营方案;以多样化的管理模式稳定林权;推行"近自然林业"的可持续经营方式;注重林地资源的保护管理。这些先进经验都值得我们学习和借鉴。     

Detection of tree roots and determination of root diameters by ground penetrating radar under optimal conditions

A tree's root system accounts for between 10 and 65% of its total biomass, yet our understanding of the factors that cause this proportion to vary is limited because of the difficulty encountered when studying tree root systems. There is a need to develop new sampling and measuring techniques for tree root systems. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) offers the potential for direct nondestructive measurements of tree root biomass and root distributions to be made. We tested the ability of GPR, with 500 MHz, 800 MHz and 1 GHz antennas, to detect tree roots and determine root size by burying roots in a 32 m3 pit containing damp sand. Within this test bed, tree roots were buried in two configurations: (1) roots of various diameters (1-10 cm) were buried at a single depth (50 cm); and (2) roots of similar diameter (about 5 cm) were buried at various depths (15-155 cm). Radar antennas were drawn along transects perpendicular to the buried roots. Radar profile normalization, filtration and migration were undertaken based on standard algorithms. All antennas produced characteristic reflection hyperbolas on the radar profiles allowing visual identification of most root locations. The 800 MHz antenna resulted in the clearest radar profiles. An unsupervised, maximum-convexity migration algorithm was used to focus information contained in the hyperbolas back to a point. This resulted in a significant gain in clarity with roots appearing as discrete shapes, thereby reducing confusion due to overlapping of hyperbolas when many roots are detected. More importantly, parameters extracted from the resultant waveform through the center of a root correlated well with root diameter for the 500 MHz antenna, but not for the other two antennas. A multiple regression model based on the extracted parameters was calibrated on half of the data (R2 = 0.89) and produced good predictions when tested on the remaining data. Root diameters were predicted with a root mean squared error of 0.6 cm, allowing detection and quantification of roots as small as 1 cm in diameter. An advantage of this processing technique is that it produces results independently of signal strength. These waveform parameters represent a major advance in the processing of GPR profiles for estimating root diameters. We conclude that enhanced data analysis routines combined with improvements in GPR hardware design could make GPR a valuable tool for studying tree root systems.     

Locating and identifying sound knots and dead knots on sugi by the rule-based color vision system

Knowledge of the occurrence of sound and dead knots on the surface of sugi is important for the classification and application of the material. This study examined a color vision system for detecting sound and dead knots on sugi. The system can be conceptually divided into three components: a CCD-camera scanning system, an image-segmenting module, and a rule-based defect identifying module. The results showed that the potential defect regions could be located by Otsus threshold algorithm in conjunction with t-test analysis. The accuracies of locating sound knots and dead knots were 92.6% and 97.1%, respectively. The rule-based approach was used to identify sound and dead knots and the identifying accuracies for sound knots and dead knots were 92.0% and 94.1%, respectively. The overall detection accuracy of the system was 87.6%. The results indicated that the rule-based color vision system is an efficient means of detecting sound knots and dead knots on sugi.     

Soil remediation of degraded coastal saline wetlands by irrigation with paper mill effluent and plowing

Combined with anti-waterlogging ditches, irrigation with treated paper mill effluent (TPME) and plowing were applied in this study to investigate the effects of remediation of degraded coastal saline-alkaline wetlands. Three treatments were employed, viz., control (CK), irrigated with 10 cm depth of TPME (I), and plowing to 20 cm deep before irrigating 10 cm depth of TPME (IP). Results show that both I-treatment and IP-treatment could improve soil structure by decreasing bulk density by 5% and 8%. Irrigation with TPME containing low salinity stimulated salts leaching instead of accumulating. With anti-waterlogging ditches, salts were drained out of soil. Irrigation with 10 cm depth of TPME lowered total soluble salts in soil and sodium adsorption ration by 33% and 8%, respectively, but there was no significant difference compared with CK, indicating that this irrigation rate was not heavy enough to remarkably reduce soil salinity and sodicity. Thus, irrigation rate should be enhanced in order to reach better effects of desalinization and desodication. Irrigation with TPME significantly increased soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus due to the abundant organic matter in TPME. Plowing increased soil air circulation, so as to enhance mineralization of organic matter and lead to the loss of organic matter; however, plowing significantly improved soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus. Improvements of physicochemical properties in I-treatment and IP-treatment both boosted soil microbial population and activity. Microbial biomass carbon increased significantly by 327% (I-treatment) and 451% (IP-treatment), while soil respiration increased significantly by 316% (I-treatment) and 386% (IP-treatment). Urease and dehydrogenase activities in both I-treatment and IP-treatment were significantly higher than that in CK. Phosphatase in IP-treatment was significantly higher than that in CK. Compared to I-treatment, IP-treatment improved all of the soil properties except for soil organic matter. The key to remediation of degraded saline-alkaline wetlands is to decrease soil salinity and sodicity; thus, irrigation plus plowing could be an ideal method of soil remediation.     

Cold acclimation and photoinhibition of photosynthesis accompanied by needle color changes inCryptomeria japonica during the winter

This study focused on the physiological changes inCryptomeria japonica accompanied by needle color changes during the winter. The physiological measurements include gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, pigments, active oxygen scavenging enzymes, and several proteins in the photosynthetic apparatus. The light-saturated photosynthesis decreased during the winter. Total chlorophyll content and chlorophylla/b ratio decreased; meanwhile xanthophyll cycle pigments and lutein contents increased significantly. These results indicate that cold acclimation had occurred. Photoinhibition was also observed inC. japonica which can be determined from the decreases in photochemical efficiency of PS II and the partial closure of PS II reaction centers. Small and large subunits of Rubisco and LHC II in the needles ofC. japonica showed only a slight decrease during the winter, indicating that photoinhibition inC. japonica probably reflects a protective process to prevent more severe damage to the photosynthetic apparatus during low-temperature stress. This research was supported by the Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institute (BRAIN), Japan     

Rapid and non-destructive evaluation of seed quality of Chinese fir by near infrared spectroscopy and multivariate discriminant analysis

New Forests - Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb) Hook) is a promising timber species for planting in the sub-tropical ecosystem. However, the germination rate of Chinese fir seed lots is...     

新疆野生山楂资源遗传多样性及亲缘关系的ISSR分析

为给新疆野生山楂资源的保护与利用提供理论依据和技术支持,采取新疆3种野生山楂共计63份材料,利用ISSR标记技术,对其遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明,12条引物共扩增出233条带,其中多态性条带221条,多态性位点率为94.4%,平均每个引物获得19.42个扩增带。POPGENE1.32分析结果表明:3种野生山楂材料的多态性位点率、观测等位基因数、有效等位基因数、Nei’s基因多样性和Shannon信息指数,均为准噶尔山楂最高,阿尔泰山楂次之,红果山楂最低。3种新疆野生山楂进行两两比较,其Nei’s遗传相似度为0.862 2~0.904 4,平均值为0.890 2;遗传距离为0.100 5~0.148 3,平均值为0.1166。3种野生山楂中,准噶尔山楂存在较为丰富的遗传变异,其次是阿尔泰山楂,红果山楂的遗传变异较小。阿尔泰山楂和红果山楂的亲缘关系较近;准噶尔山楂和红果山楂间亲缘关系较远。     

引入人性化激励约束机制开创农林交错地带资源保护新途径

从吸收农民参与森林资源管护承包工作的方式入手,阐述了这项工作具体操作方法和发展现状、显著成效及由此带来的理性思考。     

环境资源与社会经济发展的矛盾决定了林业的发展趋势和地位

什么决定林业发展趋势和地位?是社会经济发展的内在矛盾的运动和发展。十六大明确提出了我国环境资源和社会经济发展的矛盾日益尖锐的现状。这种矛盾在世界上一样存在,正是这一矛盾决定了林业的发展趋势和地位。林业地位随国际气候公约谈判进程日益提高国际气候公约谈判是世界范围内环境资源和社会经济发展矛盾日益尖锐的一个反映平台。传统的发展道路是以化石燃料(石油、煤炭)为能源的。2000年全世界用掉了280亿桶石油(每天7600万桶),如此巨大的消耗,能源迟早会面临枯竭。在巨大消耗的同时,放出大量CO2,地球大气系统已难以平衡。1950年全…     

0.5M分辨率航摄数字影像数据在森林资源规划设计调查中的应用

以0.5 M分辨率航摄数字影像数据为基础,结合以往调查设计及经营资料,对森林资源规划设计调查小班的部分因子进行判读,探讨高分辨率航摄数字影像数据在森林资源规划设计调查中的应用,结果表明:利用0.5M分辨率航摄数字影像数据进行小班因子判读,可以作为小班因子调查的辅助手段,并可显著提高小班调查质量及效率。     

Community and species responses by birds to group retention in a coastal temperate forest on Vancouver Island,British Columbia

Group retention is a forest harvesting technique designed to sustain biodiversity and mitigate concerns regarding clearcut logging. It is characterized by retained forest patches that vary in number, size, spatial arrangement, and habitat attributes. We used birds to compare community composition and species abundance among clearcut, group retention, and uncut control forest treatments, and evaluated species’ responses to percentage retention. The bird community in group retention was more similar to that in control forests than it was to the community in clearcuts. The probability of occurrence for many bird species typical of uncut control forests was related positively to percentage retention. A preliminary analysis of plot-level effects (i.e., amount of forest sampled) suggests that patch size may be more important than total amount of retention.     

Tree species classification using deep learning and RGB optical images obtained by an unmanned aerial vehicle

The diversity of tree species and the complexity of land use in cities create challenging issues for tree species classification.The combination of deep learning methods and RGB optical images obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) provides a new research direction for urban tree species classification.We proposed an RGB optical image dataset with 10 urban tree species,termed TCC10,which is a benchmark for tree canopy classification(TCC).TCC10 dataset contains two types of data:tree canopy images with simple backgrounds and those with complex backgrounds.The objective was to examine the possibility of using deep learning methods(AlexNet,VGG-16,and ResNet-50) for individual tree species classification.The results of convolutional neural networks(CNNs) were compared with those of K-nearest neighbor(KNN) and BP neural network.Our results demonstrated:(1) ResNet-50 achieved an overall accuracy(OA) of 92.6% and a kappa coefficient of 0.91 for tree species classification on TCC10 and outperformed AlexNet and VGG-16.(2) The classification accuracy of KNN and BP neural network was less than70%,while the accuracy of CNNs was relatively higher.(3)The classification accuracy of tree canopy images with complex backgrounds was lower than that for images with simple backgrounds.For the deciduous tree species in TCC10,the classification accuracy of ResNet-50 was higher in summer than that in autumn.Therefore,the deep learning is effective for urban tree species classification using RGB optical images.     

环金华城区休闲观光农林业旅游的供给结构与布局

从“都市休闲观光农业旅游”的基本概念出发，以地处浙中的金华市为例，分析环金华城区休闲观光农林业旅游的基本条件，指出金华市应立足城区周边农林场尽快编制环金华城休闲观光农林业旅游发展规划，采取保护绿色空间、合理布局等有效措施，以促进环城生态观光休闲示范基地的持续发展。     

林苇鱼塘留苇密度对螃蟹产量的影响及机理研究

将林带内有芦苇的鱼塘分别设置留苇 0 ,1/4,1/2 ,3/4和 1 0等 5种类型。在林带和芦苇的不同高度 (5种 )、不同时间分别测定了光照度、植物表面温度、气温、水温、风速和水中溶氧含量变化 ,发现林带与不同的留苇密度对鱼塘内环境均有明显的调节作用 ,并存在着明显的差异 ,导致鱼塘内的生物组成有差异 ;鱼塘内不同留苇密度的螃蟹产量差异明显 ,分别为 1/4(74 8 4 0kg/hm2 ) ,1/2 (70 8 0 3kg/hm2 ) ,3/4(6 10 6 5kg/hm2 ) ,1 0 (5 5 3 6 3kg/hm2 ) ,0(5 31 2 2kg/hm2 ) ;单只螃蟹的重量分别为 5 6 6 8g/只 ,5 5 35g/只 ,5 3 4 3g/只 ,5 2 39g/只 ,4 3 37g/只。留苇密度 1/4高产的原因有二 ,一是林苇调节了鱼塘内小环境 ,二是林苇鱼塘内增加了生物的多样性 ,增加了螃蟹饲料源