Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Some New Released (00) Spring Rapeseed Cultivars Grown under Different Competitive Systems

The inter-relationships between fifteen quantitative characters of spring oilseed rape were computed using four "free erucic acid" cultivars viz. Callypso, Semit 2080, Semu DNK 203/84 and Semu 304 , grown under two different distances between drill rows (16 and 32 cm) and three population densities (30, 60 and 90 plants/m²). The experiments were carried out in Kiel, West Germany, in 1986 and 1987 seasons.
Positive and highly significant values were obtained in the two seasons between seed yield per plant and the characters: dry matter (DM) per plant, per main stem and per branches, number of branches, siliqua per plant or per branches and yield per branches. All the characters that showed strong association with yield/plant behaved in a similar way and similar magnitudes with yield/branches. By contrast, yield/main stem showed different magnitudes in the two years with the previous characters and the association was weak or absent in most cases.
Seed index and the quality traits (oil and protein %) did not correlate significantly with the majority of the characters studied. Only the association between DM/main stem and protein content showed highly significant negative values in both seasons.
Path coefficient analysis revealed that number of siliqua per plant had the highest direct effect on seed yield/plant in both years. The source character (DM) affected yield/plant indirectly through number of siliqua per plant and the indirect contribution was high m both years.     

Water Requirements of Safflower Entries in Middle Egypt

Two promising selected land races of safflower ( Carthamns tinctorious L.) designated as line 11 and line 13, together with the local variety Giza 1 , were examined under three levels of moisture depletions, i.e. 40, 60 and 80 % ASMD at Fayoum, Middle Egypt during 1986/87 and 1987/88 seasons. In both growing seasons, the second irrigation treatment i.e. 60 % ASMD gave the highest means for growth characters as well as seed yield and most of its components. Seed oil content per cent exhibited an increased as soil moisture depletion increased with no significant difference between entries. Safflower entries showed clear differences in some yield components which compensate each other and resulted in no significant difference in seed yield per hectar.
Consumptive use of water by safflower plants increased as the available soil moisture around the root zone increased. No significant differences were found in water consumed by safflower entries used in all experiments.
In the two experimental seasons, the best water use efficiency (WUE) for seed production was obtained also from the second treatment (60 % ASMD). The line 11 gave the best WUE.     

Effect of plant density on selection for seed yield in two population types of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Summary Pedigree selection for seed yield, using early generation yield tests, was practiced from the F₂ to F₇ in two populations of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in three plant densities: 66, 133, and 266 thousand plants ha^-1 at CIAT-Palmira, Colombia. The six highest yielding lines selected from each plant-density, along with 13 parents, were evaluated in a 7×7 lattice design with three replications at the three densities utilized for selection, and at 399,000 plants ha^-1 in 1988 and 1989.Based on the mean performance of selected lines and the mean of the parents, selection for seed yield was effective in all densities in both populations. However, none of the lines selected from the population within the race Mesoamerica (TC 4673) significantly outyielded their best parent under any plant density. The highest yielding lines selected from the interracial population (TR 4635) outyielded their best parent irrespective of the plant-density used for selection. The highest yielding line originated from the highest density used for selection. Low density was neither good for selection nor for evaluation and identification of high-yielding cultivars of common bean. There was no significant difference between the mean yield of lines selected at the intermediate and high population densities. The effects of plant density, year, and their interactions were significant for seed yield.     

群体密度对提型杂种小麦产量性状及其杂种优势的影响

本文研究了群体密度对提型杂种小麦产量性状及其杂种优势的影响.结果表明:各性状在密度间都存在着显著差异.单株穗数、穗粒数和千粒重随密度增加而下降,籽粒产量与密度呈二次抛物线关系.平均穗粒数和单株穗数的杂种优势在产量杂种优势形成中的直接作用是低密度高于高密度;千粒重的杂种优势在产量杂种优势形成中的直接作用是低密度低于高密度;通过对杂种小麦产量及杂种优势标准化联立方程组求解和对产量回归方程求导的方法,确定了杂种小麦的适宜密度范围为每亩8.5～13万株,最后提出了适当降低杂种小麦密度应采取的栽培措施.     

密度与播期对晋西旱作玉米农艺性状及产量的影响

为了研究不同玉米品种在晋西旱作条件下的最佳栽培模式,采用3因素随机区组设计,对3个耐密型品种在4个种植密度和3个播期下的农艺性状及产量的数值差异进行比较研究。结果表明,密度对3个品种的最大叶面积指数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量的影响达显著或极显著水平,对株高、穗位高的影响不显著;播期对株高、穗位高、最大叶面积指数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量的影响达显著或极显著水平,主要农艺性状之间的交互作用共同影响并且决定了玉米产量。综合分析可知‘：先玉335’和‘大丰30’在67500株/hm²和5月中旬处理组合下产量最高,分别为13914.17kg/hm²、13487.67kg/hm²‘;福盛园55’在75000株/hm²和4月下旬处理组合下,产量最高为16114.37kg/hm²,本研究为3个玉米品种在本地区获得高产提供了一定的技术支撑。     

不同种植模式对高粱晋糯3号产量和养分吸收的影响

为了明确高粱新品种晋糯3号的最佳种植模式,研究了不同行距及密度对晋糯3号产量和养分吸收的影响。试验共设3个行距：30、50和60cm,每个行距处理设4个密度：4.5万、7.5万、10.5万和13.5万株/hm ²。结果表明,行距50cm时,晋糯3号单株叶面积、叶面积指数（LAI）、单穗粒数及产量最高,其次为行距60cm,行距30cm处理最低;相同行距时,密度为13.5万株/hm ²时产量较高,但与密度10.5万株/hm ²的产量没有显著差异。密度为4.5万株/hm ²时晋糯3号单穗粒数是密度为10.5万和13.5万株/hm ²时的1.8~2.0倍,产量为同一行距最高产量的72%~88%,这表明晋糯3号具有较强的群体调节能力。行距50cm结合密度4.5万株/hm ²促进了开花后植物对氮的吸收,开花后植株较强的氮素吸收能力是低密度产量提高的主要因素之一。行距50和60cm密度为10.5万和13.5万株/hm ²时产量较高且没有显著差异,但行距50cm有利于氮磷钾养分的吸收,为此晋糯3号的最佳种植模式为行距50cm结合密度10.5万~13.5万株/hm ²。     

Growth and Yield Responses to Plant Density and Stage of Transplanting in Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

Growth and yield responses to plant density (6.75 × 10⁴, 9.75 × 10⁴ and 12.75 × 10⁴ plants ha^–1) and stage of transplanting (30, 35 and 40 days after sowing) of winter oilseed rape cultivar HO 605 were investigated in two field trials in the 1996/97 and 1997/98 growing seasons at Zhejiang University Farm, Huajiachi Campus, China. Results revealed a progressive decrease in leaf area per plant in response to increasing plant density and delayed transplanting, though leaf area m^–2 and leaf area index were higher in high-density plants. Number of effective branches and pod per branch decreased with increasing plant density and delayed transplanting. There were no significant differences in the mean seed weight among treatments. Although the average number of seeds per pod was significantly lower for high-density plants and delayed transplanting, the economically highest seed yields were realized in relatively high-density plants. Seed oil content was negatively affected by increasing plant density, but no significant differences were observed with delayed transplanting. The highest seed yields of 1730.7 and 1748.1 kg ha^–1 with no significant differences were observed for plant densities of 9.75 × 10⁴ and 12.75 × 10⁴ plants ha^–1, respectively, transplanted at 35 and 30 days after sowing.     

Yield–Density Relation of Glyphosate-Resistant Soya beans and their Responses to Light Enrichment in North-eastern USA

Optimum plant population densities are a key means of achieving higher seed yield in soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Limited information is available on yield‐density relation of glyphosate‐resistant soya beans in north‐eastern USA. The objective of this research was to determine the appropriate populations for glyphosate‐resistant soya beans, and if the yield potential of glyphosate‐resistant soya bean produced in light‐enriched conditions was affected by populations. Eight glyphosate‐resistant soya bean cultivars with three populations (300 000, 500 000 and 800 000 plants ha⁻¹) were grown under both ambient and light‐enriched conditions in 2002 and 2003. Yield of all cultivars responded to density linearly. As density increased, grain yield was increased by up to 92 % among cultivars. Light enrichment increased yield for all cultivars across the 2 years, although some cultivars were more sensitive. Harvest index either remained unchanged or declined slightly at higher density in 2002, and there was no difference among treatments in 2003. Both pod number and seed number per plant were significantly decreased with the increase of density across the 2 years, while seeds per pod declined slightly or remained unchanged. Greater seed size was obtained in higher density with varied degree depending on cultivars across the 2 years except for those cultivars with relatively larger seed. The increase in seed size by light enrichment was cultivar and density dependent, and varied between years. 800 000 plants ha⁻¹ could be a suitable practice in producing higher yield in north‐east USA for glyphosate‐resistant soya bean. Maintaining the mass of an individual seed is an important strategy in achieving high yield at high population. Establishing mechanisms responsible for the greatest yields via high population under light‐enriched conditions, may provide insights for management and phenotypic improvement.     

棉花群体冠层结构与干物质生产及产量的关系

对晋棉１０号品种９．０万～１５万株·ｈｍ－２５个群体密度梯度下的冠层结构、光合特性及其与干物质生产和分配的关系进行了研究。结果表明：在山西特早熟棉区适期播种条件下，晋棉１０号品种最适群体为１０．５万株·ｈｍ－２。该群体下，棉花冠层结构、光合特性及干物质生产与分配均优于其他群体，经济产量高出其他群体平均产量２５％以上。同时，提出了晋棉１０号品种适宜群体的若干指标，为确定棉花高产栽培措施及建立棉花生产管理模型提供了参考     

单粒播种不同密度对‘泉花551’产量及品质的影响

为了研究单粒播种条件下不同种植密度对花生植株农艺性状、光合特性、产量及品质的影响,以高产、优质、适应性广的花生新品种‘泉花551’为材料,采用大田试验方法筛选其最优种植密度,为推广应用提供依据。在单粒播种条件下,花生株高、干物质积累、叶面积指数及光合势与种植密度呈正相关态势;单株分枝数、结果枝数、荚果数、单株生产力和叶绿素含量与种植密度呈负相关态势。在本试验设置的播种密度范围内产量随密度的增加呈先增加后降低的变化,以处理R₄产量最高,与对照相比增产达显著水平,其较高的产量与其合理的干物质分配和较强的光合能力等有关。不同密度处理对花生籽仁品质影响较少。各处理以R₄处理最适宜,既可促进单株健壮发育,充分发挥单株增产潜力,同时能协调个体与群体的发展,促进群体荚果产量的提高,实现花生的增产增效。     

蒜茬花生不同田间配置方式及密度研究

为探讨蒜茬花生高产栽培种植模式,2014—2015年在聊城农科院科技示范园对其田间配置方式及种植密度进行试验研究。试验采用裂区试验设计,田间配置方式(垄上小行距)为主处理,设A1(25 cm)、A2(35 cm)、A3(45 cm);密度为副处理,设单粒精播B1(18万株/hm~2)、B2(21万株/hm~2)、B3(24万株/hm~2)、B4(27万株/hm~2)、双粒穴播B5(13.5万株/hm~2)5个密度水平,研究田间配置方式和种植密度对花生生育性状、产量性状、干物质积累及田间群体透光率的影响。研究结果表明,主处理垄上小行距A1(25 cm)、A2(35 cm)对花生群体透光率、单株结果数、饱果数和荚果干重的有利影响显著高于A3(45 cm),其他性状主处理间差异不大;密度对群体透光率、植株干重、产量性状影响较大,结果显示花生饱果期副处理B2(21万株/hm~2)、B3(24万株/hm~2)、B5(13.5万株/hm~2)群体透光率较低,即群体光截获率较高,更有利于光能利用率的提高。产量结果以A1B3最高,与A1B2、A2B2、A2B3处理产量差异不显著,与其余主副处理协作均差异显著。     

播期和密度对芸豆生长、干物质积累及产量的影响

基于黑龙江省芸豆主栽地区春季频繁发生低温干旱,生产上经常晚播的生产实际,为了寻求适应实际生产条件的播期和密度协调栽培技术,在大田试验条件下探讨了5月15日(I)、5月25日(II)、6月04日(III)3个播期和15万株/hm~2(D1)、20万株/hm~2(D2)、25万株/hm~2(D3)、30万株/hm~2(D4)4个种植密度对芸豆植株性状、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明:相比于第I播期,第II和III播期条件下,芸豆的株高、茎粗、主茎节数和分枝数均有所下降,但芸豆的生长率有所增加。同时,随播期的推迟,芸豆花后的单株干物质积累和群体干物质积累逐渐下降趋势,单株荚数和单株粒数呈先增后减趋势。II-D2处理的产量最高,其次为I-D2和III-D3处理,分别比不同播期下D1处理多27.18%~45.31%、17.57%~34.34%、14.92%~31.31%。总体来看,在3种播期下,合理的种植密度能够使芸豆生长率、花后群体干物质积累增加,构建优良群体结构,在晚播(III)时适度密植(D3)的增产稳产优势更明显。     

行距配置和种植密度对薏苡光合生理、籽粒灌浆及产量的影响

为薏苡高产栽培提供参考依据,采用2 因素裂区设计,设置2 种行距（等行距、宽窄行）和4 种密度（7 万、6 万、5 万、4 万株/hm2）,研究不同的种植方式对薏苡花后光合生理、籽粒灌浆及产量的影响。结果表明：宽窄行种植改善了薏苡的群体结构,提高了叶片光合性能和籽粒灌浆能力,与等行距种植的薏苡相比,4 种密度种植的薏苡产量分别提高7.87%、7.90%、7.87%和8.75%;种植密度对薏苡产量影响显著,2 种行距配置的薏苡都以种植密度为5 万株/hm2时产量最高,分别达到4544.1、4901.9 kg/hm2。薏苡的适宜种植密度为5万株/hm2,宽窄行种植是薏苡高产栽培的有效措施。     

不同栽培模式与密度对芸豆产量及干物质积累的影响

为明确不同栽培模式与密度对芸豆生长发育的影响,试验采用二因素裂区设计,研究3种栽培模式对芸豆农艺性状、产量和干物质积累动态的影响。结果表明：密度为10万株/hm ²时,各栽培模式芸豆的单株荚数最多、单株粒数和单株粒重最高;分枝数与茎粗随密度增加而降低。随着生育进程推进,芸豆茎叶干物质积累量呈先上升后下降的趋势,子粒呈上升趋势。110cm垄作和65cm垄作在密度为25万株/hm ²时产量最高,分别为2 525.25和2 389.23kg/hm ²;平作在密度为20万株/hm ²时产量最高,为2 008.44kg/hm ²。故黑龙江省西部半干旱地区110cm垄作,保苗株数25万株/hm ²时更易获得高产。     

Effect of Seeding Rate on Seed and Hay Yield in Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.)

The effects of six seeding rates (50-300 seeds m^−2:) on some morphological traits with hay and seed yield were evaluated in common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) under fall and spring sowing conditions. The mutual correlations among yield and yield components were also determined.
The sowing seasons and seeding rates significantly affected hay and seed yield, and most of the yield components. Fall sowings resulted in significantly higher hay and seed yield than spring sowings at all seeding rates, and the highest seed and hay yield was achieved in densities of 250 and 300 seeds m⁻². In spring sowings there was a positive response in hay yield up to 250 seeds m⁻² while no further increase in seed yield at the seeding rates higher than 150 seeds m⁻². Average protein content of hay and seed was found to be higher in spring sown crops than fall. The highest protein yields of hay and seed were obtained at 250 seeds m⁻² in fall sowings, and 150 seeds m⁻² in spring sowings.
Most of the correlations between both hay and seed yields with the yield components were not consistent and differed with the sowing time. Only the correlations between number of the plants per unit area with hay yield, and number of the pods and seeds per unit area with seed yield were statistically significant in both sowing seasons. Close positive associations were obtained between hay and seed yield.     

种植密度对不同类型夏玉米生产力和主要生理指标的影响

(安阳工学院农学系,河南安阳 455000)     

不同栽培条件对国审稻盐两优2208产量及其产量性状的影响

为探索和挖掘国审稻‘盐两优2208’的栽培措施和高产潜力,本研究采用多因素随机区组试验设计,分析了不同播期、种植密度和施肥量对优质国审稻‘盐两优2208’产量及其产量性状的影响。结果表明：播期、种植密度和施肥量等因素对‘盐两优2208’的产量及其产量性状均有极显著影响;不同播期、种植密度和施肥量对产量及其相关性状的互作效应发现,产量分别在A2B2、A2C2和B2C2互作效应下达到最高,产量相关性状在互作效应影响下,在不同处理间的差异较为复杂,总体来看,千粒重、结实率和有效穗对产量潜力关联较大,在这几个相关性状值在互作效应中最高时,产量潜力往往也最高。在‘盐两优2208’高产栽培时,应适时播种,合理密植,注重灌浆期水肥管理,氮肥施用适当后移,为增加穗粒数并提高结实率,需在齐穗时增施粒肥,为实现高产奠定基础。     

Early Generation Selection for Grain Yield in Narrow-Leaf Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.)

Experiments were conducted with early segregating generations of a selected narrow-leaf lupin cross to determine the effectiveness of selection for yield based on alternative criteria. F2 plants were selected on the basis of seed yield and several other yield-related characters to generate separate F3 populations. Randomly selected plants from each population were grown over the summer (off-season) in a glasshouse to generate F4 populations. Analyses of relationships between F2 plant measurements and F3 progeny mean yields revealed significant correlations only for those characters with the highest heritabilities - flowering time, 100 seed weight and harvest index. However, selection for the earliest flowering F2 plants followed by selection within this group of plants with the highest number of pod bearing branches would result in the greatest increase in F3 mean yield. The F2-derived F4 populations with the highest seed yields were those obtained by selection for total plant dry weight, number of pod bearing branches and number of pods per plant. Improvement in commercial crop yield should therefore be obtained through selection in early generations for those characters contributing to the greatest number of pods per unit area. A scheme involving selection for early flowering and high number of pod bearing branches in the F2 combined with replicated yield tests in the F4 is proposed.     

用GGE双标图分析种植密度对高油花生生长和产量的影响

花生群体密度直接影响花生产量及产量构成因素,系统研究不同种植密度下花生产量和性状差异,可为花生高产栽培提供理论依据。以高产高油花生冀花4号为材料,设置5个密度处理,分别为每公顷7.5、10.5、15.0、19.5和24.0万穴,探索种植密度对高产花生农艺性状、经济性状、产量形成因素和经济产量的影响,并用GGE双标图法对结果进行系统分析。结果表明,不同指标对种植密度的敏感程度表现不一,单株开花数、单株结果数、单株产量和荚果产量表现最敏感,而主茎高、侧枝长、出米率、籽仁含油量及蛋白质含量表现相对较稳定。随花生密度增大,单株开花数、单株结果数、百果重和单株产量显著降低,荚果产量则逐渐提高,但提高幅度逐渐降低。冀花4号种植密度每公顷10.5~15.0万穴时可获最大经济效益。GGE双标图为研究不同密度下花生生长状况和产量反应提供了更为直观有效的分析手段。     

施氮量和种植密度对芝麻光合速率、产量和氮肥利用率的影响

为探明施氮量和种植密度对芝麻光合速率、产量及氮肥利用效率的影响,以白芝麻品种郑太芝1号为材料,设置纯氮0、60、100和140kg/hm² 4个施氮水平以及11.25、18.75和26.25万株/hm² 3个种植密度水平,对芝麻光合速率、产量及氮肥利用率进行分析。结果表明,同一施氮量条件下,随着种植密度的增加,叶片净光合速率、叶绿素相对含量、氮肥收获指数、单株蒴数及千粒重逐渐降低,而植株秸秆氮和总氮量逐渐提高;氮肥吸收利用率和氮肥农学利用率以18.75万株/hm²处理最高。100kg/hm²施氮量处理产量最高,2年中分别较不施氮肥处理增产19.70%和16.91%。同一密度下,叶片净光合速率、单株蒴数、单蒴粒数和千粒重随着施氮量的增加而升高,不同密度处理以18.75万株/hm²处理产量最高,2年较11.25万株/hm²处理分别增产15.30%和16.69%。不同处理组合中施氮量100kg/hm²、密度18.75万株/hm²处理的产量最高,且氮肥吸收利用率为50%以上,氮肥农学利用率为4.27kg/kg以上,是白芝麻高产高效的最优组合。