猪孤雌胚胎体外培养影响因素

对NCSU-23和PZM-3等2种培养基体外培养猪孤雌激活(PA)胚胎的效果进行了比较,结果显示,PZM-3组与NCSU-23组PA胚胎囊胚孵化率差异显著(32.6%vs 18.9%,P<0.05);NCSU-23中添加2%必需氨基酸(EAA)显著降低猪PA胚胎的囊胚发育率(20.1%vs 25.1%,P<0.05);添加1%非必需氨基酸(NEAA)显著提高猪PA胚胎的囊胚率(24.7%vs 19.7%,P<0.05),但是联合添加NEAA和EAA对猪PA胚胎体外发育无显著影响(P>0.05).     

氨基酸对水牛孤雌激活胚胎体外发育的研究

本研究主要探讨氨基酸对水牛孤雌激活(PA)胚胎体外发育的影响.在SOF液中添加1.5%的MEM非必需氨基酸(NEAA)显著提高PA(79.8%vs 67.7%)胚胎的分裂率(P＜0.05),囊胚发育率和囊胚孵化率无显著差异;添加1.0%的EAA显著提高PA胚胎的囊胚孵化率(77.3%vs 43.3%,P＜0.05),但各组间的分裂率和囊胚发育率无显著差异;在改良SOF基础液中联合添加1.0%NEAA和2.0?A可显著提高孤雌激活胚胎的分裂率(84.4%vs 68.8%,P＜0.05),但囊胚发育率和孵化率均无显著差异.     

牛磺酸对牛体外受精早期胚胎发育的影响

研究了牛体外受精后早期胚胎体外发育时向其基础培养液中加入牛磺酸对胚胎桑椹胚率、囊胚率和孵化囊胚率的影响.试验1:以TCM-199 10?S为基础培养液(对照组),再加入7、14 mmol/L的牛磺酸(试验组),试验组与对照组的桑椹胚率分别为48.1%、47.4%和43.2%;囊胚率分别为26.4%、22.3%和21.0%;孵化囊胚率分别为21.8%、18.7%和0.试验2:IVF后2细胞、4～8细胞及8～16细胞期,在基础培养液中分别添加7 mmol/L的牛磺酸时,桑椹胚率分别为48.7%、57.1%和52.0%,囊胚率分别为25.1%、30.7%和27.9%,孵化囊胚率分别为25.9%、28.6%和25.0%;而添加14 mmol/L牛磺酸时,桑椹胚率分别为50.4%、56.4%和55.4%,囊胚率分别为26.5%、31.3%和27.7%,孵化囊胚率分别为27.5%、31.1%和29.9%.结果表明,体外发育培养液中添加7 mmol/L牛磺酸可显著提高桑椹胚率和囊胚率(P＜0.05),并且在4～8细胞期添加14 mmol/L牛磺酸最为合适.     

β-巯基乙醇或牛磺酸对牛体外受精后早期胚胎的影响

对屠宰黄牛的卵母细胞经体外成熟(IVM)、体外受精(IVF)后的早期胚胎,在β-巯基乙醇(-βME)或牛磺酸等添加物的胚胎培养液中的后续发育进行了研究,并探讨了其影响因素,以期筛选出最佳的体外培养条件。试验结果表明:4~8细胞期添加-βME可显著提高胚胎桑椹胚、囊胚发育率和囊胚细胞数,但不能改善孵化囊胚的质量。在体外发育培养液中添加7mM牛磺酸可显著提高桑椹胚率和囊胚率(P<0.05),并且在4~8细胞期添加牛磺酸最为合适。     

小鼠4、8-细胞胚胎单卵裂球体外培养体系的研究

以CZB为基础培养液,培养小鼠4、8-细胞胚胎单卵裂球,研究葡萄糖、牛磺酸和猪输卵管上皮细胞共培养在其体外发育中的作用。结果表明:牛磺酸添加与否对4、8-细胞胚胎单卵裂球的囊胚发育率分别为29%、30%和14%、14%,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。添加葡萄糖后,4、8-细胞胚胎单卵裂球的囊胚发育率分别为36%和19%,有显著提高(P<0.05)。含有葡萄糖而牛磺酸的添加与否对4、8-细胞胚胎单卵裂球的囊胚发育率分别为36%、38%和19%、20%,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。各组内4、8-细胞胚胎单卵裂球形成的囊胚细胞数分别为(10.44±1.24～(12.43±1.18)和(7.57±0.97)～(8.48±1.16),均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。4、8-细胞胚胎单卵裂球与猪输卵管上皮细胞共培养,其囊胚发育率分别为47%和26%,囊胚细胞数分别为(17.57±1.13)和(11.43±0.92),均高于单一培养(P<0.05)。     

亚牛磺酸对猪胚胎体外培养效果的影响

为了探讨亚牛磺酸的浓度对猪胚胎体外培养效果的影响,试验以孤雌激活胚胎为研究对象,将NCSU-23中的亚牛磺酸浓度从原来的5 mmol/L降低到2.5,1.0,0.5 mmol/L,检测猪卵母细胞激活后的分裂率和囊胚发育率.结果表明:各种浓度亚牛磺酸处理后的分裂率和囊胚发育率(30.7%、27.6%、22.8%、26.5%)差异不显著(P>0.05);但不使用亚牛磺酸则导致囊胚发育率极显著下降(30.7%vs1.4%,P<0.01).结果说明亚牛磺酸是猪胚胎培养液必不可少的重要成分,但其浓度可下调至0.5mmol/L.     

亚牛磺酸对猪胚胎体外培养效果的影响

为了探讨亚牛磺酸的浓度对猪胚胎体外培养效果的影响,试验以孤雌激活胚胎为研究对象,将NCSU-23中的亚牛磺酸浓度从原来的5mmol/L降低到2.5,1.0,0.5mmol/L,检测猪卵母细胞激活后的分裂率和囊胚发育率。结果表明:各种浓度亚牛磺酸处理后的分裂率和囊胚发育率(30.7%、27.6%、22.8%、26.5%)差异不显著(P0.05);但不使用亚牛磺酸则导致囊胚发育率极显著下降(30.7%vs1.4%,P0.01)。结果说明亚牛磺酸是猪胚胎培养液必不可少的重要成分,但其浓度可下调至0.5mmol/L。     

水牛冷冻胚胎分割效果的初步研究

探讨了胚胎分割前后冷冻和不同时期的冷冻胚胎对水牛胚胎分割效果的影响。结果:冷冻后分割组的分割成功率与分割后冷冻组差异不显著(71.39%vs 71.43%,P>0.05),但囊胚冷冻后分割组的半胚发育率显著高于分割后冷冻组(58.33%vs 47.14%,P<0.05);扩张囊胚的冷冻存活率显著高于孵化囊胚(94.84%vs 79.01,P<0.05),但囊胚与孵化囊胚差异不显著(92.67%vs 79.01%,P>0.05),囊胚、扩张囊胚和孵化囊胚冷冻胚胎的分割成功率(70.76%,73.22%,70.92%)及半胚发育率差异均不显著(53.07%,51.49%,57.99%)(P>0.05)。上述结果说明,水牛囊胚冷冻后分割比分割后冷冻能获得更高的半胚发育率;水牛未扩张囊胚和扩张囊胚的冷冻存活率比孵化囊胚高,且这3个时期的冷冻胚胎均适合分割。     

OPS玻璃化冷冻对小鼠四倍体胚胎体外发育的影响

为探究开放式拉长细管(OPS)玻璃化冷冻对四倍体胚胎发育的影响,本实验利用2-细胞胚胎电融合法制备四倍体胚胎,再对四倍体胚胎进行OPS玻璃化冷冻,分别观察记录二倍体胚胎、四倍体胚胎以及冷冻解冻后四倍体胚胎的发育情况。结果表明:2-细胞胚胎电融合效率为96.1%;二倍体胚胎组与电融合后四倍体胚胎组的囊胚率和孵化囊胚率差异不显著;冷冻解冻后四倍体胚胎的囊胚率(100%)与四倍体新鲜组(93.3%)差异不显著,其孵化囊胚率(72.3%)较新鲜组(64.9%)显著增高(P<0.05);四倍体冷冻解冻组的囊胚细胞数(31.96)与新鲜组(32.54)无显著差异;冷冻解冻后的四倍体早期囊胚进行体外培养时其发育速度比对照组更快。可见,冷冻对小鼠四倍体胚胎的囊胚率和囊胚细胞数均无显著影响,但孵化囊胚率显著提高,且OPS玻璃化冷冻后使四倍体胚胎的发育速度更快。     

牛体外受精技术的研究——单层细胞预培养时间对牛早期胚胎体外培养效果的影响

将2469枚经体外成熟、体外受精后获得的牛早期胚胎(2～8细胞阶段)随机放入7组不同日龄(分别预培养0～9天)的牛卵泡颗粒细胞单层细胞滴中进行“复合”培养,然后观察这些胚胎在体外培养条件下继续发育至囊胚和孵化囊胚阶段能力的差异。结果随单层细胞预培养时间的延长(0～4天内),牛早期胚胎的囊胚发育率、发育速度及囊胚胎孵化率均呈逐渐升高的趋势;尔后,培养效果又稍有下降。经统计学检验,各组间囊胚发育率(31.7～39.2%)和囊胚孵化率(61.1～72.6%)及7日龄囊胚发育比率(41.8～58.5%)均无显著差异(P>0.05)。这表明,利用不同预培养时间(0～6天)的颗粒细胞单层与牛早期胚胎“复合”培养,都同样具有促进胚胎在体外条件下发育到囊胚和孵化囊胚阶段的能力,但以使用预培养2～4天单层细胞进行“复合”培养效果较佳。     

新疆驼乳粉氨基酸含量和组成分析

检测新疆不同地区3家驼乳加工企业生产的全脂驼乳粉样品.结果表明,驼乳粉平均总蛋白质氨基酸(TAA)含量为24.25 g/100 g,其中人体必需氨基酸(EAA)占44.58％,非必需氨基酸(NEAA)占55.42％.驼乳粉的TAA、EAA含量均高于牛乳粉,EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA百分比分别达40.00％以上和6...     

Effect of the ratio between essential and nonessential amino acids in the diet on utilization of nitrogen and amino acids by growing pigs.

In 36 growing pigs (30 to 60 kg), N balance and amino acid (AA) composition of weight gain were measured to evaluate the interactive effect of the ratio between N from essential amino acids (EAA(N)) to nonessential amino acids (NEAA(N)) and total N level (T(N)) in the diet on N retention and utilization of N, EAA(N), NEAA(N), and AA. Nine diets composed from ordinary feedstuffs and supplemented with crystalline AA were used (three EAA(N):NEAA(N) ratios of 38:62, 50:50, and 62:38 at three T(N) levels of 18.8, 22.9, and 30.0 g/kg). Pigs were fed restrictedly, at a level of 2.8 x energy for maintenance. In all diets, EAA (including arginine) supply was according to or slightly above the recommended ratios to lysine. Measurements were done in four blocks of nine pigs each. In a concomitant slaughter experiment, the AA composition of deposited body protein was determined to estimate AA utilization. The effects of T(N) and EAA(N):NEAA(N) and their interaction for N retention and utilization were significant. Nitrogen retention increased with higher T(N) in the diet. Increasing EAA(N):NEAA(N) from 38:62 to 50:50 improved N retention only at the two lower T(N) levels. Increasing EAA(N): NEAA(N) above 50:50 failed to improve N retention significantly at any of the three T(N) levels. Lowering T(N) improved the utilization of total and digested N and of EAA(N) and NEAA(N). The increase in EAA(N): NEAA(N) consistently resulted in a lower utilization of EAA(N), but this was compensated by a higher utilization of NEAA(N). The utilization of T(N) was improved by increasing EAA(N):NEAA(N) from 38:62 to 50:50 at the two lower T(N) levels and was relatively unaffected by EAA(N):NEAA(N) at the highest T(N). However, a lower utilization of N was observed at a ratio of 62:38 at a T(N) level of 22.9 g/kg. The effects were similar for utilization of individual EAA and NEAA. Utilization of alanine, aspartic acid, and glycine was close to or >100% at the highest EAA(N):NEAA(N), which was expected because all of these AA are synthesized in pigs. Also, the utilization of arginine was >100% in most of the treatments, which confirms the semiessential character of this AA for maintenance. We concluded that the required ratio of EAA(N):NEAA(N) for optimal N retention and utilization is approximately 50:50. The EAA(N):NEAA(N) is more important at lower dietary protein levels. This study indicates that EAA(N): NEAA(N) can be increased up to 70:30 without lowering the utilization of N. Thus, deaminated EAA(N) was efficiently utilized for the synthesis of NEAA(N).     

Improved development of ICR mouse 2-cell embryos by the addition of amino acids to a serum-, phosphate-and glucose-free medium

This study was conducted to evaluate how exogenous amino acids could affect preimplantation development of ICR mouse embryos. Two-cell embryos collected from naturally mated mice were cultured in amino acid-, glucose- and phosphate-free preimplantation (P)-1 medium. In Experiments 1, 19 amino acids (aa; 1% and 0.5% of MEM essential and nonessential amino acid solutions, respectively) were added to P-1 medium supplemented with either fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA; 3 mg/mL) or human follicular fluid (hFF; 10%). Regardless of BSA or hFF addition, embryo development to the morula (84 to 86% vs. 97 to 100%) and the blastocyst (54% vs. 93 to 94%) stages was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced by the addition of aa compared with no addition. In Experiment 2, the cell number of blastomeres and inner cell mass (ICM) cells in blastocysts and the ratio of ICM cell to trophectodermal cell (TE) were evaluated after aa addition. In both BSA- and hFF-containing P-1 medium, a significant increase in total blastomere number were found after aa addition (47 to 52 vs. 62 to 63 cells) compared with no addition. However, the ICM/TE ratio was not significantly affected by aa supplementation in both media, while ICM cell number was greatly increased after aa addition in hFF-containing medium (12 vs. 17 cells). When blastocysts were further cultured up to 162 hr post-hCG injection, development to the hatched blastocyst stage was significantly promoted by aa addition (0% vs. 11 to 20%) in both BSA- and hFF-containing media. In conclusion, aa significantly promote the preimplantation development to the hatched blastocyst stage and such effect mainly exerted on supporting blastomere proliferation.     

Plasma amino acid pattern during the first month of life in calves fed the first colostrum at 0-2 h or at 24-25 h after birth

Calves are born with a mostly inadequate essential amino acid (EAA) status. Studies were designed to test the hypothesis that delaying the intake of the first colostrum for 24 h, besides its early effects, also has late effects on plasma free amino acid levels and on the protein status. There were marked and rapid elevations (within 2 h) of plasma levels of various amino acids, and especially of EAA, after the intake of the first colostrum, whereas changes after the intake of mature milk on day 28 of life were mostly absent or concentrations even decreased. The EAA and non-essential amino acid (NEAA) status was rapidly normalized after intake of the first colostrum, but normal plasma levels of some amino acids were also reached during the first 24 h of life even when the first meal was withheld. Delaying colostrum intake had only transient effects on EAA and NEAA (except hydroxyproline), in contrast to its effects on plasma immunoglobulin G and total protein levels.     

Histidine utilization by growing steers is not negatively affected by increased supply of either ammonia or amino acids

Two experiments were conducted with ruminally cannulated Holstein steers to determine effects of N supply on histidine (His) utilization. All steers received 2.5 kg DM/d of a diet based on soybean hulls; abomasal infusion of 250 g/d amino acids, which supplied adequate amounts of all essential amino acids except His; abomasal infusion of 300 g/d glucose; and ruminal infusion of 180 g/d acetate, 180 g/d propionate, and 45 g/d butyrate. Both experiments were 6 x 6 Latin squares with treatments arranged as 3 x 2 factorials. No significant (P < 0.05) interactions between main effects were noted for N balance criteria in either Exp. 1 or 2. For Exp. 1, steers (146 +/- 7 kg) received 0, 1.5, or 3 g/d of L-His infused abomasally in combination with 0 or 80 g/d urea infused ruminally to supply a metabolic ammonia load. Urea infusions increased (P < 0.05) ruminal ammonia concentration from 8.6 to 19.7 mM and plasma urea from 2.7 to 5.1 mM. No change in N retention occurred in response to urea (35.1 and 37.1 g/d for 0 and 80 g/d urea, respectively, P = 0.16). Retained N increased linearly (P < 0.01) with His (31.5, 37.8, and 39.0 g/d for 0, 1.5, and 3 g/d L-His, respectively). Efficiency of deposition of supplemental His between 0 and 1.5 g/d averaged 65%. In Exp. 2, steers (150 +/- 6 kg) were infused abomasally with 0 or 1 g/d of L-His in combination with no additional amino acids (Control), 100 g/d of essential + 100 g/d of nonessential amino acids (NEAA+EAA), or 200 g/d of essential amino acids (EAA). Retained N increased (P = 0.02) from 34.2 to 38.3 g/d in response to His supplementation. Supplementation with NEAA+EAA increased (P < 0.05) N retention (33.9, 39.3, and 35.6 g/d for Control, NEAA+EAA, and EAA, respectively), likely in response to increased energy supply. Plasma urea concentrations of steers receiving NEAA+EAA (3.8 mM) and EAA (3.8 mM) were greater (P < 0.05) than those of Control steers (2.7 mM). The average efficiency of His utilization was 63%, a value similar to the value of 65% observed in Exp. 1, as well as the 71% value predicted by the Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system model. Under our experimental conditions, increases in N supply above requirements, as either ammonia or amino acids, did not demonstrate a metabolic cost in terms of His utilization for whole-body protein deposition by growing steers.     

德州驴不同部位肌肉组织的常规营养成分、氨基酸和矿物质元素含量的比较

试验研究德州驴不同部位肌肉组织中常规营养成分、氨基酸(从)和矿物质元素含量的变化.选取年龄、体重相近的健康德州驴32头采用单因素完全随机试验设计.结果 显示,粗蛋白的含量以臂三头肌最高,臀肌最低.粗脂肪含量呈相反变化规律,臀肌脂肪沉积较好,嫩度更佳.臂三头肌中的多数单--AA以及必需氨基酸(EAA)、非必需氨基酸(NE...     

Open-pulled straw (OPS) vitrification of in vitro fertilised mouse embryos at various stages

The present study was designed to investigate the cryotolerance of in vitro fertilised (IVF) mouse embryos at various preimplantation developmental stages. IVF mouse embryos were vitrified by the open-pulled straw (OPS) method. After warming, embryos were morphologically evaluated and assessed by their development to blastocysts, hatched blastocysts or term. The results showed that a high proportion (93.3-100.0%) of vitrified embryos at all developmental stages were morphologically normal after recovery. The developmental rate of vitrified 1-cell embryos to blastocyst (40.0%) or hatched blastocyst (32.7%) or term (9.3%) was significantly lower than that from other stages (P < 0.05). Vitrified embryos from 2-cell to early blastocyst stage showed similar blastocyst (71.8-89.5%) and hatched blastocyst rates (61.1-69.6%) and could develop to term without a significant loss of survival compared with those of fresh embryos (P > 0.05). Vitrified 2-cell embryos showed the highest survival rate in vivo (50.6%, 88/174), compared with that from other stages (9.3-30.5%, P < 0.05). The data demonstrate that the OPS method is suitable for the cryopreservation of IVF mouse embryos from 2-cell stage to early blastocyst stage without a significant loss of survival. Embryos at the 2-cell stage had the best tolerance for cryopreservation in the present study.     

早期断奶对藏西北绒山羊背最长肌氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响

[目的] 研究早期断奶对藏西北绒山羊背最长肌中氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响。[方法] 将18只健康羔羊按照体重相近原则随机分为试验组和对照组,试验组在28日龄（D28）实施早期断奶,对照组在60日龄（D60）自然断奶,羔羊断奶后饲喂相同的代乳料至75日龄;从两组随机选取5只羔羊进行屠宰采样,对其背最长肌中氨基酸和脂肪酸指标进行测定分析。[结果] 在藏西北绒山羊背最长肌中检测出17种氨基酸,包括赖氨酸、亮氨酸等7种必需氨基酸,天冬氨酸、精氨酸等10种非必需氨基酸。两组断奶羔羊肉中总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量、非必需氨基酸含量均无显著差异（P>0.05）,28日龄断奶组羔羊肉中EAA/TAA、EAA/NEAA比值显著（P<0.05）高于60日龄断奶羔羊。共检测出29种饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸,以棕榈酸和油酸含量最高,早期断奶对羔羊肉中饱和脂肪酸含量、单不饱和脂肪酸含量以及多不饱和脂肪酸含量影响不显著（P>0.05）。[结论] 藏西北绒山羊羔羊肉中所含氨基酸和脂肪酸种类多、含量丰富,实施早期断奶、及早补充颗粒料对肉中脂肪酸和氨基酸含量无影响,且可提高EAA/TAA、EAA/NEAA比值,使其更符合FAO/WHO氨基酸评分模式;该试验可为藏西北绒山羊羔羊实施早期断奶、提高母羊的繁殖率提供参考。     

乌珠穆沁草原饲养黑安格斯牛肌肉氨基酸组成及营养价值分析

试验旨在分析乌珠穆沁草原饲养的黑安格斯牛肌肉氨基酸组成及其营养价值,为该品种的饲养、杂交繁育及肉品质评价提供基础数据。采集7头体重为500 kg±38 kg黑安格斯肉牛的里脊、臀肉、肩肉、眼肉、上脑、胸肉和米龙等部位肉样,测定其氨基酸含量与组成,并用FAO/WHO氨基酸模式进行营养价值分析。结果显示样品中水分平均含量68.73%,低于国家标准;粗脂肪平均含量为30.56%。并检测出17种氨基酸,鲜味、甜味和苦味氨基酸含量丰富,其与总氨基酸(TAA)含量的比值分别为25.8%、32.7%和41.6%。必需氨基酸(EAA)含量、EAA/TAA、EAA/NEAA及EAA评分均超过FAO/WHO氨基酸模式。在所有测定样品中,眼肉、里脊和上脑氨基酸含量较高,氨基酸组成丰富。综上所述,乌珠穆沁草原饲养的黑安格斯牛肉氨基酸组成丰富,含量较高,能够满足人体营养需要,属于优质蛋白质。     

Amino Acids Composition and Nutrient Value Analysis of Muscle in Black Angus Raised in Ujinmqin grassland

This experiment was aimed to analyze the amino acids composition and nutrient value of Black Angus raised in Ujinmqin grassland and provide basic data for feeding,cross breeding,and meat quality evaluation.Highrib,tenderloin,ribeye,nates meat,topside,shoulder clod and brisket samples were collected from seven Australian imported Black Angus raised in Ujinmqin grassland with 500 kg?38 kg body weight.The content and composition of amino acids were determined and then nutritent value were analyzed using FAO/WHO amino acids pattern.The results showed that the moisture and crude fat of samples were 68.73% and 30.56%.There were total 17 kinds of amino acids were determined in the samples and UAA,SAA and BAA were abundant.The ratios of these three abundant amino acids to total amino acid (TAA) were 25.8%,32.7% and 41.6%,respectively.The EAA content,EAA/TAA,EAA/NEAA and the EAA scores were all higher than FAO/WHO amino acids pattern.The amino acids content of ribeye,tenderloin and highrib were higher than that of other parts of muscle.In conclusion,the meat of Black Angus raised in Ujinmqin grassland had abundant composition and high content of amino acids,which were able to provide enough nutrient elements for human beings.