木材干燥应力连续监测方法的研究

本文在卡普法的基础上，提出了木材干燥应力连续监测方法，并设计了所需的配套装置。该方法采用涡流传感器对干燥过程中卡普片的矢高进行连续测试，同时通过计算机自动采集、存储数据。结果表明：矢高与干燥时间存在精密的相关性，它们之间的相关系数大部分达到0．99以上，从而实现了木材干燥应力的自动与连续监测。     

木材干燥应力测试技术现状及展望

本文总结和讨论了木材干燥应力的各种测试方法,并对其进行了简要的分析比较,对木材干燥应力测试技术进行了展望。     

木材干燥应力研究现状与趋势

木材干燥应力相关研究是木材科学的重要组成部分,对木材实际加工过程具有重要指导作用,也是制定和优化干燥工艺的依据。本文从木材干燥应力研究的主要试验手段和模型方法 2方面入手,对比分析各种方法的优势和不足,系统总结干燥应力研究现状,以期为木材干燥应力相关研究提供借鉴,推动干燥应力研究向更深层次发展,为木材高质量干燥奠定基础。试验研究方面,传统的叉齿法和切片法依旧是木材干燥应力、应变检测的常规试验方法,数字图像、近红外光谱等现代化技术手段为干燥应力、应变研究提供了新的契机,但至今仍没有一种方法具备绝对的检测精度和实际推广应用条件。模型研究方面,木材流变学理论模型日趋完善成熟,对干燥应力的模拟进入一个瓶颈阶段。随着计算机技术的不断发展以及数值分析软件的逐渐强大,有限元法被用于木材干燥应力的模拟研究,该方法在处理木材这种各向异性材料方面具有一定优势,目前处于快速发展阶段。根据现阶段木材干燥应力研究现状,试验手段和模型方法对于干燥应力研究均具有不可替代的作用,二者结合是全面研究干燥应力的关键,试验探寻能够快速、精准、连续检测木材干燥应力的新装置或新技术依然是未来的研究重点。有限元法是木材干燥应力模型研究最具潜力的数值分析方法,未来适用性广泛的模型构建要立足于木材自身的多尺度、多层级结构特征,利用先进仪器设备获取精准的模型参数,并将所建模型纳入干燥设备控制系统,指导和服务于实际生产。     

非接触式无损检测木材干燥应力的方法

木材干燥应力是干燥过程中产生干燥缺陷的主要因素。文章根据数字散斑相关方法(DSCM)检测应力的原理设计出了一种非接触式无损检测木材干燥过程中应力的方法,用木材干燥表面测点位移的变化速率即应变速率来表示木材干燥过程中的应力状态,初步提出了建立木材干燥应力评价体系的设想。研究结果表明:木材表面测点位移变化量与时间存在着对数关系,与含水率变化量则呈线性关系。     

木材干燥应力的研究方法与进展

木材干燥应力的研究对丰富和完善木材干燥理论、建立和完善干燥工艺、提高干燥质量和经济效益具有重要意义,许多研究者从不同角度对木材干燥应力应变进行了试验测定及数值计算.本文对其中的主要研究方法进行了较详细的归纳,并对今后的研究提出了看法和建议.     

西南桦木材干燥特性与干燥方法及其工艺

为寻求南方珍贵阔叶树西南桦木材的最适干燥方法及工艺,采用百度试验法,研究了西南桦木材干燥特性,并通过测试干燥前后试材的色差变化、干燥后的干燥质量和物理力学性能等指标,分析比较了常规、降温、蒸煮预处理的常规和降温4种不同的干燥方法的干燥效果.结果表明:未进行蒸煮预处理的西南桦木材综合干燥特性为5级,处理材综合干燥特性为4级.4种方法干燥的试材平均终含水率均达到国家3级标准,厚度含水率偏差和应力指标均达到国家1级标准.干燥初期常规干燥较降温干燥的干燥速度稍慢,而中后期常规干燥较降温干燥快60%以上;处理材的干燥速度较未处理材约快1倍.对西南桦木材而言蒸煮预处理的常规干燥是较为适合的干燥方法.     

木材高温干燥过程中的弹性应变

本文对美洲黑杨锯材高温干燥过程中的弹性应变进行了研究。结果表明：高温干燥使得木材表层产生较大的塑化变定,并对干燥后期木材内层的正常收缩造成障碍。心层的拉伸应力与木材内裂有关,当心层拉伸应力超过木材横纹拉伸极限强度时,木材产生内裂。因此,在用高温干燥工艺快速干燥杨木类软阔叶树材时,在干燥后期应注意由于干燥应力转向而引起的干燥缺陷。     

基于细观力学的木材干燥应力演变机制研究

为探明木材微观组织对木材干燥应力的影响规律,从木材微观构造角度出发,结合复合材料细观力学理论构建了木材干燥破坏力学模型,定量分析了不同薄/厚壁细胞力学性能比及二者体积含量对干燥应力的影响机制,为精准优化木材干燥工艺提供理论基础。     

检验木材干燥应力的卡普法

检验木材干燥应力的一种新方法——卡普法是由日本西尾茂1972年发明的。此法曾分别在1977年、1983年受到日本木材加工技术协会、日本林业技术协会嘉奖,在日本得到了广泛应用。现在我国普遍采用的检验木材干燥应力的方法是:预先将应力检验板     

木材流变学特性对板材常规干燥开裂、变形的影响

简述了木材干燥应力数学模型的研究背景,建立了木材常规干燥的干燥应力应变数学模型,模型主要考虑了干燥收缩应变、弹性应变、黏弹性蠕变应变和机械吸附蠕变应变四种因子.通过干燥应力应变数学模型与干燥扩散数学模型的联合分析求解,可以解释板材物理力学特性(如干缩率、含水率、干缩各向异性、横纹静曲弹性模量等)对干燥应力、干燥应变的影响,分析干燥应力的产生、发展和释放的机理,为科学制订木材干燥工艺提供理论依据.     

Effects of an impregnation procedure for prevention of wood cell wall damage due to drying

Drying of wood may lead to readily observable macroscale cracks. Recently observations were made indicating that also at the level of cell walls, damage occurs due to drying. A method is presented where green wood is impregnated using a solution of water and a bulking compound such as glycerol. Tensile strength parallel to the grain for wood impregnated in the green state was compared with that for ordinary dried wood and for wood impregnated after drying. Data demonstrate significantly higher strength for wood impregnated in the green state. It is postulated that this is due to damage in the cell walls of non-impregnated wood where the damage is induced by the drying stresses. Support for this hypothesis is also presented in the form of fractography results. For wood impregnated in the green state, damage development during drying is limited. This is because the impregnating chemical (glycerol in the present case) in the cell wall substitutes some of the moisture and therefore limits the drying stresses. Received 19 November 1999     

A global rheological model of wood cantilever as applied to wood drying

In the process of wood drying inevitable stresses are induced. This often leads to checking and undesired deformations that may greatly affect the quality of the dried product. The purpose of this study was to propose a new rheological model representation capable to predict the evolution of stresses and deformations in wood cantilever as applied to wood drying. The rheological model considers wood shrinkage, instantaneous stress–strain relationships, time induced creep, and mechano-sorptive creep. The constitutive law is based on an elasto–viscoplastic model that takes into account the moisture content gradient in wood, the effect of external load, and a threshold viscoplastic (permanent) strain which is dependent on stress level and time. The model was implemented into a numerical program that computes stresses and strains of wood cantilever under constant load for various moisture content conditions. The results indicate that linear and nonlinear creep behavior of wood cantilever under various load levels can be simulated using only one Kelvin element model in combination with a threshold-type viscoplastic element. The proposed rheological model was first developed for the identification of model parameters from cantilever creep tests, but it can be easily used to simulate drying stresses of a piece of wood subjected to no external load. It can therefore predict the stress reversal phenomenon, residual stresses and maximum stress through thickness during a typical drying process.     

Wood as a natural smart material

The dominant feature of artificial smart materials is the “shape memory” effect. This phenomenon is based on frozen strains (FS). They were detected in wood fastened specimens during drying in the early 1960s. The integral law of wood deforming under loading and moisture content and/or temperature changes was subsequently formulated. This law takes into account the forming of FS. It was applied for the calculation of wood drying stresses. Stress memory and strain memory effects for wood were discovered. Wood has the ability to recollect the type of loading (tension or compression) which it had undergone. The difference between the free and restrained shrinkage is named “frozen shrinkage” (FSh). In calculations of drying stresses, it is more justified to use the FSh concept than “mechano-sorptive creep” (MSC). The MSC phenomenon is observed at cyclical change of moisture content in loaded wood. “Hygrofatigue” that reduces wood stiffness plays the main role in this process.     

基于时延神经网络的木材干燥温湿度建模研究

利用神经网络建立了木材干燥的温湿度模型,给出了其时延神经网络辨识结构。分别提出温、湿度控制模型(控制信号与温、湿度之间的关系模型)和木材干燥基准模型(温、湿度与木材含水率之间的关系模型),并利用实验干燥窑得到的实际数据进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明,利用此方法建模是可行的,所建模型是有效的。图10参16。     

Numerical and experimental study of moisture-induced stress and strain field developments in timber logs

When solid wood dries from a green condition to a moisture content used for further processing, moisture-induced fracture and stresses can occur. The drying stresses arise because of internal deformation constraints that are strongly affected by the cross-sectional moisture gradient differential shrinkage and the inhomogeneity of the material. To obtain a better understanding of how stresses develop during climatic variations, the field histories of stresses (and strains) in cross sections in their entirety need to be studied. The present paper reports on experiments and numerical simulations concerned with analysing the development of strains and stresses during the drying of 15-mm-thick discs of Norway spruce timber log. The samples were dried at 23 °C and relative humidity of 64 % from a green condition to equilibrium moisture content. The moisture gradient in the longitudinal direction was minimised by use of thin discs simplifying the moisture history of the samples studied. The strain field history was measured throughout the drying process by use of a digital image correlation system. Numerical simulations of the samples agreed rather well with the experimental strain results obtained. The stress results also indicated where in the cross section and when fractures could be expected to occur during drying. More optimal drying schemes showed markedly reduced stress generation.     

Modeling of cell wall drying stresses in wood

All applications of wood involve drying the material from the green state. The cell wall may be viewed as a laminate consisting of different layers. The layers have different orientations and therefore different moisture expansion characteristics. As a result, stresses will develop in the layers due to drying. Micromechanical models for fibre composite materials were used in combination with a laminate analogy in order to calculate these drying stresses in the cell wall layers S1, S2 and S3. Resulting stresses were very high. In reality viscoelastic effects will significantly reduce stresses at high moisture content. However, at lower moisture content irreversible cell wall damage is likely to form as a result of the stresses computed by the model. Received 20 October 1998     

Cooling and steam conditioning after high-temperature drying of Pinus radiata board: experimental investigation and mathematical modelling

 Steam conditioning of softwood boards after kiln drying is of critical importance for relief of residual drying stresses and to improve distribution of final moisture content. The conditioning practice in New Zealand includes two steps: immediately after high temperature (HT) drying the load is cooled until the core wood temperature is 75 to 90°C, and then the stack is steam conditioned for a period of 1 to 4 hours depending on the lumber thickness and moisture content after drying. In this work, experimental and theoretical studies were performed to better understand the conditioning process and to investigate factors which influence its effectiveness. In the experiment, 50 mm thick Pinus radiata sapwood boards were first dried at 120/70°C for 11, 12, 13, 16 and 18 hours, respectively, to varying moisture contents, and then cooled and steam conditioned for 1 hour. To assess the effectiveness of conditioning, moisture pick-up, moisture gradient, and transverse residual drying stress (indicated by cup and strain) were measured. It was found that drying wood to a low moisture content (below 6%) increased the conditioning effectiveness. A separate matched stack was conditioned for 4 hours after 13 hours drying which showed better results than 1 hour conditioning. A mathematical model for wood drying was extended to include both the cooling and conditioning phases. The model was numerically solved to examine the wood temperature and moisture content changes during the whole process of drying, cooling and final steam conditioning. Increase in wood temperature, moisture pickup and moisture gradient during steam conditioning were predicted and validated by the experimental data. This information is currently being used at the New Zealand Forest Research Institute in simulation of stress development and relief for drying of Pinus radiata lumber. Received 6 July 1998     

Acoustoelastic birefringence effect in wood III: ultrasonic stress determination of wood by acoustoelastic birefringence method

Stress conditions produced in wood were analyzed by means of the acoustoelastic birefringence method. Bending load was applied against a wood beam specimen. Under loading, ultrasonic shear waves were propagated through the breadth direction of the wood beam specimen. The velocities of shear waves polarized in the longitudinal or tangential direction of the wood beam specimen were measured with the sing-around method. Bending stresses were determined by dividing the difference between the acoustic anisotropy and the texture anisotropy by the acoustoelastic birefringence coefficient. Shear stresses were also determined. These stress distributions of the beam specimen were in good agreement with those obtained by the strain gauge method and mechanical calculation.