T型标志牌标记牙鲆苗种

摘要以牙鲆为实验对象,研究了4种不同规格的T型标志牌（T-A、T-B、T-C和T-D）对全长5、7、9和11cm苗种的标记效果,确立了适宜标志的牙鲆苗种规格,筛选了适宜于不同规格牙鲆苗种标记用的T型标志牌。全长5cm的苗种不宜使用这4种规格的标志牌标记;T-A和T-B标志牌适宜于全长7～11cm的牙鲆苗种,标记后脱牌率为2％～8％,存活率为90％～100％;T-C标志牌适宜于标记全长11cm的苗种,成活率为94％,脱牌率为5％,对全长7～9cm苗种的标志效果不佳,成活率为85％～87％,脱牌率为9％～11％;T-D标志牌不适宜于全长11cm以下牙鲆苗种的标记,脱牌率为11％～26％,成活率为51％～89％。2011～2012年,利用T-B标志牌在北戴河开展了牙鲆大规模标志放流试验,取得了良好的标记效果。     

Vertical movements of coastal pike (Esox lucius)—On the role of sun basking

Knowledge of patterns and drivers of the spatiotemporal distribution of top predatory fish is key to understand ecological dynamics and to successful management. Here, we integrated field and laboratory approaches to study vertical movements of pike (Esox lucius) in relation to season, light regimes and body temperature. We tagged pike from the Baltic Sea with data storage tags during spawning migration and retrieved them during migration the following years to obtain high-resolution data from full year of movements. The results showed seasonal and diel patterns of activity and body temperature that conformed to distinct patterns of crepuscular activity and diel vertical migrations. The latter manifested as two different patterns, either a stationary phase in the surface water during day followed by night-time in deeper water or vice versa. The occurrence of these two behaviours varied among individuals and within individuals among seasons. Diel vertical migration has previously not been described for this shallow-dwelling species, but was a common and consistent behaviour among individuals in this study. We suggest that the function of the daytime surface behaviour in pike is to increase body temperature through sun basking. This thermoregulatory role of surfacing was supported by the laboratory study where individuals sought the surface layer, exposed themselves to infrared light and thereby attained body temperatures in excess of ambient water. These results support sun basking as a mechanism for heat gain and further suggest that access to sunlight in the surface layer could be an important driver of vertical migrations.     

Evaluation of two anaesthetic agents and the passive integrated transponder tagging system in Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier 1797)

Octopus vulgaris is a species of demand in the market with the potential to diversify European aquaculture. However, this species develops complex social interactions under culture conditions, which may have negative effects on its growth, survival and profitability. In order to understand its behaviour under such conditions, individual tagging systems allow a careful evaluation of biological parameters, such as growth and longevity. The present work describes a combined protocol (anaesthetic and tagging) for implanting subcutaneous passive integrated transponder tags (PIT). The effect of two anaesthetic agents in facilitating octopus handling is assessed: clove oil at 20–40–100 mg L^?1 and ethanol (96%) at 1–1.5–2%. The most suitable body location of PIT tags, its effect on growth and mortality, the addition of a stitch and the PIT retention rate after 2 months in floating cages were evaluated. It was concluded that immersion in seawater with 1.5% of ethanol at 22.3±0.5 °C is a suitable anaesthetic for this species. The results showed that the best‐selected PIT body location was the upper left arm III. No effect of the PIT tagging system was found on growth and survival when tagged and untagged octopuses were compared. It was observed after 2 months that the stitch did not induce an increase in the retention rate and 81–100% tag retention regardless of the dietary treatment.     

What goes up must come down: Diel vertical migration in the deep‐water sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) revealed by pop‐up satellite archival tags

The sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) is a long‐lived species with wide distribution throughout the North Pacific Ocean. While adult sablefish are considered a deep‐water fish, diet analyses suggest that they undergo vertical migrations that could be related to prey movement and feeding. Pop‐up satellite archival tags (PSATs) were used to observe the fine‐scale depth selection behavior of adult sablefish tagged off the Washington coast during the summer from June to August. Tags were physically retrieved after they surfaced using direction‐finding equipment so that complete datasets over the entire deployment were obtained from 14 tags. PSATs that recorded depth and temperature every 4 min during the deployment confirm that sablefish inhabit depths of 750 m or greater. However, a majority of the tagged fish underwent extensive vertical migrations that averaged 254.4 m overall and occurred at a 24 hr periodicity. Variations were observed among individuals in the amount of the deployment during which vertical migrations occurred, ranging from 12.37% to 63.48% of the time. During the vertical migration, fish ascended towards the surface at night and descended prior to daylight (i.e., diel vertical migration). Sablefish generally inhabited temperatures of 5°C but during the vertical migrations were found at temperatures from 6 to 10°C. Sablefish are opportunistic feeders with a large proportion of their diet being fish, euphausiids and cephalopods. Because these prey items also exhibit diel vertical migrations, it is possible that the vertical migratory behavior displayed by the sablefish was in response to the movements or the location of their prey.     

Reconstructing migrations of individual cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the Baltic Sea by using electronic data storage tags

A new methodology is presented to reconstruct migration pathways of individual fish inhabiting ecosystems with moderate‐to‐strong gradients in temperature or salinity. The method uses measurements of ambient pressure, temperature and salinity obtained from electronic data storage tags attached to individual fish and is particularly applicable in areas with negligible tides. We demonstrate the method with Baltic cod. Hydrographic fields obtained from hydrodynamic modelling were used as a geolocation database to identify daily positions of Baltic cod by comparison with the environmental data collected by the tags. Using randomly distributed individual parameter perturbations in the range of the instrument precision of the tag we simulated a cod migrating through the Baltic Sea. The distance between the prescribed and geolocated positions of this artificial cod was on average 2.9 ± 4.7 (SD) km. Subsequently, the method was used to reconstruct migration routes of 10 real cod tagged in the Bornholm Basin of the Baltic Sea in early spring 2003. Differences were compared between the tag data and the geolocation database. The uncertainty in geolocation at recapture day was on average 75 ± 23 (SD) km, as shown by comparison between geolocated position and recapture position.     

Striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax) movements and habitat utilization during a summer and autumn in the Southwest Pacific Ocean

Six striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax) were caught on hook and line from recreational fishing boats near northern New Zealand (34°S, 174°E) and tagged and released with pop‐off satellite archival tags. For periods ranging from 22 to 60 days over the geographical range 168°E–170°W and 13–34°S, five tags collected a total of 202 days (range of 21–60 days) of data. These data permit the investigation of striped marlin geographical and vertical movements and water temperatures occupied from February to June 2003. One hundred and one days of geoposition data showed a preliminary view of their movements in and around New Zealand waters. Transmitted temperature and depth data indicated striped marlin spent 80% (±2%) of their time in the mixed layer including 72% (±2%) of their time in the top 5 m. Temperature data indicated 75% (±10%) of the striped marlin’s time was spent in water temperatures between 20.1 and 24.0°C. Tagged striped marlin moved faster during periods of directed movement away from New Zealand versus periods of passive movements when the fish were proximal to New Zealand or not moving in any specific direction. These data support some existing hypotheses about striped marlin physiological ecology and allow preliminary suggestions about how striped marlin bycatch might be reduced.     

乌鳢和斑鳢EST序列微卫星信息分析

乌鳢(Channa argus,♂)、斑鳢(Channa maculatus,♀)是杂交鳢"杭鳢1号"的亲本。利用高通量测序技术对乌鳢和斑鳢的肝脏进行转录组测序获得大量EST序列后,利用MISA软件进行微卫星信息分析,结果表明,通过转录组测序获得乌鳢EST序列59 959条,长度45 mb,发现15 428个SSR,出现频率为25.73%;获得斑鳢EST序列44 337条,长度27 mb,发现8 439个SSR,出现频率为19.03%。在乌鳢和斑鳢EST-SSR中,重复单元以1~2碱基重复为最多,并以长度小于16 bp的短重复序列为主,间隔SSR和复合SSR的EST序列RPKM均值要低于单纯型SSR的EST序列RPKM均值,且在单纯型SSR中SSR长度越长,其RPKM均值则越低。     

Geolocation of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) movements in the Gulf of Maine using tidal information

Information derived from archival tags (digital storage tags, DSTs) were used to backtrack the migration of 11 tagged Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) during 2001 in Massachusetts Bay, the Gulf of Maine, and Georges Bank. The DST tags continuously recorded time, temperature and depth. To geolocate fish positions during its time at large, we first extracted the tidal signal from the pressure recordings on the DST tags, and then compared the resulting data to data predicted with a Massachusetts Bay tidal model that provided us with geographical coordinates at a given date and time. Using least‐squares criteria within an estimated geographical region of confidence that was constrained by biological and statistical information (e.g. swimming speed, known release and recapture location, and bottom depth) we were able to geolocate the fish. The resultant geolocated migration tracks indicate a large degree of movement of Atlantic cod in the region and an elevated importance of the Great South Channel (GSC) migration corridor between Massachusetts Bay and the western Georges Bank and Nantucket Shoals region. This observation contrasts strongly with inferences of limited movements by Atlantic cod based on conventional tag recapture methods (mean of 1200 km traveled versus 44 km traveled as measured by conventional tagging and geolocation, respectively). This study demonstrates that geolocation methodologies applied to archival tag studies hold great promise of becoming an important new tool for fisheries managers to quantify the movements of fishes. It also points out the need for greater collaboration between fisheries scientists and oceanographers, and particularly for the development of improved tidal models to cover stock regions more accurately and with higher precision.     

Growth variability of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) in coastal maine

Brook charr inhabit a wide variety of habitats and exhibit considerable growth variation within and among populations. We used biannual mark–recapture electrofishing surveys and PIT tags at two streams in coastal Maine to examine spatial and temporal variability in brook charr growth. We documented considerable stream‐to‐stream and year‐to‐year variation in the growth of coastal brook charr. Based on 2892 recaptures between 2006 and 2010, we developed a suite of linear mixed models to examine variation in individual growth rates at Stanley Brook as a function of environmental variables. We distilled physical habitat data from surveys in 2010 into principle components for entry into the growth model. Growth was related primarily to an interaction between season and body length, mean water temperature, and instream location. Growth rates were highest in the summer, and smaller individuals grew more rapidly than larger conspecifics in the same stream. Individuals using habitats closer to the head of tide grew faster than those in upstream locations. Physical habitat variation was not an important control of individual growth variation within Stanley Brook. We suggest local variability in growth rates should be considered when developing management strategies for coastal populations.     

三角帆蚌外套膜表达的免疫相关基因筛选

利用三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)外套膜cDNA文库EST序列,通过BLAST分析注释基因功能,发现35个与免疫防御功能相关的基因。根据其功能,这些免疫相关基因可划分为7类,即细胞免疫过程(2个)、蛋白酶和蛋白酶调节子(9个)、压力蛋白(7个)、抗菌肽(5个)、溶酶体酶(2个)、粘着蛋白(3个)及细胞凋亡和细胞周期调控相关基因(7个)。免疫相关基因在三角帆蚌外套膜中的广泛表达表明外套膜是重要的免疫组织。该研究为三角帆蚌外套膜分子免疫机理研究和抗病育种工作提供了基础性资料。     

Influence of estuary conditions on the recovery rate of coded‐wire‐tagged Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in an ocean fishery

Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) populations within the highly modified San Francisco Estuary, California, have seen precipitous declines in recent years. To better understand this decline, a decade of coded‐wire tag release and recovery data for juvenile salmon was combined with physicochemical data to construct models that represented alternative hypotheses of estuarine conditions that influence tag recovery rate in the ocean. An information theoretic approach was used to evaluate the weight of evidence for each hypothesis and model averaging was performed to determine the level of support for variables that represented individual hypotheses. A single best model was identified for salmon released into the Sacramento River side of the estuary, whereas two competitive models were selected for salmon released into the San Joaquin River side of the estuary. Model averaging found that recovery rates were greatest for San Joaquin River releases when estuary water temperatures were lower, and salmon were released at larger sizes. Recovery rate of Sacramento releases was greatest during years with better water quality. There was little evidence that large‐scale water exports or inflows influenced recovery rates in the ocean during this time period. These results suggest that conceptual models of salmon ecology in estuaries should be quantitatively evaluated prior to implementation of recovery actions to maximise the effectiveness of management and facilitate the recovery of depressed Chinook populations.     

文蛤肠、外套膜和肝胰脏组织 cDNA 文库构建及其 ESTs 序列分析

利用SMART cDNA文库构建试剂盒构建了文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)肠、外套膜和肝胰脏组织的cDNA文库。经测定原始文库滴度分别为2.10×106、1.70×106和1.60×106,重组率高于95%,肠组织文库插入片段长度均大于1000bp,外套膜和肝胰脏组织文库的插入片段长度大于1kb的占87.5%,文库质量符合标准要求。随机选取文库的3168个克隆进行5′端测序,获得高质量表达序列标签(Expressed Sequence Tags,ESTs)3029个(肠:1005,外套膜:1019,肝胰脏:1005),测序成功率95.58%。经质量控制和拼接得到1796个单基因簇(Unigene),其中306个叠联群(Contigs),1490个单一序列(Singletons)。通过Blastx搜索比对、查询和注释分析,共得到已知基因696个(肠:216,外套膜:235个;肝胰脏:245个),占总数38.75%。在1796个单基因簇(Unigene)发现微卫星序列55条,这些存在微卫星位点的序列占整个ESTs数据库的3.1%。     

Vertical habitat utilization by large pelagic animals: a quantitative framework and numerical method for use with pop-up satellite tag data

A quantitative framework and numerical methodology were developed to characterize vertical habitat utilization by large pelagic animals and to estimate the probability of their capture by certain types of fishing gear. Described are the steps involved to build ‘vertical habitat envelopes’ from data recovered from an electronically tagged blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) as well as from a longline fishing gear experiment employing temperature–depth recording devices. The resulting vertical habitat envelopes, which integrate depth and temperature preferences of tagged fish, are conducive for comparative studies of animal behavior and for calculation (and visualization) of degrees of overlap – be it among individuals, species or fishing gear. Results of a computer simulation evaluation indicated our numerical procedure to be reliable for estimating vertical habitat use from data summaries. The approach appears to have utility for examining pelagic longline fishing impacts on both target and non‐target species and could point to ways of reducing bycatch via modification of fishing strategy or gear configuration.     

Horizontal movements of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) near Hawaii determined by Kalman filter analysis of archival tagging data

Geolocation data were recovered from archival tags applied to bigeye tuna near Hawaii. A state‐space Kalman filter statistical model was used to estimate geolocation errors, movement parameters, and most probable tracks from the recovered data. Standard deviation estimates ranged from 0.5° to 4.4° latitude and from 0.2° to 1.6° longitude. Bias estimates ranged from ?1.9° to 4.1° latitude and from ?0.5° to 3.0° longitude. Estimates of directed movement were close to zero for most fish reaching a maximum magnitude of 5.3 nm day^?1 for the one fish that moved away from its release site. Diffusivity estimates were also low, ranging from near zero to 1000 nm² day^?1. Low values of the estimated movement parameters are consistent with the restricted scale of the observed movement and the apparent fidelity of bigeye to geographical points of attraction. Inclusion of a time‐dependent model of the variance in geolocation estimates reduced the variability of latitude estimates. The state‐space Kalman filter model appears to provide realistic estimates of in situ geolocation errors and movement parameters, provides a means to avoid indeterminate latitude estimates during equinoxes, and is a potential bridge between analyses of individual and population movements.     

Vertical behavior of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean based on archival tag data

The behavior of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean was investigated using archival tag data for 28 fish [49–72 cm fork length (FL) at release, 3–503 days] released in Japanese waters around the Nansei Islands (24–29°N, 122–132°E) and east of central Honshu (Offshore central Honshu, 32–36°N, 142–148°E). Vertical behavior was classified into three types based on past studies: ‘characteristic’ (non‐associative), ‘associative’ (associated with floating objects) and ‘other’ (behavior not fitting into these two categories). The proportion of fish showing associative behavior decreased and that of characteristic behavior increased as fish grew, and this shift was pronounced at 60–70 cm FL. The fish usually stayed above the 20°C isotherm during the daytime and nighttime when showing associative behavior and below the 20°C isotherm during daytime for characteristic behavior. A higher proportion of characteristic behavior was seen between December and April around the Nansei Islands, and between September and December for offshore central Honshu. Seasonal changes in vertical position were also observed in conjunction with changes in water temperature. In this study, ‘other’ behavior was further classified into five types, of which ‘afternoon dive’ behavior, characterized by deep dives between around noon and evening, was the most frequent. The present study indicated that in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, the vertical behavior of bigeye tuna changes with size, as well as between seasons and regions.     

Microsatellite markers derived from bay scallop <Emphasis Type="Italic">Argopecten irradians</Emphasis> expressed sequence tags

ABSTRACT:   When data mining was performed on the National Center for Biotechnology Information database, a total of 2038 sequences from five different expressed sequence tag libraries were registered. Eighty sequences (3.9%) were found to contain 91 microsatellites. Clustering analysis indicated that 23 sequences of these expressed sequence tags fell into five clusters and that the remaining 57 sequences were independent. The di- and tri-nucleotide repeat motifs accounted for approximately 62.1% of the total microsatellites. The most abundant dinucleotide microsatellite was TA, followed by GA and CA, and the trinucleotide microsatellites GAT and GGT showed a high abundance. Nineteen sequences representing di-, tri-, tetra- and penta-nucleotides motifs were chosen for the design of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Of primer pairs, 16 successfully amplified scorable PCR products and 11 revealed polymorphism, with the average polymorphic information content value of 0.5082 and 3.1 alleles per locus. A transferability analysis on three other related scallop species, Chlamys farreri, Chlamys nobilis and Patinopecten yessoenssis , showed that only 1 of 16 primer pairs could amplify PCR products with the expected size in Chlamys nobilis .     

Retention of T-bar anchor and dart tags by a wild population of African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus

A double-tagging experiment is presented that estimates tag retention by plastic dart and T-bar anchor tags in a wild population of Clarias gariepinus. It is shown that plastic dart tags are the most suitable tag as there was 100% initial retention and long-term loss of 2% per annum. T-bar anchor tags had an initial tag retention rate of 81% and no measurable long-term loss. A combination of tag design is attributed to the poor performance of T-bar anchor tags as the T-piece of the tag does not properly anchor behind the pterygiophores.