超声波法提取黄芪多糖的工艺研究

超声波法提取黄芪多糖.单因素试验考察了提取时间、料液比、温度、pH值时黄芪多糖提取率的影响,并通过正交试验优化了提取黄芪多糖的工艺条件.结果表明,超声波法提取黄芪多糖的最佳条件为时间20 min/次,提取次数2次,料液比1:12,pH值9,温度80℃,黄芪多糖的提取率高达96.6%.该方法具有节省溶剂、省时、节能及提取率高等优点.     

响应面优化米糠多糖的超声波辅助提取工艺研究

为研究超声波时间、超声波温度、超声波功率及料液比对米糠多糖提取率的影响,本研究在单因素试验基础上,以米糠多糖提取率为响应值,采用Box-Behnken中心组合进行三因素三水平试验设计优化米糠多糖的超声波提取工艺。结果表明,最优工艺条件为超声波时间74 min、超声波温度82℃、料液比1∶26(g/mL)、超声波功率250 W,此条件下米糠多糖的提取率为1.4197%。超声波提取法稳定性好,回收率高。     

白车轴草多糖提取工艺的研究

本试验采取热水浸提法提取白车轴草多糖,研究其最佳提取工艺.以白车轴草为原料,多糖提取得率为指标,分别对4个提取参数:浸提温度、料液比、浸提时间和浸提液pH值进行了单因素试验;然后对上述4个因素采用L9(34)正交试验进行优化.结果表明,白车轴草多糖提取得率随着温度的升高而提高,在100℃时达到最大;料液比、浸提时间和浸提液pH值对多糖得率的影响为单峰曲线,上述条件分别为1:15、4 h和8时多糖得率最高.pH值、料液比、温度和提取时间对白车轴草多糖得率的影响都存在极显著差异(P＜0.001),影响多糖得率的各因素主次关系为:pH值＞料液比＞温度＞提取时间,浸提液pH值对白车轴草多糖得率的影响最大.白车轴草多糖的最佳提取工艺参数为:提取时间5 h,料液比1:15,温度100℃,浸提液pH值为9.经验证试验测得,此条件下白车轴草多糖得率为2.26%.试验结果揭示,白车轴草多糖的提取得率受提取工艺(浸提温度、料液比、浸提时间和浸提液pH值)的影响显著,调整提取工艺可获得更高的多糖得率.     

红甜菜多糖提取及纯化工艺研究

试验旨在探究不同提取方法对红甜菜多糖的提取效果。试验以红甜菜为原料，分别采用水提醇沉法和超声辅助水提法，在单因素试验基础上进行正交设计优化其提取工艺，探究液料比、提取温度、提取时间对红甜菜多糖提取率的影响。利用Sevag试剂、活性炭和石油醚依次对粗多糖进行纯化。结果表明，采用水提醇沉法时，在液料比90 mL/g、提取温度70℃、提取时间1.5 h的条件下，红甜菜多糖得率最高，提取率达2.33%；采用超声波辅助水提法的最佳提取工艺为液料比40 mL/g、提取温度40℃、提取时间30 min。在此条件下，提取率为6.85%。超声波辅助水提法提取红甜菜多糖中蛋白质去除率、色素去除率、脂肪去除率分别为29.73%、3.88%、2.76%。研究表明，超声波辅助水提法所用提取溶剂少、耗时短、所需温度低、提取率高，更适用于红甜菜多糖的提取。     

蒙古口蘑菌丝体多糖的测定

该文对蒙古口蘑中可溶性多糖的提取工艺进行了研究,通过单因素试验,研究了料液比、温度、时间、重复提取次数对多糖提取率的影响.结果显示,温度和料液比是影响多糖提取率的主要因素,最佳料液比为1:50.提取温度为85℃,提取时间为2h,重复提取次数为2次.在最佳提取工艺时,蒙古口蘑Tr-海和Tr-12的多糖含量分别为6.63%和6.40%.     

正交优化超声波辅助提取米糠多糖的工艺研究

研究了超声波时间、超声波温度、超声波功率及料液比对米糠多糖提取率的影响。在单因素的基础上,以米糠多糖提取率为指标,采用正交试验设计优化了米糠多糖的超声波提取工艺。最优工艺条件为：超声波时间75min,超声波温度80℃,料液比1：25g/mL、超声波功率250W,此条件下米糠多糖的提取率为1.4061%。     

减压内部沸腾法提取青稞非淀粉多糖工艺优化

试验研究减压内部沸腾法提取青稞中非淀粉多糖的最佳工艺,为青稞多糖产品的开发和利用提供参考.先用乙醇解吸物料,再用蒸馏水提取,考察乙醇体积分数、料液比、真空度、提取时间和提取温度对青稞非淀粉多糖提取率的影响,在单因素试验的基础上进行正交优化.结果表明,减压内部沸腾法提取青稞中非淀粉多糖的最优工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数50％,料液比1:25(g/mL),真空度0.04 MPa,提取时间8 min,提取温度80℃,在此条件下青稞非淀粉多糖的平均提取率为6.45％.试验表明:减压内部沸腾法提取青稞中非淀粉多糖耗时短、能耗低,可应用于谷物多糖成分的提取,具有较好的生产前景.     

正交试验优选灰兜巴粗多糖的提取工艺

为了优化灰兜巴粗多糖的提取工艺,利用水提醇沉法提取灰兜巴粗多糖,主要通过考察提取温度、提取时间和料液比3个因素,以灰兜巴多糖提取率为指标,用正交试验优化粗多糖提取工艺。结果提取温度为90℃,提取时间为1.5 h,料液比为1∶10时灰兜巴多糖提取率最高。表明温度对灰兜巴多糖提取率影响显著,其次是时间。验证试验证实该工艺稳定可行,多糖提取率高。     

复方板蓝根多糖提取工艺的优化

为了提高复方中草药多糖成分中复方板蓝根的粗多糖得率,试验采用水提醇沉法对提取工艺进行优化,首先采用单因素试验设计,分别考察液料比、提取温度、提取时间和醇液比对粗多糖提取率的影响;其次在单因素试验的基础上,通过四因素三水平的正交分析试验获得最佳的提取工艺。结果表明:单因素优化结果为液料比15∶1、提取温度70℃、提取时间1 h、醇液比4∶1;通过正交分析获得最佳的提取条件为液料比15∶1、提取温度80℃、提取时间0.5 h、醇液比4∶1。提取工艺优化后,复方板蓝根的粗多糖得率为10.25%,较优化前复方板蓝根粗多糖得率(6.54%)提高了3.71%。说明本试验可为复方板蓝根多糖后期开发利用提供借鉴。     

“青大1号”紫花苜蓿叶蛋白提取条件优化

为了开发新的食用蛋白质资源,本试验以“青大1号”紫花苜蓿新品系青干草为原料,采用酸化加热法配合加盐法提取叶蛋白.单因素试验设计,分别考察料水比、加盐量、絮凝时间、pH、预浸时间、絮凝温度6个因素对粗蛋白质提取率的影响,并以单因素试验结果为依据,采用四因素（料水比、加盐量、絮凝时间、pH）三水平L9（34）正交试验设计进行提取工艺优化.试验结果表明：影响粗蛋白质提取率的因素,从大到小依次为料液比、絮凝时间、pH、加盐量.当絮凝温度为70℃、料液比为1∶10、加盐量1％、絮凝时间5min、pH为4时是叶蛋白提取的最优提取条件.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.