活化卵白蛋白对断奶仔猪肠道内容物氨态氮含量的影响

选取28日龄断奶三元[杜×（大×长）]杂交仔猪36头,随机分为活化卵白蛋白实验组和对照组。实验组在饲喂基础日粮同时口服活化卵白蛋白制剂,10mL／d·只,连续服用10d（断乳前5d至断乳后5d）。用靛酚兰-分光光度法测定仔猪各肠段内容物的氨氮量,研究该制剂对仔猪肠道内容物氨氮量的影响及其二者的相关性。结果表明,实验组结肠段28d和35d其内容物氨氮量与对照组比较差异显著（P〈0．05）;实验组与对照组盲肠段的内容物氨氮量于28d差异显著（P〈0．01）;回肠段不显著（P〉0．05）。提示早期断奶仔猪口服话化卵白蛋白制剂可使其各肠段内容物中的氨氮量降低,有助于提高其肠道功能,降低腹泻率。     

活化卵白蛋白对断奶仔猪结肠微生物区系的影响

为了研究活化卵白蛋白对断奶仔猪肠道微生物区系的的影响,利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)对饲喂活化卵白蛋白的不同日龄断奶仔猪结肠微生物区系特征进行了分析。结果表明,活化卵白蛋白组断奶仔猪结肠细菌种类及数量明显高于对照组;不同情况下活化卵白蛋白组及酵母组仔猪结肠微生物组成相似性指数也明显高于对照组,活化卵白蛋白组高于酵母组。结论认为活化卵白蛋白能增加断奶仔猪肠道有菌群种类和数量,维持肠道微生态环境平衡,减少断奶腹泻发生,为临床治疗断奶仔猪腹泻提供了理论依据。     

益生性活性卵白制剂对早期断奶仔猪生产性能和肠道pH的影响

试验选取28日龄断奶的三元[杜×（大×长）]杂交仔猪36头,平均初始体重为5.22±0.89 kg,随机分为活性卵白试验组和对照组,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复6头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,活性卵白试验组在相同的基础日粮基础上口服饲喂活性卵白制剂,剂量为10 ml/d·只,连续服用10 d（断奶前5 d至断奶后5 d）,研究添加服用益生性活性卵白制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能、腹泻率和肠道各段pH的影响。结果表明,活性卵白物质可显著提高断奶仔猪的日增重、日采食量,显著改善仔猪生长性能,具有更好的提高断奶仔猪生长速率的趋势及较好的阶段增重优势。在预防仔猪消化道疾病方面活性卵白制剂具有良好效果,可提高断奶仔猪的存活率,腹泻率下降幅度较大,对缓解腹泻的作用明显优于对照组。因此,早期断奶仔猪口服活性卵白制剂有助于提高其生产性能,降低腹泻率,具有降低仔猪肠道内容物pH的趋势。     

益生性免疫增强剂对早期断奶仔猪生产性能和肠道pH值的影响

选取28日龄断奶的三元[杜×(大×长)]杂交仔猪54头,平均初始体重为(5.22±0.89)kg,随机分为3个处理组(即活性卵白组、活性酵母组和对照组),对照组饲喂基础日粮,其余两个处理组在基础日粮基础上分别口服活性卵白制剂及活性酵母制剂,剂量为10 mL/(d*只),连续服用10 d(断奶前5天至断奶后5天),比较添加益生性活性卵白制剂和活性酵母制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能、腹泻率和肠道各段pH值的影响.结果:活性卵白和活性酵母处理组均可显著提高断奶仔猪的日增重、日采食量,促进断奶仔猪生长,可显著改善仔猪生长性能.其中活性卵白组较活性酵母组日增重提高13.90%(P<0.05),且活性卵白较活性酵母具有更好的提高断奶仔猪生长速率的效果及较好的阶段增重优势.在预防仔猪消化道疾病方面两者均具有良好效果,可提高断奶仔猪的存活率,添加活性卵白和活性酵母的断奶仔猪腹泻率分别下降36.09%(P<0.01)和19.24%(P<0.01).试验结果表明,早期断奶仔猪口服活性卵白制剂和活性酵母制剂均有助于提高其生产性能,降低腹泻率,具有降低仔猪肠道内容物pH值的趋势.     

丁酸钠对早期断奶仔猪肠道微生物菌群、pH值、挥发性脂肪酸及肠道形态的影响

试验研究丁酸钠对早期断奶仔猪肠壁组织形态、肠道内容物微生物区系及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的影响。选择21日龄断奶仔猪100头,随机分为两组,对照组和试验组,每组5个重复,每个重复10头仔猪。丁酸钠的添加浓度分别为0.1 kg/t。在断奶当天(断奶后0 d)从各重复中选1头屠宰(作为两个组的总对照),再分别于断奶后10 d和20 d从各重复中选2头屠宰,测定空肠和结肠内容物pH值、细菌数量(大肠杆菌、乳酸菌、梭菌、沙门氏菌、细菌总数)、VFA浓度及空肠和结肠黏膜上皮绒毛高度和隐窝深度。结果表明:(1)与断奶当天相比,在断奶后第10 d、第20 d时,两组仔猪空肠内容物大肠杆菌数量均升高,但对照组仔猪空肠内容物大肠杆菌数量呈极显著上升(P 0.01),而试验组仔猪升高不显著(P 0.05);两组仔猪空肠内容物乳酸杆菌数量均下降,但试验组下降幅度小于对照组(P 0.05)。(2)断奶后20 d时,试验组组空肠、结肠内容物p H值均不同程度低于对照组(P 0.05)。(3)断奶后10 d和20 d时,试验组仔猪空肠丙酸浓度均不同程度高于对照组(P 0.05)。断奶后10 d和20 d时试验组仔猪结肠乙酸、丙酸浓度均不同程度高于对照组(P0.05)。在断奶后10 d时,试验组丁酸浓度低于对照组,但未达统计学显著水平(P0.05);在断奶后20 d时,试验组丁酸浓度极显著高于对照组(P 0.01)。断奶后10 d和20 d时,试验组仔猪空肠和结肠内容物总VFA浓度都不同程度高于对照组,但未达统计学显著水平(P0.05)。(4)在断奶后10 d时,对照组仔猪空肠黏膜上皮绒毛高度较断奶当天显著下降(P 0.05),而试验组仔猪下降不显著(P0.05)。综上,说明丁酸钠能够在一定程度上减轻或缓解因断奶应激造成的仔猪小肠绒毛损伤及空肠菌群失调。     

活性酵母制剂对早期断乳仔猪腹泻率、生产性能和肠道pH值的研究

为研究酵母活性物质对早期断乳仔猪生产性能、腹泻率和肠道各段pH值的影响,试验选取28日龄断奶的三元[杜×(大×长)]杂交仔猪36头,平均初始体重为(5.22±0.89)㎏,按体重、性别随机分为活性酵母组和对照组,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复6头仔猪.对照组饲喂基础日粮,活性酵母组在相同基础日粮上口服饲喂活性酵母制剂,剂量为10 mL/天/只,连续服用10 d(断乳前5 d至断乳后5 d).结果表明,酵母活性物质可显著促进断奶仔猪生长,并改善仔猪生长性能,与对照组相比,活性酵母组仔猪体重在断乳后2周有明显增加的趋势,日增重和日采食量均极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).在预防仔猪消化道疾病方面,酵母活性物质可提高断乳仔猪的存活率,对缓解腹泻的作用极显著优于对照组.试验结果表明,早期断乳仔猪口服活性酵母制剂有助于提高其生产性能,降低腹泻率,并具有降低各段肠道内容物pH值的趋势.     

低聚木糖对断奶仔猪肠道pH和肠黏膜形态结构的影响

本试验通过在日粮中添加低聚木糖探讨其对早期断奶仔猪肠道结构功能的影响。试验选用72头35日龄、体重9.81±0.41 kg杜＆#215;长＆#215;大三元杂交仔猪,随机分配成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头仔猪,公母各半。第1组为对照组,饲喂玉米-豆粕基础日粮;其余3组分别在各组日粮中添加0.01%、0.02%、0.04%低聚木糖作为试验组。试验预饲期2 d,正试期为28 d。于试验的最后1 d从各重复中随机选取1头仔猪屠宰,并测定胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠和结肠内容物的pH及十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏膜上皮的绒毛高度和隐窝深度。试验结果显示,试验组猪的胃及各肠段的pH比对照组均有所降低,尤其是0.02%低聚木糖组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;试验组各肠段的绒毛高度均高于对照组,差异显著（P＜0.05）,隐窝深度低于对照组,但差异不显著（P＞0.05）,绒毛高度与隐窝深度之比显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。本试验结果表明,在早期断奶仔猪的日粮中添加低聚木糖,能降低胃肠道内容物的pH,改善早期断奶仔猪肠道的形态结构,以0.02%低聚木糖组效果最为明显。     

植物乳杆菌对断奶仔猪生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

通过断奶仔猪的饲养试验和消化试验来评定植物乳杆菌对断奶仔猪的营养价值。试验结果表明植物乳杆菌能显著提高断奶仔猪的试验末重,试验组比对照组提高13.85%(P<0.05);血清总蛋白试验组比对照组提高16.31%(P<0.05),而血清尿素氮试验组比对照组降低36.21%(P<0.05),可见植物乳杆菌能显著提高断奶仔猪血清总蛋白含量和显著降低血清尿素氮含量;试验组CD4 比对照组高22.22%,试验组CD4 /CD8 比对照组高16.95%,提高了断奶仔猪细胞免疫水平;试验组同对照组相比,空肠、盲肠乳酸菌数量分别提高了9.65%、18.11%,空肠、盲肠大肠杆菌数量分别降低了9.26%、12.32%,空肠、盲肠沙门氏菌数量分别降低了5.93%、17.58%,改善了肠道微生物环境;小肠绒毛长度试验组比对照组高44.36%,胃底腺胃小凹的深度试验组比对照组深17.74%。     

猪肠道内乳酸杆菌自然分布的研究

本研究对初生仔猪(1日龄)、断乳仔猪(60日龄)及育成猪(180日龄)五个肠段(十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、结肠)内乳酸杆菌的自然分在进行了定量分析.研究结果表明三个不同日龄组中五个肠段每克内容物内乳酸杆菌数量,随十二指肠向结肠后移呈下降趋势,但无显著差异(P>0.05).断乳仔猪各肠段内乳酸杆菌数明显低于初生仔猪各肠段内乳酸杆菌数,差异显著(P<0.01),而育成猪比断乳仔猪各肠段内乳酸杆菌数尽管有所下降,但差异不显著(P>0.05).     

不同碳水化合物对断奶仔公猪肠道微生物的影响

本试验旨在筛选廉价的碳水化合物原料用于配制断奶仔猪日粮。选用60头体重为(8.0±0.1)kg的三元杂交断奶仔公猪,随机分为5个处理,每处理3个重复,每个重复4头猪。试验以玉米-豆粕型基础日粮作为对照组;4个试验组分别用6%的葡萄糖、蔗糖、乳糖和玉米淀粉取代基础日粮中的等量玉米。试验期28 d。试验结束时,采集试猪肠道内容物,通过平板计数法和PCR/DGGE技术,观察不同碳水化合物对断奶仔公猪肠道微生物的影响。结果表明,回肠和结肠乳酸菌数量乳糖组显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),盲肠乳酸菌数量也有高于其他各组的趋势(P>0.05);回肠和盲肠肠杆菌数量依次为玉米淀粉组>对照组>蔗糖组>葡萄糖组>乳糖组(P>0.05),结肠肠杆菌数量依次为蔗糖组>玉米淀粉组>对照组>乳糖组>葡萄糖组(P>0.05)。在DGGE图谱上,仔猪回肠和盲肠内容物微生物种类较少,而结肠内容物微生物数量较多;各处理组间及不同肠段间DGGE图谱相似性在50%~75%之间,表明日粮不同碳水化合物来源对DGGE图谱的影响不太明显。综合以上结果,断奶仔猪日粮中添加6%的乳糖能改善断奶肠道微生物区系,玉米淀粉对断奶仔猪的肠道微生物的作用较差,不宜单独添加于断奶仔猪日粮中。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -