中间堰麦草与小麦杂交后代的细胞遗传学及性状特点的研究

中间偃麦草作父本与小麦品种烟农15杂交,杂交结实率为71.72%,杂种F1在套袋自交和开放授粉条件下的自交结实率分别为32.05%和69.66%。以7个杂种世代为材料,对其细胞遗传学及性状特点进行研究。结果表明,F1 PMC MI染色体的联会频率较高,细胞内二价体数目平均为13.73个;F2和F3两个自交世代的染色体数目显著多于双亲和F1的42     

小麦新材料Talkrph1bRht_3和krph1bRht_3综合体的创制及其遗传分析

以中国春Talkrph1b综合体为基础材料 ,进一步将显性矮秆基因Rht3引入其遗传背景中 ,创制出两个新型小麦工具材料中国春krph1bRht3和中国春Talkrph1bRht3综合体。它们的株高 5 0～ 6 0cm ,与黑麦具有较高的杂交亲和性 ;它们与黑麦杂交获得的杂种F1 与中国春 黑麦F1 相比 ,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I,染色体联会频率相对较高 ,单价体数明显减少 ,二价体数明显增加 ,并出现三价体和四价体 ,平均染色体交叉结数显著提高 ,表明两种新的综合体材料诱导部分同源染色体配对的能力较强。它们在利用远缘杂交和染色体工程技术向小麦转移其亲缘物种的有益基因中具有重要利用价值。     

小麦新材料Talkrph1bRht3和krph1bRht3综合体的创制及其遗传分析

以中国春Talkrph1b综合体为基础材料,进一步将显性矮秆基因Rht3引入其遗传背景中,创制出两个新型小麦工具材料中国春krph1bRht3和中国春Talkrph1bRht3综合体。它们的株高50～60 cm,与黑麦具有较高的杂交亲和性;它们与黑麦杂交获得的杂种F1与中国春/黑麦F1相比,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I,染色体联会频率相对较高,单价体     

抗条锈小滨麦易位系的鉴定

从八倍体小滨麦与普通小麦杂种后代中筛选到一个农艺性状优良的抗条锈小滨麦种质系山农0096，细胞学观察结果表明其根尖细胞染色体2n=42，花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ（PMC MⅠ）染色体构型为2n＝21Ⅱ；它与小麦亲本的杂种F1 PMC MⅠ染色体构型平均值为2n＝19Ⅱ＋1Ⅳ。RAPD分析表明：在100个十聚体核苷酸随机引物中，有3个引物     

小麦-黑麦二体代换系间杂交诱导染色体易位的研究

摘 要：小麦-黑麦二体代换系间杂交,是诱导小麦-黑麦染色体易位的重要途径,有理论与应用价值。本研究利用DS1R/1D与DS5R/5A、DS6R/6A杂交,结果表明,F1减数分裂有19个二价体、4个单价体,有部分同源染色体配对和染色体易位现象;F2 对带有黑麦性状的24株普通小麦类型植株进行原位杂交检测,共检测出10株有染色体易位,易位频率为41.6%。易位株系为：06-16-7、06-16-3、06-16-5、06-16-7、06-16-8、06-17-7、0617-11、06-17-15、06-17-16、06-18-5。由于亲本选配、检测植株有一定的目的性,易位植株均表现有一定的应用价值。     

普通小麦同源转化群3在染色体配对及可交配性方面的作用

米勒(Miller)等研究了中国春同源转化与群3黑麦(Secaleceral L)及球茎大麦(Hbulbosum)的杂种和普通小麦同源转化群3,非整倍单倍体的不同染色体配对水平。结果发现,普遍小麦同源转化群3染色体的长臂和短臂上都带有影响染色体配对的基因。     

抗白粉病小偃麦异代换系的细胞学鉴定和RAPD分析

对从长穗偃麦草与小麦杂种后代中选育的抗白粉病小麦种质系山农87074-551在进行白粉病抗性鉴定的基础上,进行了细胞学和RAPD鉴定.结果表明:山农87074-551根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ(PMC MⅠ)染色体构型为2n=21 Ⅱ, 它与小麦中国春的杂种F1PMC MⅠ染色体构型为2n=20Ⅱ+2Ⅰ,说明山农87074-551是一个双     

普通小麦品种间以及与六倍体小黑麦种间杂种F1农艺性状的遗传分析

为给杂交选育优良小麦品种提供基础,本研究以普通小麦品种晋农190为父本,分别与9个普通小麦品种、7个六倍体小黑麦品种为母本配置杂交组合,对杂种F1代的农艺性状进行分析,发现除了无芒对有芒为显性之外,其余农艺性状均表现为数量遗传,F1代表现为超亲遗传或介于双亲之间。六倍体小黑麦的灰绿色叶片或茎秆、穗长长和红色不饱满的籽粒在杂种F1代显现,可作为鉴别真假杂种的典型性状。     

苏丹草高梁及其杂种的细胞遗传学研究

苏丹草(S. sudanense)与高粱(S.bicolor)均为禾本科高梁属植物,两者的杂种优势明显,杂交种品质好,抗逆性强,在水产、畜禽养殖及资源利用与环境保护上有着广阔的开发利用前景,但两者是否属于同一个种至今存在争议.本文采用去壁低渗.火焰干燥法,分析了2份苏丹草、2份高粱及其3个杂种F1有丝分裂核型,观察了3个杂种F1减数分裂染色体行为和2个杂种F2体细胞染色体数目.结果表明,苏丹草、高粱及其杂种F1均为1A核型,但核型公式不完全相同,苏丹草Sa为2n=18m+2sm(sat),高粱3042A和3042A×Sa F1为2n=20m,其余材料均为2n=20m(sat).苏丹草、高粱及其杂种F1 3者在10条染色体的绝对长臂、绝对短臂、绝对全长、臂比和相对全长上差异均不显著(P0.05),说明苏丹草与高粱在染色体长度上的变化不明显.杂种F1花粉母细胞减数分裂,终变期和中期Ⅰ染色体核型和数目清晰可见(2n=2x=20),配对行为规则;棒状和环状二价体的频率因组合不同而异,Tx623A×S722 F1、3042A×Sa F1和Tx623A×Sa F1棒状二价体频率分别为4.887、5.710和5.126,环状二价体频率分别为5.113、4.290和4.874;在后期Ⅰ,配对的染色体能够正常分离.杂种F2体细胞染色体数目为20(2n=20).因此,苏丹草与高粱的亲缘关系非常近.     

偃麦草属种间杂种高代群体的细胞学和育性研究

大偃麦草和山黑麦中，经常利用其双倍体来转移理想性状和恢复种间杂种育性。本试验研究了E.lancelatus、E.caninus、以及其F1杂种、高代材料（F7和F8）和高代双倍体后代的3个世代（C1、C2和C3）的细胞学、育性和形态学特性。E.lancelatus和E.caninus的减数分裂染色体联会为典型的异源四倍体。F1杂种的染色体配对表明这两个亲本间存在密切关系。在F8和F7代中观察到最频繁的二价体联会数为14个二价体。     

Cytological analyses of hybrids and derivatives of hybrids between durum wheat and Thinopyrum bessarabicum,using multicolour fluorescent GISH*

The wheat progenitors and other wild relatives continue to be important sources of genes for agronomically desirable traits, which can be transferred into durum wheat (Triticum turgidum; 2n = 4x = 28; AABB genomes) cultivars via hybridization. Chromosome pairing in durum × alien species hybrids provides an understanding of genomic relationships, which is useful in planning alien gene introgression strategies. Two durum cultivars, ‘Lloyd’ and ‘Langdon’, were crossed with diploid wheatgrass, Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n = 2x = 14; JJ), to synthesize F₁ hybrids (2n = 3x = 21; ABJ) with Ph1. ‘Langdon’ disomic substitution 5D(5B) was used as a female parent to produce F₁ hybrids without Ph1, which resulted in elevation of pairing between durum and grass chromosomes – an important feature from the breeding standpoint. The F₁ hybrids were backcrossed to respective parental cultivars and BC₁ progenies were raised. ‘Langdon’ 5D(5B) substitution × Th. bessarabicum F₁ hybrids were crossed with normal ‘Langdon’ to obtain BC₁ progeny. Chromosome pairing relationships were studied in F₁ hybrids and BC₁ progenies using both conventional staining and fluorescent genomic in situ hybridization (fl‐GISH) techniques. Multicolour fl‐GISH was standardized for characterizing the nature and specificity of chromosome pairing: A–B, A–J and B–J pairing. The A–J and B–J pairing will facilitate gene introgression in durum wheat. Multicolour fl‐GISH will help in characterizing alien chromosome segments captured in the durum complement and in their location in the A and/or B genome, thereby accelerating chromosome engineering research.     

普通小麦-簇毛麦易位系T4VS·4VL-4AL的选育与鉴定

利用染色体C-分带和基因组原位杂交分析,从普通小麦-簇毛麦4V染色体二体异附加系（DA4V）与普通小麦农林26-离果山羊草3C染色体二体异附加系（DA3C）杂种后代中选育出小麦-簇毛麦纯合易位系T4VS·4VL-4AL。SSR和RFLP标记分析表明,该易位染色体包括4VS、4VL近着丝粒部分区段和4AL顶端区段;该易位系具有良好的细胞学稳定性,结实正常,为杀配子染色体诱发形成的补偿型易位;易位系T4VS·4VL-4AL高抗梭条花叶病,是小麦抗病育种新种质。     

Formation of 2n gametes in durum wheat haploids: Sexual polyploidization

Allopolyploidy, resulting from interspecific and intergeneric hybridization accompanied by sexual doubling of chromosomes, has played a major role in the evolution of crop plants that sustain humankind. The allopolyploid species, including durum wheat, bread wheat, and oat, have developed a genetic control of chromosome pairing that confers on them meiotic regularity (diploid-like chromosome pairing), and hence reproductive stability, and disomic inheritance. Being natural hybrids, they enjoy the benefits of hybridity as well as polyploidy that make them highly adaptable to diverse environments. Despite the complexities of sexual reproduction, it is widespread among plants and animals. Sexual polyploids are highly successful in nature. Sexual polyploidization is far more efficient than somatic chromosome doubling. Sexual polyploidization effected by functioning of unreduced (2n) gametes in the parental species or in their hybrids has been instrumental in producing our grain, fiber, and oilseed crops. Evidence is presented for the occurrence of sexual polyploidization in durum haploids. ThePh1-induced failure of homoeologous pairing is an important factor in the formation of first division restitution(FDR) nuclei and 2n gametes. The evolutionary and breeding significance of sexual polyploidization is discussed. It is emphasized that three factors, viz.,sexual reproduction, allopolyploidy, and genetic control of chromosome pairing,jointly constitute a perfect recipe for cataclysmic evolution in nature. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A New Intergeneric Hybrid between Triticum aestivum L. and Agropyron fragile (Roth) Candargy: Variation in A. fragile for Suppression of the Wheat Ph-Locus Activity

New intergeneric hybrids were obtained between Triticum aestivum L. cv. Tukuho’ (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) and Agropyron fragile (Roth) Candargy PGR 8097 (2n = 4x = 28, PPPP) at a frequency of 1.06 %, through the use of direct embryo culture and in ovulo embryo culture. Such hybrids could be used to transfer barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) resistance and winterhardiness into bread wheat. The somatic chromosome number in all the hybrid plants was 2n = 5x = 35, as expected. Considerable variation in chromosome pairing was observed among the different hybrid plants. Average meiotic chromosome configuration at metaphase I was 17.29 Is + 6.57 rod Us + 1.97 ring Us + 0.18 III + 0.03 IV + 0.002 VI. The high level of chromosome pairing in some F₁ hybrids was attributed to Ph-suppressor gene(s) present in A. fragile. The hybrids could not be backcrossed to wheat, but amphiploid seeds have been obtained by colchicine treatment.     

Chromosome pairing in durum wheat haploids with and without <Emphasis Type="Italic">ph1b</Emphasis> of bread wheat

Durum or macaroni wheat (Triticum turgidum L., 2n = 4x = 28; AABB) is an allotetraploid with two related genomes, AA and BB, each with seven pairs of homologous chromosomes. Although the corresponding chromosomes of the two genomes are potentially capable of pairing with one another, the Ph1 (Pairing homoeologous) gene in the long arm of chromosome 5B permits pairing only between homologous partners. As a result of this Ph1-exercised disciplinary control, durum wheat and its successor, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 6x = 42; AABBDD) show diploid-like chromosome pairing and hence disomic inheritance. The Ph mutants in the form of deletions are available in bread wheat (ph1b) and durum wheat (ph1c). Thus, ph1b-haploids of bread wheat and ph1c-haploids of durum wheat show extensive homoeologous pairing that has been shown by us and several others. Here we study the effect of ph1b allele of bread wheat on chromosome pairing in durum haploids, whereas we studied earlier the effect of ph1c allele in durum haploids that we synthesized. In durum wheat, the ph1b-haploids show much higher (49.4% of complement) pairing than the ph1c-haploids (38.6% of complement). Mention of a trademark or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the USDA or imply approval to the exclusion of other products that also may be suitable.     

Comparison of two fertility restoration systems against photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat

A ‘two‐line system’ using photoperiod‐sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility (PCMS) caused by Aegilops crassa cytoplasm under a long‐day photoperiod ( 15 h) has been proposed as a new means of producing hybrid varieties in common wheat. The PCMS line is maintained by self‐pollination under short‐day conditions, and hybrid seeds can be produced through outcrossing of the PCMS line with a pollinator under long‐day conditions. Two kinds of fertility restoration systems against the PCMS are known. One is involved with a set of multiple fertility‐restoring (Rf) genes in the wheat cultivar ‘Norin 61’ located on (at least) chromosomes 4A, 1D, 3D and 5D. The other is controlled by a single dominant major Rf gene, Rfd1, located on the long arm of chromosome 7B in the wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’. To examine the degree of fertility restoration by these two systems, nine PCMS lines were crossed with ‘Norin 61’ and ‘Chinese Spring’ as the restorer lines, and the F₁ hybrids were investigated. The degree of fertility restoration was estimated by comparing the seed set rates in the F₁ hybrids having the Ae. crassa cytoplasm and those with normal cytoplasm. The results revealed that the fertility restoration ability of a set of multiple Rf genes in ‘Norin 61’ was higher than that of the Rfd1 gene in ‘Chinese Spring’.     

Introduction of allien variation into wheat by gene recombination. I. Crosses between mono V (5B) Triticum aestivum L. and Secale cereale L. and Aegilops columnaris zhuk.

An analysis is made of meiotic pairing of hybrids whether or not deficient in the chromosome V (5B) from crosses between Mono V (5B) T. aestivum var. Chinese Spring and Secale cereale and Aegilops columnaris. Transmission rates of deficiency are not equal for both combinations. Isochromosomes are found in the hybrid plants.5B deficiency allows the pairing and recombination between the chromosomes of wheat and those of the related species. Such deficiency may be a useful wheat breeding tool to introduce alien variation into such cultivated species.Effectiveness of 5B deficiency on meiotic pairing of the hybrids, measured as the increase of the proportion of complement paired, is 36–37% and 49–50% in the hybrids involving rye and Ae. columnaris respectively. Minimum percentages of the introduction of alien variation into wheat are established for the material investigated: 2% for rye and 28% for Ae. columnaris.Methods of utilisation of the 5B deficiency in a programme of wheat breeding are discussed and outlined.     

小麦EST-SSR标记的开发和染色体定位及其在追踪黑麦染色体中的应用

根据小麦盐胁迫诱导和茎秆组织相关EST序列开发了81对EST-SSR引物, 其中67、46、18和61对分别在小麦、黑麦、簇毛麦和大麦基因组中稳定扩增, 在不同小麦和大麦品种间具有多态性的引物分别有22和23对。利用小麦缺体-四体系共定位了43对引物的81个位点, 其中A、B和D染色体组上分别有29、30和22个位点, 涉及除4B、3D和6D外的18条染色体。此外30对引物在黑麦基因组中具有特异扩增, 其中8对分别在黑麦1R、4R、5R和R7染色体上具有特异扩增, 7对在多条黑麦染色体具有相同扩增。这些新标记可有效用于小麦及其近缘物种的遗传作图与比较遗传研究。     

Cytological identification of 1B/1R wheat-rye translocations in winter wheat breeding lines

Summary The incorporation of rye (S. cereale L.) chromatin into winter wheat (T. aestivum L.) cultivars is often achieved via hybridization of unadapted wheat-rye translocation lines with adapted wheat germplasm. Identification of progenies possessing the translocated chromosome has traditionally involved phenotypic screening for the desired rye characteristics. In this study, the Giemsa N-banding technique was evaluated as a potential screening tool for detection of 1B/1R wheat-rye translocations. Five breeding lines were examined from the pedigree Aurora/2^*TAM W-101. The differential banding patterns of chromosome 1B contributed by TAM W-101 and chromosome 1B/1R contributed by Aurora allowed unequivocal identification of translocation genotypes. Three of the lines were found to be heterogeneous, whereby plants were homozygous for either the normal 1B or the translocated 1B/1R chromosome. The remaining two lines were observed to be homozygous and homogeneous for the translocated 1B/1R chromosome. The implication of N-banding chromosomal analyses to wheat breeding is presented.Contribution No. J-5172, Department of Agronomy, Oklahoma Agriculture Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK74078.     

Fluorescent in situ hybridization as an aid to introducing alien genetic variation into wheat

Summary Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) has been used to assess the occurrence and frequency of wheat-alien chromosome pairing in a wheat/Thinopyrum bessarabicum hybrid and in wheat/rye hybrids with different levels of chromosome pairing by examining pollen mother cells at metaphase I of meiosis. The use of FISH to identify the presence and size of alien chromatin in a wheat background is also demonstrated.The value of FISH as an aid to the introgression of alien genetic variation into wheat is discussed.Abbreviations FISH fluorescent in situ hybridization - GISH genomic in situ hybridization - PRINS primer-induced in situ hybridization