人工驯养红嘴蓝鹊防治森林害虫的应用研究

鸟类是害虫的天敌、树木的医生,人类的朋友。为了寻找森林害虫走“以鸟治虫”的生物防治道路,临安县森林病虫防治站于一九八四年冬在临安县城东边的长桥村小老虎湾山建立了“驯鸟治虫试验场”,制定了具体试验方案。发掘和利用了当地的鸟类资源,从一九八五年起,对红嘴蓝鹊的饲养,驯化、繁殖、防病虫、放鸟治虫技术和食虫鸟类的驯化筛选等方面进行了一系列的研究,现将近五年来的研究结果整理报告如下:     

黄、蓝板不同悬挂高度对油菜露尾甲诱集效果研究初报

为明确蓝、黄板2种色板对油菜露尾甲的诱集效果,本试验在油菜显蕾前期至终花期结束,使用蓝、黄两种色板设置不同悬挂高度对油菜露尾甲进行诱集。结果表明,蓝板下端高于油菜顶部10 cm悬挂时,对油菜露尾甲诱集效果最好,悬挂期间总诱虫量为2 162头/板;同一悬挂高度,蓝板诱集油菜露尾甲效果极显著优于黄板;色板下端距离油菜顶部10 cm挂板高度的蓝、黄色板对油菜露尾甲的诱虫量极显著高于距油菜顶部20 cm和30 cm挂板高度时的诱虫量。     

柑橘大实蝇传入新区后的发生规律及防控方法探讨

柑橘大实蝇[Bactrocera minax(Enderlein)]属双翅目实蝇科,是国际、国内植物检疫对象。此虫于1999年开始传入本县,随即迅速蔓延扩散,2002～2004年形成为害高峰,柑橘虫果率达30%～100%,堆积如山的蛆果,使人触目惊心。通过2005～2006年2年的控防,遏制了蔓延势头,疫区虫果率被控制     

贵州桑树蓝叶虫的发生与防治

近年来蓝叶虫在贵州蚕区为害逐年加重。该虫常数十头虫集中在一叶沿向叶里咀食,受害叶片成不规则细齿状或穿孔,影响桑叶的产量和质量。一般减产１０％～２０％,重者在３０％以上。防治方法：１．利用其成虫的假死习性,在清晨露水未干时,进行打落捕杀。２．在桑树上喷...     

7种杀虫剂对4种鳞翅目害虫的室内活性及田间药效

为明确7种双酰胺类杀虫剂(IRAC 28组：氯虫苯甲酰胺、硫虫酰胺、溴氰虫酰胺、四唑虫酰胺、四氯虫酰胺，IRAC 30组：溴虫氟苯双酰胺、异噁唑虫酰胺)对鳞翅目害虫的活性和田间药效，采用浸叶法，分别测定了7种药剂对小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、棉铃虫和二化螟的室内活性，并进行了防治小菜蛾和甜菜夜蛾的田间小区药效试验。室内测定表明：异噁唑虫酰胺对小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾和二化螟的活性均最高，LC₅₀值分别为0.0040、0.0521和0.0078 mg/L，其次是溴虫氟苯双酰胺，LC₅₀值分别为0.0198、0.0584和0.0339 mg/L；其他5种药剂对小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾和二化螟的LC₅₀值范围分别为0.0212～0.1378 mg/L、0.2577～0.8080 mg/L和0.2886～1.2277 mg/L。硫虫酰胺对棉铃虫的活性最高，LC₅₀值为0.0218 mg/L，显著高于其他6种杀虫剂(LC50值为0.0694～0.2747 mg/L)。田间试验表明：药后7 d,IRAC 30组杀虫剂在有效成分30 g/...     

种衣剂对玉米田双斑长跗萤叶甲的防效评价

为评价种衣剂防治玉米田双斑长跗萤叶甲的可行性,通过选用内吸性强、持效期长的种衣剂,设置常规剂量对玉米种子进行包衣处理,采取田间罩网小区试验,明确种衣剂对双斑长跗萤叶甲的防效及对玉米出苗、生长的安全性。结果表明,30%噻虫嗪FS、10%氟虫腈FSC、38%噻虫胺FSC、40%噻虫嗪·溴氰虫酰胺FS、30%噻虫嗪·氟虫腈FSC、30%噻虫胺·氟虫腈FSC、20%噻虫胺·氟啶虫酰胺FSC等7种种衣剂对玉米出苗、生长均安全;38%噻虫胺FSC有效成分用量7.6 g/kg种子处理对双斑长跗萤叶甲的防治效果为70.6%～78.5%,防效最好,显著高于除30%噻虫胺·氟虫腈FSC 7.5 g/kg处理外的其他种衣剂处理(P<0.05),并且可使双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫羽化出土始现期、出土高峰期推迟5～10 d,可以使成虫高峰期避开玉米吐丝期。玉米田双斑长跗萤叶甲防控前移推荐使用38%噻虫胺FSC,有效成分剂量为7.6 g/kg种子。     

松毛虫的克星——灰喜鹊

在我国部分地区的山麓和公园内,常年栖居着这样一种鸟:它体长约40cm,头部和颈部黑色,背后土灰色,翅膀和尾巴灰蓝色,下体灰白色,给人以雅致、清爽的感觉,这就是松毛虫的克星——灰喜鹊。灰喜鹊又名山喜鹊、马屋鹊、花尾巴郎等,属食虫性鸟     

在进口马来西亚原木中截获黄足长棒长蠹和双齿长蠹

近年来,舟山口岸在进口马来西亚原木中,多次截获到黄足长棒长蠹Xylothrips flavipes Illiger和双齿长蠹Xylodectes ornatus Lesne。现将二种害虫的有关习性及成虫形态特征描述如下。 1 黄足长棒长蠹(图1) 此虫危害虫道近圆形,直径4～6mm,深可达10cm。具有木材惊动后飞出习性,飞行距离可达20～30m,后又能     

噻虫嗪及其代谢物噻虫胺在茶树菇及其菌棒上的残留及消解动态

为研究噻虫嗪及其代谢物在茶树菇及其菌棒上的消解动态及最终残留量规律，以30%噻虫嗪悬浮剂为供药试剂开展田间试验，建立液相色谱-串联质谱残留检测分析方法，对茶树菇及其菌棒上噻虫嗪及其代谢物噻虫胺的消解动态规律和最终残留进行检测分析。结果表明：在0.01～0.5 mg/L和0.004～0.2 mg/L线性范围内，噻虫嗪及其代谢物噻虫胺的质量浓度与其峰面积间线性关系良好，R²均>0.999,在茶树菇和菌棒中的平均回收率为96%～103%,相对标准偏差为0.7%～4.2%。噻虫嗪在茶树菇上消解过程符合一级动力学模型，半衰期分别为1.77 d。用药后3～10 d,噻虫嗪在菌棒中的残留量主要集中在上段，噻虫胺在茶树菇和菌棒上的残留量均<定量限。30%噻虫嗪悬浮剂以有效成分0.009、 0.013 5 g a.i./m²的剂量施药2～3次，用药10 d后噻虫嗪在茶树菇中的残留量近似于欧盟规定噻虫嗪在真菌上的最大允许残留限量0.01 mg/kg。     

三氟苯嘧啶·溴氰虫酰胺对水稻稻飞虱及螟虫的田间防治效果评价

2015-2016年,采用田间小区试验评价了23%三氟苯嘧啶·溴氰虫酰胺SC、10%三氟苯嘧啶SC、10%溴氰虫酰胺SC与50%吡蚜酮WG对稻飞虱、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟等水稻害虫的防治效果。结果表明,23%三氟苯嘧啶·溴氰虫酰胺SC能有效控制稻飞虱、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟为害;药后3～30 d对稻飞虱的防治效果为75.12%～100.00%,药后15～30 d对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为82.09%～99.12%和78.34%～95.71%。10%三氟苯嘧啶SC、50%吡蚜酮WG对稻飞虱高效,但对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟效果很差;药后3～30 d对稻飞虱的防治效果分别为81.94%～97.76%和74.91%～93.56%,药后15～30 d对二化螟的防治效果分别为18.23%～43.14%和35.34%～42.71%、对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为20.04%～48.06%和13.62%～34.78%。10%溴氰虫酰胺SC对稻飞虱有一定效果却难以控制其危害,但对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟高效;药后3～30 d对稻飞虱的防治效果为33.28%～62.11%,药后15～30 d对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为90.51%～96.60%和86.51%～95.26%。综上,建议在对稻飞虱、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟发生做好监测预报的基础上,采用如下措施:若只有稻飞虱发生达到防治指标而二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟轻发生,只需使用10%三氟苯嘧啶悬浮剂25 g/hm^2即可;若稻飞虱发生较轻未达到防治指标,而二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟达到防治指标,则只需使用10%溴氰虫酰胺悬浮剂45 g/hm^2即可;当稻飞虱、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟均达到防治指标时,建议于稻飞虱低龄若虫盛发期或二化螟及稻纵卷叶螟低龄幼虫盛发期施用1次23%三氟苯嘧啶·溴氰虫酰胺SC 34.5 g/hm^2,对水450～750 L/hm^2茎叶均匀喷雾。     

浙江省丽水林区膜翅目昆虫记述

膜翅目昆虫是与人类的生产、生活具有密切关系的一个昆虫类群。在浙江省丽水广袤的林区蕴藏着丰富的膜翅目昆虫资源。本文根据作者采集的标本，并参考有关文献，报道附水林区的膜翅目昆虫652种，其中91种的模式标本产自当地。每种都列出中名、学名，有寄主或猎物的也予以列出。     

Die Sch?dlingsvertilgung einiger Singvogelarten in einem Schwarzkiefern-Zedern-Wald in Beytepe bei Ankara, Türkei

In the year 2002, in Beytepe, near Ankara, the food spectrum of Great Tit (Parus major), House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) was determined, using the neck-ringing method. The food analysis of the bird species mentioned above proved their importance in biological control methods for destruction of organisms harmful for the forest. The proportion of injurious insects in the food spectrum of the bird species investigated is as follows: Starling 60,6 % (n = 20), House Sparrow 56,4 (n = 22) and Great Tit 78,8 % (n = 41).

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Die Schädlingsvertilgung einiger Singvogelarten in einem Schwarzkiefern-Zedern-Wald in Beytepe bei Ankara, Türkei

     

The role of weeds in supporting biological diversity within crop fields*

Summary Weeds are major constraints on crop production, yet as part of the primary producers within farming systems, they may be important components of the agroecosystem. Using published literature, the role of weeds in arable systems for other above‐ground trophic levels are examined. In the UK, there is evidence that weed flora have changed over the past century, with some species declining in abundance, whereas others have increased. There is also some evidence for a decline in the size of arable weed seedbanks. Some of these changes reflect improved agricultural efficiency, changes to more winter‐sown crops in arable rotations and the use of more broad‐spectrum herbicide combinations. Interrogation of a database of records of phytophagous insects associated with plant species in the UK reveals that many arable weed species support a high diversity of insect species. Reductions in abundances of host plants may affect associated insects and other taxa. A number of insect groups and farmland birds have shown marked population declines over the past 30 years. Correlational studies indicate that many of these declines are associated with changes in agricultural practices. Certainly reductions in food availability in winter and for nestling birds in spring are implicated in the declines of several bird species, notably the grey partridge, Perdix perdix. Thus weeds have a role within agroecosystems in supporting biodiversity more generally. An understanding of weed competitivity and the importance of weeds for insects and birds may allow the identification of the most important weed species. This may form the first step in balancing the needs for weed control with the requirements for biodiversity and more sustainable production methods.     

Distribution and diversity of leaf-cutting ants in Northeastern Argentina: species most associated with forest plantations

Abstract

Leaf-cutting ants (LCA) are considered one of the main herbivores and one of the most destructive pest insects of the Neotropics. Northeastern Argentina harbors the greatest species richness of these ants and in turn comprises the highest surface with forest plantations. Our aim was to establish which species of leaf-cutting ants are most commonly associated with forest plantations by analyzing their geographic distribution using published and unpublished species occurrence data. Also, estimate their potential areas of distribution along a latitudinal gradient that entirely encompasses northeastern Argentina using Ecological Niche Modeling. Only seven of the 20 species recorded were strongly associated with productive systems along the gradient, but only 2–3 species in each region could be considered high-risk species for forest plantations. High-risk species composition shows a turnover between regions. Our models show the potential distribution areas where LCA could become more abundant and dominant, and possibly causing a detrimental effect on the forest plantations in the studied region. We find that ecological niche models are useful tools to assess the environmental suitability of important LCA.     

布氏白僵菌的研究与应用

对７０年代以来布氏白僵菌的生物学、致病性、生理生化特性等基因研究以及该菌的规模征税和田间防治应用地综述。目前已发现该菌能寄生７个目的７０种昆虫,特别对鞘翅目害虫具有独特寄生效果,已在林区、农田、草地、果园中用于防治各种金龟子和天牛。在法国、瑞士等地,用布氏白僵菌连续多年防治林区的西方五月鳃金龟,取得了令人瞩目的防治效果和生态效果,日本用该菌防治杉树天牛、我国用该菌防治农田及苗圃蛴螬都取得明显成效。     

北美地区常见4种齿小蠹属昆虫的检疫鉴定

齿小蠹属昆虫作为小蠹科昆虫种类较多的一个属,是重要的林木蛀干害虫。近年来,从北美地区进境木材、木质包装上截获齿小蠹属昆虫的种类、数量均增长迅速,准确的种类鉴定对防止该类害虫传入我国具有重要意义。本文对我国口岸近期截获频率较多的4种齿小蠹进行描述,并列出北美地区齿小蠹属常见种类的检索表,以期为口岸技术人员提供检疫鉴定的基础资料。     

申家店林区捕食性天敌昆虫资源调查

申家店林区植物种类较多,植被保存完好,通过对申家店林区捕食性天敌昆虫调查研究分析,结果表明,试验中采集和观察到的捕食性天敌昆虫共7目14科41种385只;捕食性天敌昆虫种类较多,个别种类数量大;不同样地捕食性天敌昆虫分布差异较大,且具有区域性。本调查研究可为黑龙江省东部地区捕食性天敌昆虫多样性研究提供参考。     

Introduction of beneficial insects into israel for the control of insect pests

More than 200 shipments of beneficial insects for the biological control of soft scale insects, armoured scale insects, whitefly, aphids, mealybugs and the Mediterranean fruit fly, were imported to Israel during 1976-1987 by the quarantine facility of the Israel Cohen Institute for Biological Control. Laboratory culture was initiated with 89 species of primary parasites and predators; 60 species were successfully cultured. Of these, 56 species were released in the field and 29 were recovered; six are established and have effected successful biological control ofSaissetia oleae (Olivier) andDialeurodes citri (Ashmead).     

Precocene II metabolism: Comparative in vivo studies among several species of insects,and structure elucidation of two major metabolites

Several species of insects, exhibiting varying responsiveness to the juvenile hormone antagonist precocene II (6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene), were challenged topically with a tritiated preparation of the title compound. Metabolism of [³H]precocene II was subsequently examined by withdrawing hemolymph samples from treated animals at appropriate time intervals and characterizing the extractable radiolabel chromatographically. Quantitative (or qualitative) differences observed between the respective metabolic profiles were found not correlative with specimen sensitivity to precocene. Production of two heretofore unreported metabolites, identified by spectral and chemical means as O-β-glucosides of 6- and 7-monodemethylated precocene II, was demonstrated in both sensitive and insensitive species. No evidence for the presence of a hemolymphborne, biologically effective “activated metabolite” produced in vivo by precocene-susceptible insects could be found. The latter finding may well argue for in situ bioactivation of precocene at the target tissue(s) by these sensitive insects.     

基于黄板诱集的黄淮海产区花生田昆虫种类及优势种动态分析

花生害虫是影响花生产量和品质的重要因素。近年来,刺吸类害虫为害日益加重,蓟马科害虫为害也呈逐年上升趋势,直接影响了花生产业的发展。本研究采用色板诱集法分别对黄淮海4省7个地区花生产区昆虫种类和优势种发生动态进行调查分析。结果共鉴定出昆虫93种,隶属于6目67科,其中,缨翅目在个体数量上占优势地位,为黄淮海花生产区的优势昆虫;对黄淮海7个地区黄板诱集昆虫种类特征指数进行了分析,多样性指数在0.680 4～1.583 9范围内,均匀度指数在0.235 7～0.518 1之间,优势集中性指数在0.313 2～0.740 0之间。根据形态学特征,确定黄板诱集花生田害虫优势种为西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis,明确其发生高峰期为6月下旬。本研究为黄淮海花生产区主要刺吸类害虫的科学防控提供理论基础。