利用啤酒酵母活菌株培养褶皱臂尾轮虫的研究

本文介绍了用啤酒酵母活菌株培养褶皱臂尾轮虫的试验成果。试验表明：(1)轮虫接种的适宜密度是14—70个/毫升；(2)投喂量对水环境因子有一定影响，但在充分充气条件下，pH和溶氧量变化对轮虫增殖没有明显影响，而化学耗氧量的变化在超过100ppm时。对轮虫增殖有严重影响。(3)投喂量应根据水温和轮虫的数量来确定，在水温30℃时，投喂率3(克酵母／克轮虫)，连续采收使轮虫密度保持在200个／毫升左右，可望长时间获得轮虫高产稳产的培养效果；(4)除啤酒酵母外，投喂适当经乳化处理的清鱼肝油，不会影响轮虫的产量，但可以提高轮虫作为幼鱼饵料的营养效果。     

藻粉与微藻搭配对萼花臂尾轮虫的饵料效果研究

为探讨藻粉作为轮虫培育饵料的可行性,研究了两种藻粉(螺旋藻粉、小球藻粉)分别与微藻蛋白核小球藻、斜生栅藻按一定比例搭配投喂萼花臂尾轮虫的饵料效果。结果表明,用藻粉和微藻适当比例搭配投喂轮虫其效果接近或超过单一用微藻在最适密度下的培养效果;两种微藻中又以蛋白核小球藻与藻粉按4∶1比例搭配对轮虫的饵料效果更好;螺旋藻粉和小球藻粉之间的差异不明显。     

河鲀苗种培育中饵料应用研究

对刚孵出2d的暗纹东方鲀仔鱼进行2个阶段培育，结果发现：第1阶段使用轮虫投喂仔鱼组其生长速度、成活率明显大于蛋黄投喂组；第2阶段使用相同量卤虫和发头裸腹蚤作为饵料投喂以上两组鱼苗，结果仍是第1阶段轮虫投喂组在生长速度和成活率方面大于蛋黄投喂组，这表明仔鱼培育阶段其饵料的选择对以后河鲀的生长和存活率仍起着关键作用。     

饵料中添加鱼油型HUFA强化剂对褶皱臂尾轮虫生产及营养价值的影响

分别以酵母、80%酵母与20%光合细菌混合物为基本饵料,研究褶皱臂尾轮虫(Branchionus plicatilis)半连续培养过程中持续添加5 mg/(L·d)的鱼油型HUFA强化剂对轮虫生产及其营养的影响.结果表明,投喂80%酵母与20%光合细菌混合物的轮虫组,其最高密度、平均抱卵率、种群维持高密度的时间、总产量等指标在4个处理中最低;而持续添加5mg/(L·d)的鱼油型HUFA强化剂的轮虫组,其平均抱卵率、总产量与酵母组无显著差异,但高密度情况下种群的稳定性显著增加.饵料对所培养的轮虫的营养价值也有影响.日饵中添加HUFA强化剂,增加了轮虫的总脂含量,降低了轮虫的粗蛋白及氨基酸含量.添加HUFA强化剂培养的轮虫的脂肪酸组成也发生了变化.     

盐度和饵料影响锯缘青蟹蚤状幼体成活率的试验

为解决青蟹人工育苗难题，对盐度及饵料影响锯缘青蟹蚤状幼体Ⅰ期成活率进行了研究。结果：蚤状Ⅰ期的适宜海水比重是1.016-1.020，以1.020的幼体最活泼；螺旋藻混合轮虫投喂比蛋黄混全豆浆效果更好；单独投喂螺旋藻比单喂轮虫效果好，主要原因是轮虫密度不够。     

细小裂面藻作为饵料的开发利用研究

１９９２￣１９９５年，将细小裂面藻作为水产动物的饵料进行试验，结果：单独投喂裂面藻，轮虫密度１０天内由３个／ｍｌ增殖与４００个／ｍｌ左右，与对照组海水小球藻无显著差异；卤虫２２￣２４天出现卵囊，总成活率５４％，与对照组杜氏藻无显著差异；对虾幼体只能由Ｚ１变态到Ｚ２，且总成活率与对照组角刺藻差异显著；用裂面藻培育的轮虫和卤虫幼体作对虾Ｚ２以后的补充饵料，能顺利发育变态，直到出池。认为裂面藻作为轮虫和     

不同饵料对锯缘青蟹幼体发育的影响

锯缘青蟹幼体培育实验表明在幼体培育过程中,单投轮虫、卤虫、人工饵料及藻类幼体的发育并不理想,均在某个变态阶段受阻.人工饵料和藻类在投喂的第四天已全部死亡.但适当添加人工饵料及藻类以几种饵料混合投喂方式可有效地提高幼体成活率.轮虫、丰年虫、裸腹蚤均是幼体良好的生物饲料.     

不同饵料对中华虎头蟹幼体发育和存活率的影响

为探讨中华虎头蟹苗种繁育过程中饵料及投喂的影响,进行了不同饵料对中华虎头蟹溞状幼体和大眼幼体生长发育和存活的影响实验。实验结果,中华虎头蟹各期幼体生长发育效果较好的饵料为动物性饵料,Z1期以卤虫无节幼体为开口饵料,只投喂扁藻后期幼体发育较差;Z2以轮虫和卤虫无节幼体的搭配为好;Z3期则以轮虫为适宜饵料;M期投喂卤虫无节幼体效果相对较好。     

面包酵母添加光合细菌和Vc后培养轮虫的效果

采用种群累积培养法,在控温３２℃条件下进行实验,观察在面包酵母中加入光合细菌和维生素Ｃ培养萼花臂尾轮虫的效果。结果表明,光合细菌对该轮虫的种群增长有明显的促进作用。在酵母液中加入１％～１０％的光合细菌液（菌液的浓度为１０×１０８～１３×１０８ｃｅｌ／ｍｌ）,轮虫种群密度可增长４～５倍。维生素Ｃ的添加量在０．０２ｍｇ／ｍｌ时,对轮虫的种群增长有促进作用;在０．１ｍｇ／ｍｌ时,其促长作用显著;在本实验设计范围内,当浓度等于或高于０．５ｍｇ／ｍｌ时,由于极大地降低了培养液的ｐＨ值,导致轮虫死亡。     

饵料对稚幼参生长变色的影响

报告了藻粉,浮泥,人工配合饵料,混合饵料对稚幼长岛县牝一海水育苗场变色的影响。经３个胸月的投喂试验。结果：人工配合饵料组稚幼参体长,体重增长较快,纯藻粉组,浮泥组投喂效果都较差。藻粉中添加部分“海丰”牌饲料预混剂和３０％的浮泥,对稚参有明显的助长作用,日均增长,增重是纯藻粉组的２倍以上,且明显快于人工配合饵料组。     

Commercial single-cell proteins either as sole food source or in formulated diets for intensive and continuous production of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis)

Commercial Spirulina, Chlorella, and a methanol-grown yeast were tested as sole food source for the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Some good results were obtained, but only with medium salinity (18%) and none with seawater (35‰). In comparison with a constant supply of food, different adjustments of the food level to the population density were tested: a proportional and continuous or stepwise adjustment and a less proportional one. The less than proportional adjustment was found to be more advisable for a continuous culture with a daily renewal of a quarter of the volume. The three single-cell proteins appeared to be suitable with 35–55 rotifers produced per ml per day. However, the food conversion was poor: in the best cases 4.2 g of food were required per 10⁶ rotifers produced. In practice, two formulated diets were preferred for mass culture trials in 60-l tanks: the first (P 72) included 40% Spirulina, 40% yeast and different additives; the second was composed of 67% of diet P72 and 33% of the freeze-dried alga Platymonas suecica. The production was 44 and 35 rotifers, respectively per ml per day, with 3.6 and 2.9 g of food, respectively per 10⁶ rotifers,produced. Freeze-dried algae did not appear to be necesary for rotifer production, but the nutritional quality of such rotifers should be investigated.     

Fundamental studies on the physiology of rotifers in mass culture—V. Dry Chlorella powder as a food for rotifers

The dietary value of dried, commercial Chlorella was compared with that of living marine Chlorella, and yeast, in relation to growth of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis raised individually and by batch culture methods.A concentration of 50 μg/ml of dried Chlorella powder is near an optimal density for rotifer growth. The dried material in suspension is less effective for growth than living marine Chlorella, although it is much more effective than a suspension of yeast at the same density (50 μg/ml).In batch culture (12-l glass vessel), the rotifers grew from an initial inoculation of 13.2 individuals/ml to a density of 434 individuals/ml by the 16th day. About 10⁷ rotifers could be removed from one batch culture in five harvests in the 41-day experimental period.The results indicate that dried Chlorella powder is an effective food for the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis.     

褶皱臂尾轮虫培养若干问题探讨

本文就轮虫生产性培养过程中接种密度、投饵量、水质、轮虫生长和营养强化等方面的问题进行探讨,认为:接种密度在用单胞藻培养时应为10～30个/ml,用酵母培养时20～50个/ml;酵母投喂量0 3～0 35g/百万,投喂量不宜过大;酵母投喂的轮虫使用前2d最好用单细胞藻类强化。     

不同饵料对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群生长繁殖的影响↑（*）

用３种饵料、４个组合培养褶皱臂尾轮虫,研究饵料对轮虫种群生长、繁殖的影响。结果表明：用光合细菌和鲜酵母混合为饵组,轮虫的最高培养密度达到了１８２０ｍＬ－１,高于其它３组;轮虫的日平均增殖率为０．４３５１,比光合细菌组和鲜酵母组分别增加了６．４％和２５．０％。对轮虫生长、繁殖有明显的促进作用。     

不同脂肪源对褶皱臂尾轮虫脂类和脂肪酸组成的影

以褶皱臂尾轮虫（Brachionus plicatilis)为实验动物并设计不同脂肪源饵料，分别为：面包酵母Saccharomyces cerevisice（对照组），微绿球藻Nannochlorpisis oculata(A)，5%大豆磷脂 5%鱼油 90%面包酵母（C）。结果表明：（1）接受不同脂肪源的轮虫的脂肪酸组成显著不同，尤其是高度不饱和脂肪酸（HUFA，20C）含量存在显著差异，说明饵料中HUFA含量对轮虫体内相应脂肪酸的含量有显著影响。投喂饵料C使轮虫的脂类HUFA水平得到了强化，提高了轮虫的营养价值。（2）轮虫脂类的HUFA水平不仅由饵料中脂类的相应脂肪酸组成决定，而且轮虫脂类HUFA的提高和强化效果与饵料中HUFA的化学形态密切相关。甘油三酯型饵料HUFA的强化轮虫效果高于磷脂型的HUFA。（3）将富含HUFA的鱼油直接添加在干性饵料如面包酵母中，而不是通过对鲁油乳化后直接强化轮虫，同样能取得良好的强化效果，且操作简便、不易污染水质，适用于轮虫的规模生产。     

光合细菌对多刺裸腹溞培养的影响

在实验室条件下,采用静止培养法对多刺裸腹溞进行培养实验,研究在以酵母和小球藻为饵料的多刺裸腹溞培养中,添加不同浓度光合细菌对其生长繁殖的影响。结果表明:光合细菌(菌液浓度为48×108cell/ml)添加量为1 mg/L(组2)、2mg/L(组3)、64 mg/L(组8)、130 mg/L(组9)和260 mg/L(组10)时,实验组中多刺裸腹溞的生殖量与空白对照(组1)相比均无差异(P>0.05);光合细菌添加量分别为4 mg/L(组4)和8 mg/L(组5)时,实验组中多刺裸腹溞的生殖量明显多于对照组,差异较明显(P<0.05),其对多刺裸腹溞的增长具有明显的促进作用;在16 mg/L(组6)和32 mg/L(组7)时,实验组中多刺裸腹溞的生殖量达到最高峰,分别为对照组的1.54倍和1.40倍,差异十分显著(P<0.05);而当添加量过高,在520~800 mg/L(组11~组14)浓度范围内,实验组中多刺裸腹生殖量呈现急剧下降趋势,显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在本实验设计范围内,浓度等于或高于900 mg/L(组15)时,幼溞在12 d后仍没有达到性成熟,光合细菌对多刺裸腹溞的繁殖明显起抑制作用。以上结果显示,在以酵母与小球藻为饵料的多刺裸腹溞培养中,16~32 mg/L的光合细菌添加量最为适宜,该浓度范围的光合细菌对多刺裸腹溞的生长繁殖具有显著的促进效果。     

Effects of astaxanthin on Brachionus manjavacas (Rotifera) population growth

Astaxanthin is a red secondary carotenoid and powerful antioxidant that is used in aquaculture to enhance colour and improve fish health. Brachionid rotifers are often used as a live feed for larval fish, but do not contain endogenous carotenoids. However, they can be enriched with astaxanthin through their diet and transfer it to larval predators. When supplemented with 2 μg/ml astaxanthin oleoresin extracted from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, Brachionus manjavacas rotifer cultures reached significantly higher population densities and maintained them for longer. Furthermore, data are presented that exposure to oleoresin or pure astaxanthin enhances rotifer resistance to oxidative stress, a common cause for the collapse of rotifer mass cultures. Astaxanthin can be visualized in the gut of the rotifers, allowing the time course of uptake to be estimated by image analysis. Using this method, it was found that accumulation of astaxanthin in the rotifer gut saturates after 1.5 hr of exposure. The bioactive dose of astaxanthin oleoresin for rotifers was found to be 1–20 μg/ml. Astaxanthin concentration in rotifer tissues was measured using absorbance spectrophotometry. It was found that treating rotifers with 20 μg/ml for 24 hr; the concentration of astaxanthin absorbed into rotifer tissues was 2.6 mg/g. Overall, these experiments indicate that astaxanthin extracted from H. pluvialis can be used to improve the productivity and stability of rotifer mass cultures by increasing oxidative stress resistance and enhance the nutritional content of rotifers for larval fish.     

An indoor solution for mass production of the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Müller fed on the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica butcher

Mass production of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Müller is carried out in a set of 50-liter polyethylene bags in which first the microalga Tetraselmis suecica Butcher is cultured and then the rotifer is grown till most of the algae are grazed.This novel procedure based on a monoxenic production technique, has been conceived with a number of aims in view among which the following should be mentioned: shortest time elapsing between the start and the end of the culture (1 week); minimal care of the cultures; light energy saving for indoor invertebrate mass production systems; unified culture vessel for growing algae and rotifers; accuracy and timing of planned rotifer production. Each bag maintained in the best reported conditions gives over 400 rotifers per ml as final production. Rotifer mass production in plastic bags is better achieved when operated in conjunction with a system of continuous monoxenic cultures of microalgae and of rotifers which provide the inocula.     

Changes in the Population Structure of the Lineage ‘Nevada’ Belonging to the Brachionus plicatilis Species Complex, Batch-Cultured Under Different Feeding Regimes

Two experiments were conducted examining the population structure of Brachionus ‘Nevada’ under feeding conditions commonly applied in hatcheries, using 4-day rotifer batch cultures. In the first experiment two diets were supplied: yeast with Tetraselmis suecica (treatment A) or Culture Selco^® with T. suecica (treatment B). The second experiment (treatments C, D, E) differed in the phytoplankton quantity used (20?times higher): treatment C was analogous to A and treatments D and E to B. Initial rotifer density differed among treatments and was about 200 individuals ml^?1 in A, C and E, and 60 individuals ml^?1 in B and D. Multivariate analysis discriminated A and C from B, D and E. In treatments A and C, a 24-h cycle in ovigerous females, immature individuals and E/F ratio was observed, showing a high reproductive rate. Treatments B, D and E displayed a 48-h cycle in the aforementioned parameters, indicating a lower reproductive rate. The latter treatments had a significantly higher number of females with multiple eggs for most of the samplings, compared to A and C, except for treatment E until 40 h of sampling. Specific growth rate was significantly higher in treatments B and D (Culture Selco^® diet) compared to A and C (yeast diet), while treatment E had intermediate rates. Initial rotifer density influenced the abundance of females with multiple eggs, but resulted in slight variations in growth rate and population structure. The type of dry food greatly affected the population structure of rotifers, leading to significant differences in the growth rate.     

Comparison of rotifer culture quality with yeast plus oil and algal-based cultivation diets

The culture quality of rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, was compared for yeast and algal-based cultivation diets. The rotifer quality was evaluated based on factors which may affect survival and growth of marine fish larvae, including individual length and biomass, nutritional value, bacterial content, and rotifer viability. The diets used were monocultures of Tetraselmis sp., Isochrysis galbana, Pavlova lutheri, and baker's yeast plus capelin oil.Rotifers grown to early stationary phase with equal food rations exhibited equal length distribution, but the rotifer individual biomass was 10–25% higher for yeast-grown rotifers than for algal-grown rotifers.All diets gave equal protein content of individual rotifers. The lipid content was slightly higher and the ratio of protein to lipid was slightly lower with yeast plus capelin oil than with algae. The fatty acid composition of the rotifers was closely related to that of their dietary lipids and the 3 fatty acid content was not systematically different for the two types of diets.Use of yeast plus capelin oil resulted in considerably higher numbers of both suspended and rotifer-associated bacteria than with use of algal diets. No differences were found for the algal species involved. The viability of the rotifers in a temperature and salinity test was far better in groups fed algae than in groups fed yeast plus capelin oil.The results indicated an overall better quality of rotifers cultivated with algae than for rotifers cultivated with yeast and oil. Questions related to proteins and the microflora of rotifers should be further emphasized in future research.