特种稻新品种新稻10号及高产栽培技术

新稻1 0号(大粒紫香糯)系农一师农科所水稻研究室从引进的名贵香稻品种香血糯的早熟变异后代中,分离出的晚熟材料中的分离后代,经多代连续鉴定、筛选而成的中晚熟粳型紫香糯品种。该品种属特种稻种质资源,具有米质优、丰产、稳产、耐盐碱、抗病抗倒伏、适应性好,糙米紫黑色、米     

育成巨胚稻与其亲本的糙米粒型性状和矿物质含量的比较分析

为了揭示育成巨胚稻、引进的粳型巨胚稻和籼型常规稻亲本的糙米粒型性状和矿物质含量的差异,笔者分析了三类水稻的糙米粒型和胚性状指标,检测了糙米中六种重要的矿物质的含量。结果表明：1）所有巨胚稻的胚大小约为常规非巨胚稻的4倍,笔者育成的巨胚稻遗传了其巨胚稻亲本的巨胚性状,也保留了其常规非巨胚稻亲本的粒型特征;巨胚稻糙米粒重的增加有利于增加绝对胚重,但与相对胚重呈显著负相关性;2）与‘91-308’相比,4种巨胚稻糙米中钾、镁、钙、铁、锰、锌等矿物质的含量大多数都有大幅度的增加,其平均增加幅度分别为30.2%、9.4%、75.8%、8.3%、58.3%、23.0%;育成巨胚稻糙米的钾、镁和钙含量比其巨胚稻亲本有所增加。结论：杂交选育过程中,育成巨胚稻保持了其常规稻亲本的籼型粒型特征,遗传了粳型巨胚稻亲本的巨胚和高矿物质含量特性。     

不同栽培方式对粳型巨胚稻产量与品质的影响

用粳型巨胚稻新品系西巨胚1号为试验对象,以常规粳稻合系22-2作对照,采用淹水、旱种和垄畦等三种栽培方式进行种植,研究不同栽培方式对粳型巨胚稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明：巨胚稻的穗粒数和有效穗受栽培方式的影响较大,与产量的相关性大,采用垄畦栽培可以获得比淹水和旱作都高的产量;栽培方式对巨胚稻米的外观形状、糙米率、蛋白质和直链淀粉含量等影响不大,但对垩白粒率和垩白面积影响较大。因此,在巨胚稻生产过程中建议采用垄畦栽培以获得最大产量和最优品质。     

豫南稻区特种稻香味和有色果皮基因鉴定

为明确豫南稻区特种稻香味和有色果皮基因型,进一步促进豫南特种稻的遗传改良及新品种选育。本研究选用53份特种稻种质资源,针对水稻第8号染色体上香味基因Badh2的第2外显子和第7外显子设计相应分子标记,结合聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和测序技术,分析特种稻资源中香味基因变异情况。结果显示,53份材料中有18份材料Badh2基因第2外显子上出现7 bp碱基缺失,其中‘银香1号’为杂合基因型;19份材料Badh2基因第7外显子上发生8 bp缺失和3个单核苷酸位点多态性变异,其中‘黑香糯160’、‘鄂香1号’和‘美香占2号’属于杂合基因型。同时,对有色特种稻黑色果皮基因Ra和红色果皮基因Rc进行分析,结果表明,11份黑色稻米均在Ra基因第7外显子处缺失碱基“GT”;普通白米与2份红色稻米相比在Rc基因第6外显子处存在14 bp碱基缺失。本研究利用分子标记技术对豫南特种稻香味和有色果皮基因进行了分析,为豫南特种稻种质资源筛选评价和分子设计育种选育或创制聚合多种优良性状的特种稻新品种提供了理论依据与技术支持。     

粳型巨胚稻西巨胚1号主要农艺性状及稻米品质研究初报

对粳型巨胚稻西巨胚1号与当地普通优质稻对比分析结果表明:西巨胚1号的生育期、苗情动态、植株性状、抗性与当地普通优质稻相近,可在合系22-2和昌米011种植的地区正常生长和成熟;西巨胚1号稻米的物理品质较好,粒形短圆,糙米率80.04%,垩白度5.59,稻胚巨大,胚部重量和体积是普通稻胚的2～3倍,胚内脂肪含量12.68%,明显高于普通稻.产量虽然较普通稻米低,但因其特殊的营养价值,可以通过改进栽培技术和产品深加工等措施提高产值.     

贮藏时间对粳型巨胚稻萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过对不同贮藏时间的粳型巨胚稻种子发芽率、发芽指数、出苗率、成苗率、相对吸水率、电导率以及幼苗的根数、根系长、根干重、苗高、茎干重等的测定和分析,表明西巨胚1号种子与常规优质粳稻(合系22-2)相比,种子活力较差,发芽和出苗的时间迟,出苗率和成苗率低,幼苗长势弱,而且随着贮藏时间的增加,种子发芽和出苗的能力下降快。在巨胚稻生产用种上应选择贮藏时间较短的种子,但用新收获巨胚稻种子播种时,要先破除休眠以保证出苗迅速和整齐。     

低温胁迫对普通越冬栽培稻幼苗耐寒生理生化指标的影响

研究不同越冬栽培稻种质资源的耐寒生理生化特性,为越冬栽培稻种质资源的创新利用提供理论依据。以20份普通越冬栽培稻种质为试验材料,测定并分析了常温(25℃)和低温(4℃)胁迫4 d后幼苗的叶绿素、丙二醛和SOD活性等5个耐寒生理生化指标。结果表明,正常生境下,20份普通越冬栽培稻种质幼苗期5个耐寒指标表现出不同程度的极显著差异。低温胁迫后,20份供试材料幼苗的5个耐寒指标发生了显著变化、同样表现出不同程度的极显著差异;各供试材料幼苗叶绿素和可溶性糖含量低温胁迫值较常温值均表现出显著的下降趋势,且它们的下降幅度不一致,分别为-36.46%～-90.31%,-70.54%～-94.03%。然而,丙二醛、脯氨酸和SOD活性3个耐寒指标低温胁迫值较常温值升降趋势不一致。其中,黄糯2号、晚粳糯M99037和常农粳3号丙二醛含量低温胁迫值较常温值显著降低,其余17份材料丙二醛含量值较常温值显著上升变化;铁粳稻4号、镇稻7号和津稻1187等8份材料脯氨酸含量低温胁迫值较常温值呈上升变化,其余12份材料较常温值呈下降变化。鄂晚稻15和津粳杂四幼苗SOD活性低温胁迫值较常温值略微下降、其余18份材料幼苗S...     

栽培方式对粳型巨胚稻干物质积累和产量的影响

为了研究不同栽培方式对粳型巨胚稻各器官干物质积累动态及产量构成的影响,用粳型巨胚稻新品系‘西巨胚1号’为试验对象,以常规粳稻‘合系22-2’作对照。采用淹水、旱种和垄畦3种栽培方式进行种植,大田的移栽规格为(20+14) cm × 14 cm宽窄行双行种植,每穴种2苗,采用随机区组设计,3次重复。详细记载生育进程;于孕穗期、齐穗期和成熟期每个处理取4穴测定其叶面积和干物质重;成熟后,每处理取10穴考种测其产量性状,全小区收割计产。结果表明,3种栽培方式中,垄畦栽培下巨胚稻植株的分蘖增多,茎叶干物质积累较多,有利于构建早期高产群体;生育后期延长了叶片的寿命,提高了干物质运转率,有效穗和穗粒数显著增加,从而提高了稻谷产量。因此,在巨胚稻生产中建议采用垄畦栽培以提高物质积累和运转和获得最大产量。     

上海特种水稻研究利用现状与发展展望

正1利用现状1.1黑稻黑稻是我国古老而名贵的特种水稻资源,分布地域广,品种类型多,据统计,1992年中国农业科学院国家作物种质库共收藏黑稻资源411份,其中原产中国的有373个,占90.8%,比较著名的有云南西双黑糯、临沧黑糯、德宏紫米、丽江紫米等,贵州的惠水黑糯、屯里黑糯、高子黑糯等,湖南的湘西黑糯,江苏的常熟鸭血糯等。上海的黑稻研究利用进行的比较早,中华人民共和国成立初期,本地著名的晚粳品种就有黑稻,其中典型     

巨胚稻的生物学特性研究

对通过辐射诱变获得的巨胚稻品系及它们相应的非巨胚对照的生物学特性进行研究，结果认为，(1)直接辐照诱变获得的巨胚稻品系与相应原非巨胚稻相比，在主要农艺性状和有效穗、穗粒数、结实率3个产量性状上十分相似，差异不显著，但巨胚稻千粒重下降1.90~3.13 g，进而使理论产量和实际产量也相应下降；巨胚稻的粒重和容重均比相应非巨胚稻显著减小，但巨胚稻绝对胚重是非巨胚对照的1.69~2.04倍，相对胚重是非巨胚对照的1.97~2.47倍；（2）通过杂交选育的2个巨胚恢复系同它们相应非巨胚对照的农艺和产量性状则差异较大，绝对胚重和相对胚重也均比相应亲本提高，分别是相应对照的2.06倍和1.75倍（绝对胚重）及2.42倍和2.04倍（相对胚重）。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.