绿海龟主要器官组织学多态性观察

应用石蜡切片及H.E.染色法对绿海龟的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏进行了组织结构观察。结果显示,心肌纤维的排列较哺乳动物疏松。肝内结缔组织很少,相邻肝小叶分界不清,肝细胞内充满大小不等的空泡或空隙。脾脏动脉淋巴鞘结构明显,未发现典型的脾小体结构。肺为一对长形扁平囊,其支气管树末端的盲囊上有肺泡上皮细胞和毛细血管分布,称为肺泡囊,行使气体交换功能。肾脏由肾小体、颈段、近曲小管、中间段、远曲小管和收集管6部分构成,无髓袢结构。文章还将绿海龟器官的组织学特点与其他物种进行了比较,研究分析它们进化上的异同点。     

驯鹿消化道的组织学观察

本实验采用常规H.E染色法对驯鹿消化道的组织结构进行观察，结果发现驯鹿消化道的组织结构与牛的基本相似。但驯鹿有以下特点：食管的粘膜下层未见有食管腺分布，食管肌层的横纹肌横纹非常明显，前胃的粘膜肌较牛的发达，小肠绒毛较牛的细长；十二指肠的粘膜下层未见有十十指肠腺，小肠腺主要由柱状细胞构成，还有少量的杯状细胞，无潘氏细胞。     

鳖消化道组织结构观察

应用 HE染色、碱性磷酸酶反应 (AKP)、PAS反应和甲基绿 -派若宁染色 ,对鳖消化道各段的组织结构进行了系统的研究。结果表明 ,鳖食管粘膜上皮内有毛细血管分布 ,粘膜下层和固有层内无腺体分布 ,但高柱状粘膜上皮细胞为粘液性细胞。胃粘膜表面无明显的贲门区、胃底区和幽门区之分 ,胃腺细胞呈嗜伊红着色 ,还未分化为主细胞和壁细胞。小肠占肠道总长的 6 / 7,但从前向后结构基本相似 ,很难区分出十二指肠、空肠和回肠 3段 ;小肠绒毛发达 ,但缺乏中央乳糜管 ,也没有小肠腺 ,肠腔内侧有一贯穿全长的皱襞。大肠皱襞和绒毛稀疏短小 ,未见大肠腺。鳖消化道的基本形态构造、各种细胞的分布与哺乳动物和鸟类有较大的不同 ,与其他水生动物也存在一定差异     

中国林蛙消化道解剖学观察

中国林蛙属脊椎动物门、两栖纲蛙科蛙属，是一种药肉兼用的珍稀两栖动物。因此，近年来对林蛙的研究也日益增多，但目前对林蛙的研究主要集中在人工繁殖及养殖技术方面，而对其形成学方面的研究非常少见。所以，为进一步研究林蛙的消化吸收机制及对疾病防治方面提供确实可靠的形态学理论依据，现对中国林蛙消化道的形态特征及消化道管壁的组织结构特点进行了观察。     

藏猪消化道病毒性综合征病理组织学观察

藏猪在西藏自治区主要分布于雅鲁藏布江中游流高山深谷区 ,主要以公布江达、林芝、米林、墨脱、波密、芝康等县最多。藏猪属高原型猪种 ,能适应恶劣的高寒气候和以放牧为主的低劣饲料条件。其特点是肉质好 ,皮薄 ,脂肪沉积力弱。胴体中瘦肉比例高 ,是发展我国高海拔地区养猪重要的品种资源。但藏猪存在着个体小、生长缓慢、育肥期长、产仔少等特点。我系申请国家农业部重点科技开发研究项目 (以藏猪为母体的最佳杂交组合筛选 ) ,从 2 0 0 0年 5月开始 ,先后在公布江达县的措高乡购进几十头藏猪 (仔猪、架子猪 ) ,进行对该品种特殊性选育提高…     

鸡消化道的组织学特点

通过５例成年健康罗曼鸡消化道的组织学观察，结果表明，１）食管粘膜的复层扁平上皮基底层细胞嵌入固有膜，形成特特殊的“表皮钉”形状。２）鸡的前胃仅有深层的复管腺一种，而不存在浅层的单管腺。３）前胃腺位于粘膜下层，而肌层由内纵、中环、外纵三层平滑肌构成。４）小肠的肠腺内似有潘氏细胞的存在。     

泥鳅苗期形态、生长及消化道发育组织学研究

本试验运用形态学和组织学方法研究了仔、稚和幼鳅(1～70日龄)的形态、生长及消化道组织的发育情况.取1500尾由同一对亲鳅孵化出的仔鳅,共分为3个重复,每个重复500尾,饲养70 d.结果表明:1)泥鳅体长(L)和体重(W)的关系为:W=0.0088L3.0198(R2=0.9940).2)刚孵出的仔鳅体色透明,具外鳃...     

绿海龟下颌结核块的手术切除

绿海龟 (Cheloniamydas)为国家二级野生保护动物。1999年 4月 2 3日 ,广州动物园兽医院接到某海洋馆送来的一只颌下长有肿块的绿海龟 ,经综合检查诊断 ,确诊为结核块。采取手术切除及抗菌治疗 ,现已康复。绿海龟 ,雄性 ,年龄 2岁左右 ,体重 14kg。 2个多月前发现该绿海龟下颌有一肿块 ,随着时间的推移 ,肿块逐渐增大 ,已明显影响其正常生长和生活。病龟精神尚好 ,体况消瘦。下颌肿块外观黄褐色 ,直径 3 5cm ,球型、坚硬、隆起于皮肤表面。用注射器穿刺抽吸困难 ,未见有脓液 ,排除肿物为脓肿或血肿 ,疑为增生组织 ,决定用手术方法摘除这一…     

纤维素复合酶对羔羊消化道组织结构的影响

为了探明纤维素复合酶提高羔羊饲料消化率的消化道组织学基础,选择刚出生且体重相近的波尔山羊公羔30只(20日龄开始自由采食优质苜蓿干草, 80日龄断奶)分为对照组和试验组(添加0.2%酶制剂),分别在2、3和4月龄每组各选体重相近的3只羔羊屠宰.结果表明,瘤胃乳头长度、宽度和单位面积瘤胃乳头表面积随月龄增加而增加,而单位面积乳头数随着月龄的增加而减少(P ＜ 0.01).酶制剂提高3、4月龄羔羊瘤胃乳头长度(P ＜ 0.01)、宽度(P ＞ 0.05)和单位面积瘤胃乳头表面积(P ＜ 0.01),减少单位面积乳头数(P ＜ 0.01).显著提高3月龄十二指肠肠绒毛的长度(P ＜ 0.05).在3、4月龄,酶制剂有增加小肠隐窝深度和黏膜厚度的趋势,但未达到显著水平(P ＞ 0.05).     

Observations of fibropapillomatosis in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Indonesia

Objective To determine the prevalence and manifestations of fibropapillomatosis in green turtles in Indonesia, to identify any relationship between fibropapillomatosis and concurrent parasitic infection, to ascertain the effect of fibropapil-lomatosis on health, and to examine whether environment might have an effect on the prevalence of fibropapillomatosis.
Procedure 4407 green turtles ( Chelonia mydas ) and 401 hawksbill turtles ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) were examined. The occurrence of fibropapillomatosis was correlated with sex, maturity, curved carapace length, body weight/curved carapace length ratio, the number and distribution of tumours on the skin, parasite burdens, some haematological variables and the region of capture.
Results Fibropapillomatosis was seen only in green turtles, and the overall prevalence in these was 21.5%. This prevalence increased with the curved carapace length up to 85 cm. The average number of tumours per affected turtle was 5 SD 4.1 (range, 1 to 29), and was negatively correlated with the body weight/curved carapace length ratio (rs = -0.8; P = 0.001). The red blood cell count in turtles with fibropapilloma was lower than in non-fibropapilloma turtles captured and examined at the same time (P = 0.001). The prevalence of fibropapilloma in turtles captured near densely populated, industrial regions (26.3%) was greater than in turtles from sparsely populated areas (17.7%).
Conclusion Fibropapillomatosis in green sea turtles in Indonesia is of moderate occurrence; young mature turtles (curved carapace length = 85 cm) are most frequently affected. Fibropapilloma adversely affects health of turtles. Fluke infestation seems not to be a causal factor, but viral infection, perhaps with concurrent stress of environmental origin, seems likely.     

Movements and diving behavior of internesting green turtles along Pacific Costa Rica

Using satellite transmitters, we determined the internesting movements, spatial ecology and diving behavior of East Pacific green turtles (Chelonia mydas) nesting on Nombre de Jesús and Zapotillal beaches along the Pacific coast of northwestern Costa Rica. Kernel density analysis indicated that turtles spent most of their time in a particularly small area in the vicinity of the nesting beaches (50% utilization distribution was an area of 3 km²). Minimum daily distance traveled during a 12 day internesting period was 4.6 ± 3.5 km. Dives were short and primarily occupied the upper 10 m of the water column. Turtles spent most of their time resting at the surface and conducting U‐dives (ranging from 60 to 81% of the total tracking time involved in those activities). Turtles showed a strong diel pattern, U‐dives mainly took place during the day and turtles spent a large amount of time resting at the surface at night. The lack of long‐distance movements demonstrated that this area was heavily utilized by turtles during the nesting season and, therefore, was a crucial location for conservation of this highly endangered green turtle population. The unique behavior of these turtles in resting at the surface at night might make them particularly vulnerable to fishing activities near the nesting beaches.     

Aerobic bacterial flora of nesting green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica.

Bacteriological examination of 70 nesting green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica was performed to investigate nasal and cloacal aerobic bacteria. A total of 325 bacterial isolates were obtained, including 10 Gram-negative and three Gram-positive genera. Two hundred thirty-nine were Gram-negative and 86 were Gram-positive isolates. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common microbe identified in turtle samples: 27/70 (38.5%) in cloacal, and 33/70 (47.1%) in nasal samples. The Enterobacteriaceae family, including Enterobacter agglomerans, E. cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, and Serratia marcescens, was the largest Gram-negative group of bacteria recovered and comprised 127 of 239 (53.1%) of the Gram-negative isolates. Staphylococcus species was the largest Gram-positive bacteria group, including S. aureus, S. cromogenes, S. epidermis, and S. intermedius, and made up 63 of 86 (73.2%) of the Gram-positive isolates recovered. The results of this study demonstrate that the aerobic bacterial flora of nesting green turtles at Tortuguero National Park is composed of a very wide spectrum of bacteria, including several potential pathogens.     

Efficacy of praziquantel in the treatment of green sea turtles with spontaneous infection of cardiovascular flukes

Objective To assess the efficacy of praziquantel as a treatment for cardiovascular flukes in turtles.
Procedure Six green sea turtles ( Chelonia mydas ) spontaneously infected with cardiovascular flukes (Digenea: Spirorchiidae) were treated orally with praziquantel, and necropsied 3 or 7 days later to look for flukes in the heart and major blood vessels. Six similar animals were maintained as untreated controls.
Results Absence of flukes in treated, but not control turtles, indicated that a one day course of treatment at a dose rate of 3 times 50 mg/kg body weight is effective.
Conclusion This result should be of value for preventing disease in wild caught green turtles introduced into farms or aquaria.     

Ocular morphology of the Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)

Objective The Leatherback sea turtle is the largest extant reptile and the sole member of the family Dermochelyidae. Here, the eye of this critically endangered marine turtle was investigated to determine the anatomy, optics, and optical sensitivity. Animals studied Three Leatherback sea turtles, Dermochelys coriacea. Results The eye is small in proportion to body size of the adult compared to other vertebrates, with prominence of the retractor bulbi and pyramidalis muscles. The nictitans shows extensive folding of the bulbar conjunctiva as an apparent mechanism to increase the surface area for mucus secretion. The intraocular anatomy is consistent with an eye adapted to aquatic vision with minimal curvature of the cornea, a near‐spherical lens, deep ciliary cleft and highly vascularized ciliary body. The optical sensitivity, a measure of the sensitivity to light of a given optical system, is higher than in other marine turtles studied but lower than those found in teleost fish that share a habitat with the Leatherback sea turtle. Conclusions The Leatherback sea turtle shows ocular features that are characteristic of Chelonians with similarities to aquatic mammals. The calculated optical sensitivity suggests that compared to pelagic fishes, for instance, the Leatherback sea turtle eye is not particularly well adapted for vision in dim light even though this species is known to venture into deep, dark waters, and might feed at night.     

Computed tomographic anatomy of the head of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)

The heads of three loggerhead sea turtles were disarticulated and imaged immediately to minimize postmortem changes and then frozen and sectioned. For computed tomography (CT) imaging, the heads were positioned in ventral recumbency. Transverse CT images with soft-tissue window were obtained from the olfactory sac region to the temporomandibular joint region. After CT imaging, the heads were sectioned and the gross sections were compared to CT images, to assist in the accurate identification of the anatomic structures. Different clinically relevant anatomic structures were identified and labelled in two series of photographs (CT images and anatomic cross-sections). CT images provided good differentiation between the bones and the soft tissues of the head. The information presented in this paper should serve as an initial reference to evaluate CT images of the head of the loggerhead sea turtle and to assist in the interpretation of lesions of this region.     

花尾榛鸡与家鸽肌肉营养成分和组织学比较研究

花尾榛鸡肌肉的蛋白质含量高于家鸽,而脂肪的含量较低.花尾榛鸡肌肉的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸及呈鲜味氨基酸(谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸)的含量较高,且氨基酸的组成比较平衡.花尾榛鸡胸肌和腿肌各测得7种人体必需微量元素,家鸽胸肌和腿肌分别测得8种和6种人体必需微量元素.光镜下观察,花尾榛鸡、家鸽的胸肌和腿肌的肌纤维均呈束状平行排列;但花尾榛鸡的肌纤维间结缔组织较少,肌纤维较细.电镜下观察,花尾榛鸡的肌纤维间有丰富的磺小管和终池分布,肌纤维内线粒体数量较多,体积较小;而家鸽的肌纤维间有大量的球形糖原颗粒,肌纤维内线粒体数量较少,体积较大.     

Evaluation of hematology and serum biochemistry of cold-stunned green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in North Carolina, U.S.A

Hypothermia or cold-stunning is a condition in which the body temperature of an animal decreases below normal physiologic range and which has been linked to severe morbidity in sea turtles. Reports have focused on the physiologic changes caused by cold-stunning in Kemp's Ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) and loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), but few have evaluated the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas). This study evaluated hematologic and serum biochemical profiles of cold-stunned green sea turtles in North Carolina, USA. When compared with healthy, free-ranging juvenile green turtles from the same region, cold-stunned turtles exhibited hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia (both total and ionized calcium), hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevations in uric acid and blood urea nitrogen. These findings contrast with some previously reported changes in cold-stunned Kemp's Ridley and loggerhead sea turtles. These results emphasize the importance of basing therapeutic regimens on biochemical analyses in cold-stunned sea turtles.     

康贝尔鸭开产前、后甲状腺组织结构的变化

用光镜和电镜观察了康贝尔母鸭(产前组、开产组各15只)的甲状腺组织结构。结果:各组右侧甲状腺的重量和体积均大于左侧,开产组左、右测甲状腺的重量和体积均相应大于产前组;产前鸭甲状腺滤泡的直径,上皮细胞和核的高度分别为97±8μm,5.7±0.9μm,4.1±0.3μm,开产鸭则为87±18μm,8.3±0.7μm,4.83±0.24μm;开产鸭比产前鸭甲状腺具有一系列功能旺盛的结构象,如上皮细胞的游离面有长而多的微绒毛和明显的伪足,胞质内胶质滴、初级溶酶体、线粒体的数量较多,高尔基体发达,粗面内质网池扩张等。用氨银染色法,两组鸭均未发现滤泡旁细胞。此外,讨论了甲状隙的结构与功能的关系及甲状腺和性腺的关系。