绿海龟主要器官组织学多态性观察

应用石蜡切片及H.E.染色法对绿海龟的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏进行了组织结构观察。结果显示,心肌纤维的排列较哺乳动物疏松。肝内结缔组织很少,相邻肝小叶分界不清,肝细胞内充满大小不等的空泡或空隙。脾脏动脉淋巴鞘结构明显,未发现典型的脾小体结构。肺为一对长形扁平囊,其支气管树末端的盲囊上有肺泡上皮细胞和毛细血管分布,称为肺泡囊,行使气体交换功能。肾脏由肾小体、颈段、近曲小管、中间段、远曲小管和收集管6部分构成,无髓袢结构。文章还将绿海龟器官的组织学特点与其他物种进行了比较,研究分析它们进化上的异同点。     

驯鹿消化道的组织学观察

本实验采用常规H.E染色法对驯鹿消化道的组织结构进行观察，结果发现驯鹿消化道的组织结构与牛的基本相似。但驯鹿有以下特点：食管的粘膜下层未见有食管腺分布，食管肌层的横纹肌横纹非常明显，前胃的粘膜肌较牛的发达，小肠绒毛较牛的细长；十二指肠的粘膜下层未见有十十指肠腺，小肠腺主要由柱状细胞构成，还有少量的杯状细胞，无潘氏细胞。     

鳖消化道组织结构观察

应用 HE染色、碱性磷酸酶反应 (AKP)、PAS反应和甲基绿 -派若宁染色 ,对鳖消化道各段的组织结构进行了系统的研究。结果表明 ,鳖食管粘膜上皮内有毛细血管分布 ,粘膜下层和固有层内无腺体分布 ,但高柱状粘膜上皮细胞为粘液性细胞。胃粘膜表面无明显的贲门区、胃底区和幽门区之分 ,胃腺细胞呈嗜伊红着色 ,还未分化为主细胞和壁细胞。小肠占肠道总长的 6 / 7,但从前向后结构基本相似 ,很难区分出十二指肠、空肠和回肠 3段 ;小肠绒毛发达 ,但缺乏中央乳糜管 ,也没有小肠腺 ,肠腔内侧有一贯穿全长的皱襞。大肠皱襞和绒毛稀疏短小 ,未见大肠腺。鳖消化道的基本形态构造、各种细胞的分布与哺乳动物和鸟类有较大的不同 ,与其他水生动物也存在一定差异     

中国林蛙消化道解剖学观察

中国林蛙属脊椎动物门、两栖纲蛙科蛙属，是一种药肉兼用的珍稀两栖动物。因此，近年来对林蛙的研究也日益增多，但目前对林蛙的研究主要集中在人工繁殖及养殖技术方面，而对其形成学方面的研究非常少见。所以，为进一步研究林蛙的消化吸收机制及对疾病防治方面提供确实可靠的形态学理论依据，现对中国林蛙消化道的形态特征及消化道管壁的组织结构特点进行了观察。     

藏猪消化道病毒性综合征病理组织学观察

藏猪在西藏自治区主要分布于雅鲁藏布江中游流高山深谷区 ,主要以公布江达、林芝、米林、墨脱、波密、芝康等县最多。藏猪属高原型猪种 ,能适应恶劣的高寒气候和以放牧为主的低劣饲料条件。其特点是肉质好 ,皮薄 ,脂肪沉积力弱。胴体中瘦肉比例高 ,是发展我国高海拔地区养猪重要的品种资源。但藏猪存在着个体小、生长缓慢、育肥期长、产仔少等特点。我系申请国家农业部重点科技开发研究项目 (以藏猪为母体的最佳杂交组合筛选 ) ,从 2 0 0 0年 5月开始 ,先后在公布江达县的措高乡购进几十头藏猪 (仔猪、架子猪 ) ,进行对该品种特殊性选育提高…     

鸡消化道的组织学特点

通过５例成年健康罗曼鸡消化道的组织学观察，结果表明，１）食管粘膜的复层扁平上皮基底层细胞嵌入固有膜，形成特特殊的“表皮钉”形状。２）鸡的前胃仅有深层的复管腺一种，而不存在浅层的单管腺。３）前胃腺位于粘膜下层，而肌层由内纵、中环、外纵三层平滑肌构成。４）小肠的肠腺内似有潘氏细胞的存在。     

绿海龟下颌结核块的手术切除

绿海龟 (Cheloniamydas)为国家二级野生保护动物。1999年 4月 2 3日 ,广州动物园兽医院接到某海洋馆送来的一只颌下长有肿块的绿海龟 ,经综合检查诊断 ,确诊为结核块。采取手术切除及抗菌治疗 ,现已康复。绿海龟 ,雄性 ,年龄 2岁左右 ,体重 14kg。 2个多月前发现该绿海龟下颌有一肿块 ,随着时间的推移 ,肿块逐渐增大 ,已明显影响其正常生长和生活。病龟精神尚好 ,体况消瘦。下颌肿块外观黄褐色 ,直径 3 5cm ,球型、坚硬、隆起于皮肤表面。用注射器穿刺抽吸困难 ,未见有脓液 ,排除肿物为脓肿或血肿 ,疑为增生组织 ,决定用手术方法摘除这一…     

绿海龟细菌性疾病流行病学调查

中国绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)繁育技术的进步促进了自然保护区内绿海龟种群规模的不断增加,细菌性病原感染成为威胁绿海龟(稚龟)繁育安全的首要问题。为深入了解中国绿海龟(稚龟)细菌性疾病流行情况,在2019—2021年对广东惠东海龟国家级自然保护区内的患病绿海龟(稚龟)进行了病原菌分离鉴定,采用16S rRNA分子鉴定结合细菌生化鉴定技术,共分离鉴定疑似病原株45株,涉及10个菌属,革兰氏染色显示均为革兰氏阴性细菌。弧菌属(Vibrio)细菌19株,占疑似病原菌的42.22%,其中溶藻弧菌(V.alginolyticus)7株,占分离弧菌的36.84%,属优势弧菌。对溶藻弧菌进行攻毒与病龟组织切片分析,结果显示,溶藻弧菌对中华草龟(Chinemys reevesii)具有较高的致病力,其LD₅₀为2.99×10⁶～2.59×10⁸cfu/mL;分离的溶藻弧菌可以引起中华草龟肠道、肝脏和脾脏组织病理损伤。进一步分析45株病原菌对水产养殖允许使用的6种抗生素的耐药性,结果显示分离菌株对盐酸多西环素、复方新诺明具有较高...     

福寿螺肾脏组织学观察

剖开福寿螺,在体视显微镜下取出其肾脏;常规法制作石蜡切片,HE染色后,观察福寿螺肾脏的组织结构,结果是：肾脏由肾小管和集合管组成;肾小管为单层立方细胞;肾小管上皮细胞内有浅棕色的折光小体。     

Observations of fibropapillomatosis in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Indonesia

Objective To determine the prevalence and manifestations of fibropapillomatosis in green turtles in Indonesia, to identify any relationship between fibropapillomatosis and concurrent parasitic infection, to ascertain the effect of fibropapil-lomatosis on health, and to examine whether environment might have an effect on the prevalence of fibropapillomatosis.
Procedure 4407 green turtles ( Chelonia mydas ) and 401 hawksbill turtles ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) were examined. The occurrence of fibropapillomatosis was correlated with sex, maturity, curved carapace length, body weight/curved carapace length ratio, the number and distribution of tumours on the skin, parasite burdens, some haematological variables and the region of capture.
Results Fibropapillomatosis was seen only in green turtles, and the overall prevalence in these was 21.5%. This prevalence increased with the curved carapace length up to 85 cm. The average number of tumours per affected turtle was 5 SD 4.1 (range, 1 to 29), and was negatively correlated with the body weight/curved carapace length ratio (rs = -0.8; P = 0.001). The red blood cell count in turtles with fibropapilloma was lower than in non-fibropapilloma turtles captured and examined at the same time (P = 0.001). The prevalence of fibropapilloma in turtles captured near densely populated, industrial regions (26.3%) was greater than in turtles from sparsely populated areas (17.7%).
Conclusion Fibropapillomatosis in green sea turtles in Indonesia is of moderate occurrence; young mature turtles (curved carapace length = 85 cm) are most frequently affected. Fibropapilloma adversely affects health of turtles. Fluke infestation seems not to be a causal factor, but viral infection, perhaps with concurrent stress of environmental origin, seems likely.     

Pharmacokinetics of ponazuril after administration of a single oral dose to green turtles (Chelonia mydas)

The coccidian protozoan, Caryospora cheloniae, has been associated with severe enteritis and encephalitis in immature farm-raised green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Cayman Islands, immature green turtles off the coast of Florida, and immature stranded sea turtles in Australia. An effective anti-coccidial drug that is both orally absorbed and well-distributed throughout the body is needed for treatment of turtles diagnosed with coccidiosis in rehabilitation facilities. Ponazuril is a triazine antiprotozoal drug that is approved in the USA for the treatment of another Apicomplexan, Sarcocystis neurona, and has also been successfully used in the therapy of other coccidian parasites. The objective of this study was to perform an oral dose-ranging pilot study (10–100 mg/kg of body weight ponazuril) in green turtles (N = 9), followed by oral administration of ponazuril at 100 mg/kg body weight (N = 8) to assess its disposition. Another goal of this study was to optimize the method of oral drug administration to green turtles. Plasma ponazuril concentrations were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Standard compartmental models were fit to the data. Ponazuril was absorbed after oral administration at 100 mg/kg BW, with a maximum plasma concentration of 3.3 µg/ml. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters only weakly correlated with the dose rate, apparently due to considerable pharmacokinetic variability observed between turtles. Administration of ponazuril in gelatin capsules using a balling gun was deemed the least variable and most successful method of drug administration. Further studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ponazuril in sea turtles with coccidiosis.     

Proliferative dermatitis in a loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, and a green turtle, Chelonia mydas, associated with novel papillomaviruses

A subadult loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, presented with generalized small, white, raised lesions over its neck, shoulders, and all four flippers. A juvenile green turtle, Chelonia mydas, recently treated for fibropapillomatosis, presented with four similar localized lesions on one flipper. To diagnose the conditions, biopsies of the lesions were taken for histopathology, electron microscopy, and molecular diagnostics. Histopathologic findings were similar in the two turtles and skin lesions were characterized by multifocal areas of epidermal hyperplasia accompanied by variation and abnormalities in the nuclear morphology of keratinocytes and a few intranuclear inclusions in some cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed multiple epithelial cells with large intranuclear aggregates of virions consistent in morphology with papillomavirus. Papillomavirus was detected in samples from both turtles by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequence analysis of the partial sequence of the papillomavirus E1 gene revealed two viruses (CcPV and CmPV) that were distinct from each other and from other species in Papillomaviridae, and likely represent two novel species and perhaps a new genus.     

Finding of a two-headed green turtle embryo during nest monitoring in Baa Atoll,Maldives

Green sea turtles are one of the two species of marine turtles known to nest in the Maldives. The prevalent time of nesting seems to be inconsistent throughout the island nation. In this study, sea turtle nesting activity was monitored on the island of Coco Palm Dhuni Kolhu in Baa Atoll over a period of 12 months. A total of 13 nests were confirmed with a median hatching success rate of 89.58% as ascertained by nest excavation. In one of the nests, a severely deformed hatchling with polycephaly, an opening in the neck area and a lordotic spine was found, and we investigated in detail with radiographic images and a necropsy. Our findings support the importance of consistent nesting activity and nest monitoring efforts in the country as a basis for conservation efforts.     

The use of echocardiography as a health assessment tool in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas)

There are limited techniques available to assess the health of sea turtles as physical examination has little correlation to clinical findings, and blood reference intervals are broad and provide limited prognostic significance. Advances in the portability of ultrasound machines allow echocardiography to be increasingly used in the health assessments of wild animals. This study performed blood analysis and echocardiograms on 11 green sea turtles upon admission to a rehabilitation clinic and six animals before release. Significant differences were seen between groups, with admission animals having significantly smaller diameters of the cavum arteriosum at systole and diastole, smaller E‐waves and an increased fractional shortening. Pre‐release animals displayed significant increases in the maximum blood velocities of both the pulmonary artery and the left aorta. Significant negative correlations were seen between fractional shortening and uric acid and between the velocity time integral of the pulmonary artery and urea. The pulmonary artery velocity time integral was also significantly correlated to the E wave. Furthermore, there was asynchrony between the cavum arteriosum and the cavum pulmonale and the detection of a parasitic granuloma in the ventricular outflow tract of one animal. Overall, the results suggest that cardiac function in stranded green sea turtles is significantly impaired and that echocardiography has applications in the health assessments of green sea turtles.     

Movements and diving behavior of internesting green turtles along Pacific Costa Rica

Using satellite transmitters, we determined the internesting movements, spatial ecology and diving behavior of East Pacific green turtles (Chelonia mydas) nesting on Nombre de Jesús and Zapotillal beaches along the Pacific coast of northwestern Costa Rica. Kernel density analysis indicated that turtles spent most of their time in a particularly small area in the vicinity of the nesting beaches (50% utilization distribution was an area of 3 km²). Minimum daily distance traveled during a 12 day internesting period was 4.6 ± 3.5 km. Dives were short and primarily occupied the upper 10 m of the water column. Turtles spent most of their time resting at the surface and conducting U‐dives (ranging from 60 to 81% of the total tracking time involved in those activities). Turtles showed a strong diel pattern, U‐dives mainly took place during the day and turtles spent a large amount of time resting at the surface at night. The lack of long‐distance movements demonstrated that this area was heavily utilized by turtles during the nesting season and, therefore, was a crucial location for conservation of this highly endangered green turtle population. The unique behavior of these turtles in resting at the surface at night might make them particularly vulnerable to fishing activities near the nesting beaches.     

Pre‐soaking of the feed pellets: a trick for successful feed utilization in juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas Linnaeus, 1758)

Pre‐soaking of the feed pellets in water can improve feed utilization in juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas Linnaeus, 1758), but the pre‐soaking has not previously been optimized. This study aimed to optimize the water amount used for pre‐soaking the pellets. The experiments followed a completely randomized design with three replications of each dietary treatment group. Initially 10‐day‐old green turtles (20–22 g body weight) were treated in an indoor aquaculture system for 3 months. The dietary treatment pellets were pre‐soaked with 0.3, 0.5 or 0.7 (v/w) relative amounts of water that are here termed soaking ratios. At the end of experiment, there were no significant differences in survival (96% on average) and growth (average body weight 75.34 g and specific growth rate 2%/day, on average) of turtles in three dietary treatments (p > 0.05). Feed utilization was the best in turtles fed with 0.7 pre‐soaked ratio, as indicated by significant reductions (p < 0.05) in the feeding rate (7.44% body weight/day) and the feed conversion ratio (1.12 g feed/g gain). Digestion was also improved by the induction of faecal digestive enzymes as well as the faecal thermal properties. The rapid growth did not negatively affect the general haematological parameters of reared turtles. These findings indicate that the pre‐soaking of feed pellets at the optimal soaking ratio (1:0.7 w/v of pellet to water) can contribute through improved feed utilization of green turtles.     

Atypical ocular Chelonoid herpesvirus manifestations in a captive Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)

A captive loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) of unknown sex, 3 years of age, presented with bilateral mucoid secretions, severe chemosis, conjunctival hyperemia, and globe retraction. The animal was evaluated ophthalmologically and systemically, and hematological, microbiological, and conjunctival cytological and biopsy samples were collected for complementary diagnosis. The histopathological examination showed amphophilic intranuclear inclusions associated with severe inflammatory infiltrate. The diagnosis of Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChAHV 5) was confirmed with end point PCR. Following systemic treatment with L‐lysine, acyclovir and vitamin A, the ocular signs resolved. No amphophilic intranuclear inclusions were seen in a follow‐up biopsy 5 months later, and there has been no recurrence of clinical ophthalmic signs during a 4‐year follow‐up. It is suggested that ChAHV 5 be considered as a differential diagnosis in captive marine turtles that present for conjunctival disease other than fibropapillomatosis.